One-class to multi-class model update using the class-incremental optimum-path forest classifier

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Universidade de São Paulo

2016-08

One-class to multi-class model update using

the class-incremental optimum-path forest

classifier

European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, XXII, 2016, Hague.

http://www.producao.usp.br/handle/BDPI/51068

Downloaded from: Biblioteca Digital da Produção Intelectual - BDPI, Universidade de São Paulo

Biblioteca Digital da Produção Intelectual - BDPI

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Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications

The book series Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications (FAIA) covers all aspects of theoretical and applied Artificial Intelligence research in the form of monographs, doctoral dissertations, textbooks, handbooks and proceedings volumes.

The FAIA series contains several sub-series, including ‘Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases’ and ‘Knowledge-Based Intelligent Engineering Systems’. It also includes the biennial European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI) proceedings volumes, and other EurAI (European Association for Artificial Intelligence, formerly ECCAI) sponsored publications. An editorial panel of internationally well-known scholars is appointed to provide a high quality selection.

Series Editors:

J. Breuker, N. Guarino, J.N. Kok, J. Liu, R. López de Mántaras, R. Mizoguchi, M. Musen, S.K. Pal and N. Zhong

Volume 285

Recently published in this series

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(FOIS 2016)

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ISSN 0922-6389 (print) ISSN 1879-8314 (online)

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ECAI 2016

22nd European Conference on Artificial Intelligence

29 August–2 September 2016, The Hague, The Netherlands

Including

Prestigious Applications of Artificial Intelligence (PAIS 2016)

Proceedings

Edited by

Gal A. Kaminka

Bar Ilan University, Israel

Maria Fox

King’s College London, United Kingdom

Paolo Bouquet

University of Trento & OKKAM srl, Italy

Eyke Hüllermeier

Paderborn University, Germany

Virginia Dignum

Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

Frank Dignum

Utrecht University, The Netherlands

and

Frank van Harmelen

Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Organized by the European Association for Artificial Intelligence (EurAI) and the Benelux Association for Artificial Intelligence (BNVKI).

Part 1/Part 2

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This book is published online with Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0).

ISBN 978-1-61499-671-2 (print) ISBN 978-1-61499-672-9 (online)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016949341

Publisher IOS Press BV Nieuwe Hemweg 6B 1013 BG Amsterdam Netherlands fax: +31 20 687 0019 e-mail: [email protected]

Distributor in the USA and Canada IOS Press, Inc.

4502 Rachael Manor Drive Fairfax, VA 22032 USA

fax: +1 703 323 3668

e-mail: [email protected]

LEGAL NOTICE

The publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS

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Introduction

This volume contains the proceedings of the Twenty-second European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI 2016), held from August 29th to September 2nd, 2016, in The Hague, The Netherlands. Since 1974, the biennial European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, organized by the European Association for Artificial Intel-ligence (EurAI, formerly named ECCAI), has been the premier venue for presenting AI research in Europe. ECAI is the place for researchers and practitioners of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to gather and to discuss the latest trends and challenges in all subfields of AI as well as to demonstrate innovative applications and uses of advanced AI technology.

ECAI 2016 was co-located with Collective Intentionality X, the interdisciplinary conference on collective in-tentionality, and the IEEE Symposium on Ethics of Autonomous Systems (SEAS Europe). As in the past, ECAI 2016 incorporates the Conference on Prestigious Applications of Intelligent Systems (PAIS 2016) and the Starting AI Researcher Symposium (STAIRS). The papers from PAIS are included in this volume, while the papers from STAIRS are published in a separate volume. ECAI 2016 also featured a special topic on Artificial Intelligence for Human Values, with a dedicated track and a public event in the Peace Palace in The Hague.

The program of ECAI 2016 included five invited plenary talks, including two, by Michael Bratman and Johan-na Seibt, shared with Collective IntentioJohan-nality X, and an extensive workshop and tutorial program.

In total, 656 papers were submitted to ECAI 2016. Of these, 177 (27%) were accepted as long papers and 123 (19%) were accepted as short papers, of which 108 were presented at the conference. This makes ECAI 2016 the largest edition in the 40-year history of ECAI conferences, reflecting the growth and vitality of AI as a research field. This year we pioneered the idea of supporting continuity of the peer reviewing process, by allowing authors to submit resubmissions of papers rejected from IJCAI 2016, alongside their reviews from that conference. We also introduced a Summary Reject process, enabling Senior Program Committee (SPC) members to use their knowledge and experience to help to reduce the load on reviewers. We also tried a new process of allocating papers to Program Committee (PC) members, in which SPCs allocated papers to a team of PC members that they had recruited them-selves, in order to encourage team-working. Thanks to the dedicated support of SPC and PC members, these inno-vations worked well. Out of the short paper acceptances, 12 (9.8%) and out of the accepted long papers, 31 (17.4%) were former IJCAI submissions. Clearly people took advantage of the opportunity, and a large proportion of their revised submissions were rewarded by success. During the paper discussion period, four papers were given the option of transferring to PAIS. The PAIS programme consisted of 10 papers presenting substantial applications of AI research.

We were lucky to be part of a dedicated team. We would like to thank Meir Kalech for putting in place an ex-tensive workshop program of 18 workshops; Sophia Ananiadou and Leon van der Torre for attracting 13 exciting tutorials, including 5 “Spotlight” tutorials; Helena Sofia Pinto and David Pearce for developing an exciting STAIRS 2016 program; Jeroen van den Hoven and Henry Prakken for managing the AI and Human Values Track; Robert-Jan Sips for organising the AIckathon, and last but not least Eyke Hullermeijer and Paolo Bouquet for chairing PAIS 2016.

We would also like to thank the local organizers, Frank Dignum and Virginia Dignum, and the General Chair, Frank van Harmelen. We are indebted to our predecessor, Torsten Schaub, whose materials we found helpful, and Thomas Preuss for help and advice in using the Confmaster system. Finally, heartfelt thanks to all PC and SPC members, reviewers, sponsors, and all authors who submitted to ECAI 2016.

Maria Fox and Gal A. Kaminka Program Chairs ECAI 2016

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Conference Organization

Generalchair: Frank van Harmelen, The Netherlands

ECAIprogramchairs: Gal A. Kaminka, Israel and Maria Fox, UK

Localorganizationchairs: Frank Dignum and Virginia Dignum, The Netherlands

Workshopchair: Meir Kalech, Israel

Tutorialschairs: Sophia Ananiadou, UK and Leon van der Torre, Luxembourg

PAISprogramchairs: Eyke Hüllermeier, Germany, and Paolo Bouquet, Italy

STAIRSprogramchairs: H. Sofia Pinto, Portugal, and David Pearce, Spain

AIandHumanValuesTrackchairs: Jeroen van den Hoven and Henry Prakken

LocalOrganizationCommittee

Sponsorship: Martijn Warnier, The Netherlands

Publicity: Suzan Verberne

Website: Huib Aldewereld

Logistics: Amineh Ghorbani and Helle Hvid Hansen, The Netherlands

StudentOffice: Tibor Bosse, The Netherlands

AIckathon: Robert-Jan Sips, The Netherlands

FinanceandAdministration: MCI Netherlands

Prestigious Applications of Intelligent Systems

PAISProgramCommittee

Bert Bredeweg, Ken Brown, Simon Colton, Alfredo Cuzzocrea, Simon De Givry, Marina De Vos, Agostino Dovier, Martin Dow, Alexander Felfernig, Johannes Fürnkranz, Joao Gama, Matjaz Gams, Fuyuki Ishikawa, Michal Jakob, Dietmar Jannach, Mustafa Jarrar, Ernesto Jimenez-Ruiz, Nicola Leone, Ramon Lopez De Mantaras, Peter Lucas, Michael Madden, Wolfgang Mayer, Andrea Molinari, Barry Smyth, Daniel Sonntag, Erich Teppan, Marc Troemel, Giovanni Tummarello, Pascal Van Hentenryck, Franz Wotawa

AdditionalReviewers

Stefano Bortoli, Stefano Burigat, Giovanni Grasso, Francesco Ricca

Starting Artificial Intelligence Research Symposium

STAIRSProgramCommittee

Harith Alani, Natasha Alechina, José Júlio Alferes, Ronen Brafman, Gerhard Brewka, Pedro Cabalar, Philipp Cim-iano, Stefania Costantini, Ulle Endriss, Joerg Hoffmann, João Leite, Paolo Liberatore, Weiru Liu, Ramon López de Mántaras, Emiliano Lorini, Enrico Motta, Igor Mozetič, Pablo Noriega, Manuel Ojeda Aciego, Julian Padget, Da-vid Pearce, H. Sofia Pinto, Steven Schockaert, Levan Uridia, Agustin Valverde, Harko Verhagen, Stefan Woltran

AdditionalReviewers

Pedro Barahona, Martin Kronegger, Evgeny Kuznetsov, Martin Lackner, Brian Logan, Jumana Nassour, Andreas Pfandler, Jasmina Smailović

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Part 1

ECAI Long Papers

When Do Rule Changes Count-As Legal Rule Changes? 3

Thomas C. King, Virginia Dignum and Catholijn M. Jonker

Constant Time EXPected Similarity Estimation for Large-Scale Anomaly Detection 12

Markus Schneider, Wolfgang Ertel and Günther Palm

AUC Maximization in Bayesian Hierarchical Models 21

Mehmet Gönen

Validating Cross-Perspective Topic Modeling for Extracting Political Parties’ Positions from Parliamentary

Proceedings 28

Janneke M. van der Zwaan, Maarten Marx and Jaap Kamps

Finite Unary Relations and Qualitative Constraint Satisfaction 37

Peter Jonsson

Dynamic Choice of State Abstraction in Q-Learning 46

Marco Tamassia, Fabio Zambetta, William L. Raffe, Florian ‘Floyd’ Mueller and Xiaodong Li

A Dialectical Proof Theory for Universal Acceptance in Coherent Logic-Based Argumentation Frameworks 55

Abdallah Arioua and Madalina Croitoru

Adaptive Binary Quantization for Fast Nearest Neighbor Search 64

Zhujin Li, Xianglong Liu, Junjie Wu and Hao Su

Exploring Parallel Tractability of Ontology Materialization 73

Zhangquan Zhou, Guilin Qi and Birte Glimm

Student-t Process Regression with Dependent Student-t Noise 82

Qingtao Tang, Yisen Wang and Shu-Tao Xia

An Extension of the Owen-Value Interaction Index and Its Application to Inter-Links Prediction 90

Piotr L. Szczepański, Tomasz P. Michalak, Talal Rahwan and Michael Wooldridge

Cluster-Driven Model for Improved Word and Text Embedding 99

Zhe Zhao, Tao Liu, Bofang Li and Xiaoyong Du

Learning Temporal Context for Activity Recognition 107

Claudio Coppola, Tomáš Krajník, Tom Duckett and Nicola Bellotto

Leader-Follower MDP Models with Factored State Space and Many Followers – Followers Abstraction,

Structured Dynamics and State Aggregation 116

Régis Sabbadin and Anne-France Viet

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CUBE: A CUDA Approach for Bucket Elimination on GPUs 125

Filippo Bistaffa, Nicola Bombieri and Alessandro Farinelli

Managing Energy Markets in Future Smart Grids Using Bilateral Contracts 133

Caillière Romain, Aknine Samir, Nongaillard Antoine and Sarvapal D. Ramchurn

A Rational Account of Classical Logic Argumentation for Real-World Agents 141

M. D’Agostino and S. Modgil

Two Dimensional Uncertainty in Persuadee Modelling in Argumentation 150

Anthony Hunter

A Data Driven Similarity Measure and Example Mapping Function for General, Unlabelled Data Sets 158

Damien Lejeune and Kurt Driessens

On Stochastic Primal-Dual Hybrid Gradient Approach for Compositely Regularized Minimization 167

Linbo Qiao, Tianyi Lin, Yu-Gang Jiang, Fan Yang, Wei Liu and Xicheng Lu

Decentralized Large-Scale Electricity Consumption Shifting by Prosumer Cooperatives 175

Charilaos Akasiadis and Georgios Chalkiadakis

Analysing Approximability and Heuristics in Planning Using the Exponential-Time Hypothesis 184

Meysam Aghighi, Christer Bäckström, Peter Jonsson and Simon Ståhlberg

A Simple Account of Multi-Agent Epistemic Planning 193

Martin C. Cooper, Andreas Herzig, Faustine Maffre, Frédéric Maris and Pierre Régnier

Lexicographic Refinements in Possibilistic Decision Trees 202

Nahla Ben Amor, Zeineb El Khalfi, Hélène Fargier and Régis Sabbadin

Even Angels Need the Rules: AI, Roboethics, and the Law 209

Ugo Pagallo

One-Class to Multi-Class Model Update Using the Class-Incremental Optimum-Path Forest Classifier 216

Mateus Riva, Moacir Ponti and Teofilo de Campos

More than a Name? On Implications of Preconditions and Effects of Compound HTN Planning Tasks 225

Pascal Bercher, Daniel Höller, Gregor Behnke and Susanne Biundo

A Probabilistic Logic Programming Approach to Automatic Video Montage 234

Bram Aerts, Toon Goedemé and Joost Vennekens

Checking the Conformance of Requirements in Agent Designs Using ATL 243

Nitin Yadav and John Thangarajah

A Uniform Account of Realizability in Abstract Argumentation 252

Thomas Linsbichler, Jörg Pührer and Hannes Strass

A Scalable Clustering-Based Local Multi-Label Classification Method 261

Lu Sun, Mineichi Kudo and Keigo Kimura

Multiscale Triangular Centroid Distance for Shape-Based Plant Leaf Recognition 269

Chengzhuan Yang, Hui Wei and Qian Yu

Complexity of Control by Partitioning Veto and Maximin Elections and of Control by Adding Candidates

to Plurality Elections 277

Cynthia Maushagen and Jörg Rothe

Agent-Based Refinement for Predicate Abstraction of Multi-Agent Systems 286

Francesco Belardinelli, Alessio Lomuscio and Jakub Michaliszyn

Combining Deterministic and Nondeterministic Search for Optimal Journey Planning Under Uncertainty 295

Akihiro Kishimoto, Adi Botea and Elizabeth Daly xii

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Robust Real-Time Human Perception with Depth Camera 304

Guyue Zhang, Luchao Tian, Ye Liu, Jun Liu, Xiang An Liu, Yang Liu and Yan Qiu Chen

A New Kernelized Associative Memory and Some of Its Applications 311

Matthew Saltz and Lluís A. Belanche

Strategical Argumentative Agent for Human Persuasion 320

Ariel Rosenfeld and Sarit Kraus

Formalizing Commitment-Based Deals in Boolean Games 329

Sofie De Clercq, Steven Schockaert, Ann Nowé and Martine De Cock

A Joint Model for Sentiment-Aware Topic Detection on Social Media 338

Kang Xu, Guilin Qi, Junheng Huang and Tianxing Wu

A Reinforcement Learning Framework for Trajectory Prediction Under Uncertainty and Budget Constraint 347

Truc Viet Le, Siyuan Liu and Hoong Chuin Lau

Person Re-Identification via Multiple Coarse-to-Fine Deep Metrics 355

Mingfu Xiong, Jun Chen, Zheng Wang, Zhongyuan Wang, Ruimin Hu, Chao Liang and Daming Shi

How Hard Is Bribery with Distance Restrictions? 363

Yongjie Yang, Yash Raj Shrestha and Jiong Guo

Beyond IC Postulates: Classification Criteria for Merging Operators 372

Adrian Haret, Andreas Pfandler and Stefan Woltran

Schema-Based Debugging of Federated Data Sources 381

Andreas Nolle, Christian Meilicke, Melisachew Wudage Chekol, German Nemirovski and Heiner Stuckenschmidt

Belief Contraction Within Fragments of Propositional Logic 390

Nadia Creignou, Raïda Ktari and Odile Papini

A Novel Cross-Modal Topic Correlation Model for Cross-Media Retrieval 399

Yong Cheng, Fei Huang, Cheng Jin, Yuejie Zhang and Tao Zhang

Situation Calculus Game Structures and GDL 408

Giuseppe De Giacomo, Yves Lespérance and Adrian R. Pearce

The Game of Reciprocation Habits 417

Gleb Polevoy, Mathijs de Weerdt and Catholijn Jonker

Randomized Distribution Feature for Image Classification 426

Hongming Shan and Junping Zhang

ShapeLearner: Towards Shape-Based Visual Knowledge Harvesting 435

Huayong Xu, Yafang Wang, Kang Feng, Gerard de Melo, Wei Wu, Andrei Sharf and Baoquan Chen

Observation-Based Multi-Agent Planning with Communication 444

Luca Gasparini, Timothy J. Norman and Martin J. Kollingbaum

A Framework for Actionable Clustering Using Constraint Programming 453

Thi-Bich-Hanh Dao, Christel Vrain, Khanh-Chuong Duong and Ian Davidson

Repetitive Branch-and-Bound Using Constraint Programming for Constrained Minimum Sum-of-Squares

Clustering 462

Tias Guns, Thi-Bich-Hanh Dao, Christel Vrain and Khanh-Chuong Duong

Is Spearman’s Law of Diminishing Returns (SLODR) Meaningful for Artificial Agents? 471

José Hernández-Orallo

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Efficient Computation of Exact IRV Margins 480

Michelle Blom, Vanessa Teague, Peter J. Stuckey and Ron Tidhar

On Labelling Statements in Multi-Labelling Argumentation 489

Pietro Baroni, Guido Governatori and Régis Riveret

Annotate-Sample-Average (ASA): A New Distant Supervision Approach for Twitter Sentiment Analysis 498

Felipe Bravo-Marquez, Eibe Frank and Bernhard Pfahringer

Semi-Supervised Group Sparse Representation: Model, Algorithm and Applications 507

Longwen Gao, Yeqing Li, Junzhou Huang and Shuigeng Zhou

Modeling Bounded Rationality for Sponsored Search Auctions 515

Jiang Rong, Tao Qin, Bo An and Tie-Yan Liu

An Improved State Filter Algorithm for SIR Epidemic Forecasting 524

Weipeng Huang and Gregory Provan

Socially-Aware Multiagent Learning: Towards Socially Optimal Outcomes 533

Xiaohong Li, Chengwei Zhang, Jianye Hao, Karl Tuyls, Siqi Chen and Zhiyong Feng

Factors of Collective Intelligence: How Smart Are Agent Collectives? 542

Nader Chmait, David L. Dowe, Yuan-Fang Li, David G. Green and Javier Insa-Cabrera

Synthesizing Argumentation Frameworks from Examples 551

Andreas Niskanen, Johannes P. Wallner and Matti Järvisalo

Budgeted Multi–Armed Bandit in Continuous Action Space 560

Francesco Trovò, Stefano Paladino, Marcello Restelli and Nicola Gatti

A Framework for Automatic Debugging of Functional and Degradation Failures 569

Nuno Cardoso, Rui Abreu, Alexander Feldman and Johan de Kleer

Online Adaptation of Deep Architectures with Reinforcement Learning 577

Thushan Ganegedara, Lionel Ott and Fabio Ramos

Multi-Class Probabilistic Active Learning 586

Daniel Kottke, Georg Krempl, Dominik Lang, Johannes Teschner and Myra Spiliopoulou

Online Prediction of Exponential Decay Time Series with Human-Agent Application 595

Ariel Rosenfeld, Joseph Keshet, Claudia V. Goldman and Sarit Kraus

Set-Valued Conditioning in a Possibility Theory Setting 604

Salem Benferhat, Amélie Levray, Karim Tabia and Vladik Kreinovich

An Improved CNF_{Encoding Scheme for Probabilistic Inference} ₆₁₃

Anicet Bart, Frédéric Koriche, Jean-Marie Lagniez and Pierre Marquis

A Bayesian Approach to Norm Identification 622

Stephen Cranefield, Felipe Meneguzzi, Nir Oren and Bastin Tony Roy Savarimuthu

Subsumed Label Elimination for Maximum Satisfiability 630

Jeremias Berg, Paul Saikko and Matti Järvisalo

Vertical Optimization of Resource Dependent Flight Paths 639

Anders N. Knudsen, Marco Chiarandini and Kim S. Larsen

Exploiting Bayesian Network Sensitivity Functions for Inference in Credal Networks 646

Janneke H. Bolt, Jasper De Bock and Silja Renooij

Interval-Based Relaxation for General Numeric Planning 655

Enrico Scala, Patrik Haslum, Sylvie Thiebaux and Miquel Ramirez xiv

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Randomized Canonical Correlation Discriminant Analysis for Face Recognition 664

Bo Ma, Hui He, Hongwei Hu and Meili Wei

Reconsidering AGM-Style Belief Revision in the Context of Logic Programs 671

Zhiqiang Zhuang, James Delgrande, Abhaya Nayak and Abdul Sattar

Value Based Reasoning and the Actions of Others 680

Katie Atkinson and Trevor Bench-Capon

Analogical Classifiers: A Theoretical Perspective 689

Nicolas Hug, Henri Prade, Gilles Richard and Mathieu Serrurier

Uncertainty-Sensitive Reasoning for Inferring sameAs Facts in Linked Data 698

Mustafa Al-Bakri, Manuel Atencia, Jérôme David, Steffen Lalande and Marie-Christine Rousset

Can a Condorcet Rule Have a Low Coalitional Manipulability? 707

François Durand, Fabien Mathieu and Ludovic Noirie

Upper and Lower Time and Space Bounds for Planning 716

Christer Bäckström and Peter Jonsson

Abstraction-Based Verification of Infinite-State Reactive Modules 725

Francesco Belardinelli and Alessio Lomuscio

Translation-Based Revision and Merging for Minimal Horn Reasoning 734

Gerhard Brewka, Jean-Guy Mailly and Stefan Woltran

Parallel Filter-Based Feature Selection Based on Balanced Incomplete Block Designs 743

Antonio Salmerón, Anders L. Madsen, Frank Jensen, Helge Langseth, Thomas D. Nielsen, Darío Ramos-López, Ana M. Martínez and Andrés R. Masegosa

Distributed Controllers for Norm Enforcement 751

Bas Testerink, Mehdi Dastani and Nils Bulling

Automatic Verification of Golog Programs via Predicate Abstraction 760

Peiming Mo, Naiqi Li and Yongmei Liu

An Assessment Study of Features and Meta-Level Features in Twitter Sentiment Analysis 769

Jonnathan Carvalho and Alexandre Plastino

Crowdfunding Public Projects with Provision Point: A Prediction Market Approach 778

Praphul Chandra, Sujit Gujar and Y. Narahari

Welfare of Sequential Allocation Mechanisms for Indivisible Goods 787

Haris Aziz, Thomas Kalinowski, Toby Walsh and Lirong Xia

A Computational Approach to Consensus-Finding 795

Eric Grégoire and Jean-Marie Lagniez

Complexity and Tractability Islands for Combinatorial Auctions on Discrete Intervals with Gaps 802

Janosch Döcker, Britta Dorn, Ulle Endriss and Dominikus Krüger

Efficient SAT Approach to Multi-Agent Path Finding Under the Sum of Costs Objective 810

Pavel Surynek, Ariel Felner, Roni Stern and Eli Boyarski

Fixed-Domain Reasoning for Description Logics 819

Sarah Gaggl, Sebastian Rudolph and Lukas Schweizer

On Redundancy in Simple Temporal Networks 828

Jae Hee Lee, Sanjiang Li, Zhiguo Long and Michael Sioutis

On Metric Temporal Description Logics 837

Víctor Gutiérrez-Basulto, Jean Christoph Jung and Ana Ozaki

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Plan-Based Narrative Generation with Coordinated Subplots 846

Julie Porteous, Fred Charles and Marc Cavazza

Hybrid Gaussian and von Mises Model-Based Clustering 855

Sergio Luengo-Sanchez, Concha Bielza and Pedro Larrañaga

Adaptive Symbiotic Collaboration for Targeted Complex Manipulation Tasks 863

Rui Silva, Francisco S. Melo and Manuela Veloso

Attuning Ontology Alignments to Semantically Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Interactions 871

Paula Chocron and Marco Schorlemmer

On the Construction of High-Dimensional Simple Games 880

Martin Olsen, Sascha Kurz and Xavier Molinero

A Dynamic Logic of Norm Change 886

Max Knobbout, Mehdi Dastani and John-Jules Meyer

h-Index Manipulation by Undoing Merges 895

René van Bevern, Christian Komusiewicz, Hendrik Molter, Rolf Niedermeier, Manuel Sorge and Toby Walsh

Planning Under Uncertainty for Aggregated Electric Vehicle Charging with Renewable Energy Supply 904

Erwin Walraven and Matthijs T.J. Spaan

Part 2

On the Computation of Top-k Extensions in Abstract Argumentation Frameworks 913

Said Jabbour, Badran Raddaoui, Lakhdar Sais and Yakoub Salhi

On Revision of Partially Specified Convex Probabilistic Belief Bases 921

Gavin Rens, Thomas Meyer and Giovanni Casini

Solving Dynamic Controllability Problem of Multi-Agent Plans with Uncertainty Using Mixed Integer

Linear Programming 930

Guillaume Casanova, Cédric Pralet, Charles Lesire and Thierry Vidal

Combining Efficient Preprocessing and Incremental MaxSAT Reasoning for MaxClique in Large Graphs 939

Hua Jiang, Chu-Min Li and Felip Manyà

An Efficient Approach for the Generation of Allen Relations 948

Kleanthi Georgala, Mohamed Ahmed Sherif and Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

You Can’t Always Forget What You Want: On the Limits of Forgetting in Answer Set Programming 957

Ricardo Gonçalves, Matthias Knorr and João Leite

Solving Set Optimization Problems by Cardinality Optimization with an Application to Argumentation 966

Wolfgang Faber, Mauro Vallati, Federico Cerutti and Massimiliano Giacomin

The Need for Knowledge Extraction: Understanding Harmful Gambling Behavior with Neural

Networks 974

Chris Percy, Artur S. d’Avila Garcez, Simo Dragičević, Manoel V.M. França, Greg Slabaugh and Tillman Weyde

Strategy Representation and Reasoning in the Situation Calculus 982

Liping Xiong and Yongmei Liu

Exploiting MUS Structure to Measure Inconsistency of Knowledge Bases 991

Said Jabbour and Lakhdar Sais xvi

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Gaining Insight by Structural Knowledge Extraction 999

Pietro Cottone, Salvatore Gaglio, Giuseppe Lo Re and Marco Ortolani

Complexity of Threshold Query Answering in Probabilistic Ontological Data Exchange 1008

Thomas Lukasiewicz and Livia Predoiu

Markov Logic Networks with Numerical Constraints 1017

Melisachew Wudage Chekol, Jakob Huber, Christian Meilicke and Heiner Stuckenschmidt

Revisiting the Cross Entropy Method with Applications in Stochastic Global Optimization and

Reinforcement Learning 1026

Ajin George Joseph and Shalabh Bhatnagar

Online Auctions for Dynamic Assignment: Theory and Empirical Evaluation 1035

Sujit Gujar and Boi Faltings

Mathematical Programming Models for Optimizing Partial-Order Plan Flexibility 1044

Buser Say, Andre A. Cire and J. Christopher Beck

On Distances Between KD45n Kripke Models and Their Use for Belief Revision 1053

Thomas Caridroit, Sébastien Konieczny, Tiago de Lima and Pierre Marquis

Unsupervised Activity Recognition Using Latent Semantic Analysis on a Mobile Robot 1062

Paul Duckworth, Muhannad Alomari, Yiannis Gatsoulis, David C. Hogg and Anthony G. Cohn

Dichotomy for Pure Scoring Rules Under Manipulative Electoral Actions 1071

Edith Hemaspaandra and Henning Schnoor

Higher-Order Correlation Coefficient Analysis for EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interface 1080

Ye Liu, Qibin Zhao, Min Chen and Liqing Zhang

Classtering: Joint Classification and Clustering with Mixture of Factor Analysers 1089

Emanuele Sansone, Andrea Passerini and Francesco G.B. De Natale

Extending the Description Logic t(deg) with Acyclic TBoxes 1096 Franz Baader and Oliver Fernández Gil

Clique-Width and Directed Width Measures for Answer-Set Programming 1105

Bernhard Bliem, Sebastian Ordyniak and Stefan Woltran

Emotion Analysis as a Regression Problem – Dimensional Models and Their Implications on Emotion

Representation and Metrical Evaluation 1114

Sven Buechel and Udo Hahn

Aspect-Based Relational Sentiment Analysis Using a Stacked Neural Network Architecture 1123

Soufian Jebbara and Philipp Cimiano

Learning Invariant Representation for Malicious Network Traffic Detection 1132

Karel Bartos, Michal Sofka and Vojtech Franc

Making Sense of Item Response Theory in Machine Learning 1140

Fernando Martínez-Plumed, Ricardo B.C. Prudêncio, Adolfo Martínez-Usó and José Hernández-Orallo

Skeptical, Weakly Skeptical, and Credulous Inference Based on Preferred Ranking Functions 1149

Christoph Beierle, Christian Eichhorn, Gabriele Kern-Isberner and Steven Kutsch

Real-Time Timeline Summarisation for High-Impact Events in Twitter 1158

Yiwei Zhou, Nattiya Kanhabua and Alexandra I. Cristea

Towards Better Models of Externalities in Sponsored Search Auctions 1167

Nicola Gatti, Marco Rocco, Paolo Serafino and Carmine Ventre

(19)

A Computational Method for Extracting, Representing, and Predicting Social Closeness 1176

Katherine Metcalf and David Leake

Planning Using Actions with Control Parameters 1185

Emre Savaş, Maria Fox, Derek Long and Daniele Magazzeni

Fixed-Parameter Tractable Optimization Under DNNF Constraints 1194

Frédéric Koriche, Daniel Le Berre, Emmanuel Lonca and Pierre Marquis

Preference Modeling with Possibilistic Networks and Symbolic Weights: A Theoretical Study 1203

Nahla Ben Amor, Didier Dubois, Héla Gouider and Henri Prade

Leveraging Stratification in Twitter Sampling 1212

Vikas Joshi, Deepak P. and L.V. Subramaniam

A Minimization-Based Approach to Iterated Multi-Agent Belief Change 1221

Paul Vicol, James Delgrande and Torsten Schaub

Parameterised Model Checking for Alternating-Time Temporal Logic 1230

Panagiotis Kouvaros and Alessio Lomuscio

Interpretable Encoding of Densities Using Possibilistic Logic 1239

Ondřej Kuželka, Jesse Davis and Steven Schockaert

Unsupervised Ranking of Knowledge Bases for Named Entity Recognition 1248

Yassine Mrabet, Halil Kilicoglu and Dina Demner-Fushman

Skeleton-Based Orienteering for Level Set Estimation 1256

Lorenzo Bottarelli, Manuele Bicego, Jason Blum and Alessandro Farinelli

Interruptible Task Execution with Resumption in Golog 1265

Gesche Gierse, Tim Niemueller, Jens Claßen and Gerhard Lakemeyer

Constructing Hierarchical Task Models Using Invariance Analysis 1274

Damir Lotinac and Anders Jonsson

Learning the Structure of Dynamic Hybrid Relational Models 1283

Davide Nitti, Irma Ravkic, Jesse Davis and Luc De Raedt

A Distributed Asynchronous Solver for Nash Equilibria in Hypergraphical Games 1291

Mohamed Wahbi and Kenneth N. Brown

Summary Information for Reasoning About Hierarchical Plans 1300

Lavindra de Silva, Sebastian Sardina and Lin Padgham

Knowledge-Based Programs with Defaults in a Modal Situation Calculus 1309

Jens Claßen and Malte Neuss

Solving Multi-Agent Knapsack Problems Using Incremental Approval Voting 1318

Nawal Benabbou and Patrice Perny

Propositional Abduction with Implicit Hitting Sets 1327

Alexey Ignatiev, Antonio Morgado and Joao Marques-Silva

Improved Multi-Label Classification Using Inter-Dependence Structure via a Generative Mixture Model 1336

Ramanuja Simha and Hagit Shatkay

Accelerating Norm Emergence Through Hierarchical Heuristic Learning 1344

Tianpei Yang, Zhaopeng Meng, Jianye Hao, Sandip Sen and Chao Yu

Entity Embeddings with Conceptual Subspaces as a Basis for Plausible Reasoning 1353

Shoaib Jameel and Steven Schockaert xviii

(20)

Automatic Bridge Bidding Using Deep Reinforcement Learning 1362

Chih-Kuan Yeh and Hsuan-Tien Lin

Hierarchical Strategy Synthesis for Pursuit-Evasion Problems 1370

Rattanachai Ramaithitima, Siddharth Srivastava, Subhrajit Bhattacharya, Alberto Speranzon and Vijay Kumar

Decidable Reasoning in a First-Order Logic of Limited Conditional Belief 1379

Christoph Schwering and Gerhard Lakemeyer

A Temporal-Causal Modelling Approach to Integrated Contagion and Network Change in Social

Networks 1388

Romy Blankendaal, Sarah Parinussa and Jan Treur

Exact Particle Filter Modularization Improves Runtime Performance 1397

Padraic D. Edgington and Anthony S. Maida

Using the Sugeno Integral in Optimal Assignment Problems with Qualitative Utilities 1406

Soufiane Drissi Oudghiri, Patrice Perny, Olivier Spanjaard and Mohamed Hachimi

Complexity Results for Probabilistic Datalog± ₁₄₁₄

İsmail İlkan Ceylan, Thomas Lukasiewicz and Rafael Peñaloza

Strategic Voting in a Social Context: Considerate Equilibria 1423

Laurent Gourvès, Julien Lesca and Anaëlle Wilczynski

The Complexity of Deciding Legality of a Single Step of Magic: The Gathering 1432

Krishnendu Chatterjee and Rasmus Ibsen-Jensen

Description Logics Reasoning w.r.t. General TBoxes Is Decidable for Concrete Domains with

the EHD-Property 1440

Claudia Carapelle and Anni-Yasmin Turhan

Realisability of Production Recipes 1449

Lavindra de Silva, Paolo Felli, Jack C. Chaplin, Brian Logan, David Sanderson and Svetan Ratchev

Towards Lifelong Object Learning by Integrating Situated Robot Perception and Semantic Web Mining 1458

Jay Young, Valerio Basile, Lars Kunze, Elena Cabrio and Nick Hawes

Declaratively Capturing Local Label Correlations with Multi-Label Trees 1467

Reem Al-Otaibi, Meelis Kull and Peter Flach

Get Me to My GATE on Time: Efficiently Solving General-Sum Bayesian Threat Screening Games 1476

Aaron Schlenker, Matthew Brown, Arunesh Sinha, Milind Tambe and Ruta Mehta

False-Name-Proof Mechanisms for Path Auctions in Social Networks 1485

Lei Zhang, Haibin Chen, Jun Wu, Chong-Jun Wang and Junyuan Xie

Multi-Robot Adversarial Coverage 1493

Roi Yehoshua and Noa Agmon

Parameterized Complexity Results for the Kemeny Rule in Judgment Aggregation 1502

Ronald de Haan

AGM-Style Revision of Beliefs and Intentions 1511

Marc van Zee and Dragan Doder

Facility Location Games with Optional Preference 1520

Hongning Yuan, Kai Wang, Ken C.K. Fong, Yong Zhang and Minming Li

Iterative Judgment Aggregation 1528

Marija Slavkovik and Wojciech Jamroga

(21)

Partial Order Temporal Plan Merging for Mobile Robot Tasks 1537

Lenka Mudrova, Bruno Lacerda and Nick Hawes ECAI Short Papers

Towards Online Concept Drift Detection with Feature Selection for Data Stream Classification 1549

Mahmood Hammoodi, Frederic Stahl and Mark Tennant

Towards SPARQL-Based Induction for Large-Scale RDF Data Sets 1551

Simon Bin, Lorenz Bühmann, Jens Lehmann and Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

Burg Matrix Divergence Based Multi-Metric Learning 1553

Yan Wang and Han-Xiong Li

A Novel Approach of Applying the Differential Evolution to Spatial Discrete Data 1555

Vojtěch Uher, Petr Gajdoš, Michal Radecký and Václav Snášel

A Stochastic Belief Change Framework with a Stream of Expiring Observations (Short Paper) 1557

Gavin Rens

Topic-Level Influencers Identification in the Microblog Sphere 1559

Yakun Wang, Zhongbao Zhang, Sen Su, Cheng Chang and Muhammad Azam Zia

Multilevel Agent-Based Modelling for Assignment or Matching Problems 1561

Antoine Nongaillard and Sébastien Picault

Simple Epistemic Planning: Generalised Gossiping 1563

Martin C. Cooper, Andreas Herzig, Faustine Maffre, Frédéric Maris and Pierre Régnier

A General Characterization of Model-Based Diagnosis 1565

Gregory Provan

On the Impact of Subproblem Orderings on Anytime AND/OR Best-First Search for Lower Bounds 1567

William Lam, Kalev Kask, Rina Dechter and Javier Larrosa

Salient Region Detection Based on the Global Contrast Combining Background Measure for Indoor

Robots 1569

Na Li, Zhenhua Wang, Lining Sun and Guodong Chen

Semi-Supervised Learning on an Augmented Graph with Class Labels 1571

Nan Li and Longin Jan Latecki

Identifying and Rewarding Subcrowds in Crowdsourcing 1573

Siyuan Liu, Xiuyi Fan and Chunyan Miao

Data Set Operations to Hide Decision Tree Rules 1575

Dimitris Kalles, Vassilios S. Verykios, Georgios Feretzakis and Athanasios Papagelis

Evolutionary Agent-Based Modeling of Past Societies’ Organization Structure 1577

Angelos Chliaoutakis and Georgios Chalkiadakis

Strategic Path Planning Allowing On-the-Fly Updates 1579

Ofri Keidar and Noa Agmon

Finding Diverse High-Quality Plans for Hypothesis Generation 1581

Shirin Sohrabi, Anton V. Riabov, Octavian Udrea and Oktie Hassanzadeh

Using a Deep Understanding of Network Activities for Network Vulnerability Assessment 1583

Mona Lange, Felix Kuhr and Ralf Möller

All-Transfer Learning for Deep Neural Networks and Its Application to Sepsis Classification 1586

Yoshihide Sawada, Yoshikuni Sato, Toru Nakada, Kei Ujimoto and Nobuhiro Hayashi xx

(22)

Computing Extensions’ Probabilities in Probabilistic Abstract Argumentation: Beyond Independence 1588

Bettina Fazzinga, Sergio Flesca and Filippo Furfaro

Explained Activity Recognition with Computational Assumption-Based Argumentation 1590

Xiuyi Fan, Siyuan Liu, Huiguo Zhang, Cyril Leung and Chunyan Miao

Execution Errors Enable the Evolution of Fairness in the Ultimatum Game 1592

Fernando P. Santos, Francisco C. Santos, Ana Paiva and Jorge M. Pacheco

Encoding Cryptographic Functions to SAT Using TRANSALG_System ₁₅₉₄

Ilya Otpuschennikov, Alexander Semenov, Irina Gribanova, Oleg Zaikin and Stepan Kochemazov

Explanatory Diagnosis of an Ontology Stream via Reasoning About Actions 1596

Quan Yu, Hai Wan, Jiangtao Xu, Freddy Lécué and Liang Chang

DARDIS: Distributed And Randomized DIspatching and Scheduling 1598

Thomas Bridi, Michele Lombardi, Andrea Bartolini, Luca Benini and Michela Milano

Reasoning About Belief and Evidence with Extended Justification Logic 1600

Tuan-Fang Fan and Churn-Jung Liau

Scaling Structure Learning of Probabilistic Logic Programs by MapReduce 1602

Fabrizio Riguzzi, Elena Bellodi, Riccardo Zese, Giuseppe Cota and Evelina Lamma

Employing Hypergraphs for Efficient Coalition Formation with Application to the V2G Problem 1604

Filippos Christianos and Georgios Chalkiadakis

Increasing Coalition Stability in Large-Scale Coalition Formation with Self-Interested Agents 1606

Pavel Janovsky and Scott A. DeLoach

Strategies for Privacy Negotiation in Online Social Networks 1608

Dilara Keküllüoğlu, Nadin Kökciyan and Pınar Yolum

DA-BSP: Towards Data Association Aware Belief Space Planning for Robust Active Perception 1610

Shashank Pathak, Antony Thomas, Asaf Feniger and Vadim Indelman

Bagged Boosted Trees for Classification of Ecological Momentary Assessment Data 1612

Gerasimos Spanakis, Gerhard Weiss and Anne Roefs

Reputation in the Academic World 1614

Nardine Osman and Carles Sierra

Collective Future Orientation and Stock Markets 1616

Mohammed Hasanuzzaman, Wai Leung Sze, Mahammad Parvez Salim and Gaël Dias

Learning of Classification Models from Noisy Soft-Labels 1618

Yanbing Xue and Milos Hauskrecht

Distributed Learning in Expert Referral Networks 1620

Ashiqur R. KhudaBukhsh, Peter J. Jansen and Jaime G. Carbonell

Transfer Learning for Automatic Short Answer Grading 1622

Shourya Roy, Himanshu S. Bhatt and Y. Narahari

Long-Time Sensor Data Analysis for Estimation of Physical Capacity 1624

Yoshikuni Sato, Yoshihide Sawada, Toru Nakada, Tadayoshi Nonoyama, Masafumi Kubota, Yusuke Koie, Masaki Yasutake and Osamu Yamamura

Enhancing Sketch-Based Image Retrieval via Deep Discriminative Representation 1626

Fei Huang, Yong Cheng, Cheng Jin, Yuejie Zhang and Tao Zhang

Structure in the Value Function of Two-Player Zero-Sum Games of Incomplete Information 1628

Auke J. Wiggers, Frans A. Oliehoek and Diederik M. Roijers

(23)

GDL-III: A Proposal to Extend the Game Description Language to General Epistemic Games 1630

Michael Thielscher

Impact of Automated Action Labeling in Classification of Human Actions in RGB-D Videos 1632

David Jardim, Luís Nunes and Miguel Dias

Transductive Learning for the Identification of Word Sense Temporal Orientation 1634

Mohammed Hasanuzzaman, Gaël Dias and Stéphane Ferrari

Towards a Framework for Detecting Opportunism in Multi-Agent Systems 1636

Jieting Luo, John-Jules Meyer and Max Knobbout

Learning a Bayesian Network Classifier by Jointly Maximizing Accuracy and Information 1638

Dan Halbersberg and Boaz Lerner

Transfer of Reinforcement Learning Negotiation Policies: From Bilateral to Multilateral Scenarios 1640

Ioannis Efstathiou and Oliver Lemon

Substantive Irrationality in Cognitive Systems 1642

Pierre Bisquert, Madalina Croitoru, Florence Dupin de Saint-Cyr and Abdelraouf Hecham

A History Tree Heuristic to Generate Better Initiation Sets for Options in Reinforcement Learning 1644

Alper Demir, Erkin Çilden and Faruk Polat

On Truthful Auction Mechanisms for Electricity Allocation 1646

Heng Song, Junwu Zhu, Bin Li and Yi Jiang

Towards a BDI Player Model for Interactive Narratives 1648

Jessica Rivera-Villicana, Fabio Zambetta, James Harland and Marsha Berry

A Typicality-Based Revision to Handle Exceptions in Description Logics 1650

Roberto Micalizio and Gian Luca Pozzato

A New Stochastic Local Search Approach for Computing Preferred Extensions of Abstract Argumentation 1652

Dangdang Niu, Lei Liu and Shuai Lü

Crowdsourced Referral Auctions 1654

Praphul Chandra, Sujit Gujar and Y. Narahari

Minisum and Minimax Committee Election Rules for General Preference Types 1656

Dorothea Baumeister, Toni Böhnlein, Lisa Rey, Oliver Schaudt and Ann-Kathrin Selker

Space Debris Removal: A Game Theoretic Analysis 1658

Richard Klima, Daan Bloembergen, Rahul Savani, Karl Tuyls, Daniel Hennes and Dario Izzo

Cuilt: A Scalable, Mix-and-Match Framework for Local Iterative Approximate Best-Response Algorithms 1660

Mihaela Verman, Philip Stutz, Robin Hafen and Abraham Bernstein

Not Being at Odds with a Class: A New Way of Exploiting Neighbors for Classification 1662

Myriam Bounhas, Henri Prade and Gilles Richard

Value-Based Reasoning and Norms 1664

Trevor Bench-Capon

Using Recursive Neural Networks to Detect and Classify Drug-Drug Interactions from Biomedical Texts 1666

Víctor Suárez-Paniagua and Isabel Segura-Bedmar

Efficient Computation of Deterministic Extensions for Dynamic Abstract Argumentation Frameworks 1668

Sergio Greco and Francesco Parisi

The Post-Modern Homunculus 1670

Eric Neufeld and Sonje Finnestad xxii

(24)

Symmetric Multi-Aspect Evaluation of Comments – Extended Abstract 1672

Theodore Patkos, Giorgos Flouris and Antonis Bikakis

An Efficient and Expressive Similarity Measure for Relational Clustering Using Neighbourhood Trees 1674

Sebastijan Dumančić and Hendrik Blockeel

On Inconsistency Measuring and Resolving 1676

Said Jabbour

A Fuzzy Semantic CEP Model for Situation Identification in Smart Homes 1678

Amina Jarraya, Nathan Ramoly, Amel Bouzeghoub, Khedija Arour, Amel Borgi and Béatrice Finance

Multi-Context Systems in Time 1680

Stefania Costantini and Andrea Formisano

Speech Emotion Recognition Using Voiced Segment Selection Algorithm 1682

Yu Gu, Eric Postma, Hai-Xiang Lin and Jaap van den Herik

Scalable Exact MAP Inference in Graphical Models 1684

Radu Marinescu, Akihiro Kishimoto and Adi Botea

Hiding Actions in Concurrent Games 1686

Vadim Malvone, Aniello Murano and Loredana Sorrentino

Shape Invariant Formulation for Change Point Models in Multiple Dimensions 1688

Jesse Glass and Zoran Obradovic

Shaping Proto-Value Functions Using Rewards 1690

Raj Kumar Maity, Chandrashekar Lakshminarayanan, Sindhu Padakandla and Shalabh Bhatnagar

Heuristic Constraint Answer Set Programming 1692

Erich C. Teppan and Gerhard Friedrich

Non-Deterministic Planning with Numeric Uncertainty 1694

Liana Marinescu and Andrew Coles

How Good Is Predictive Routing in the Online Version of the Braess Paradox? 1696

László Z. Varga

Delete-Free Reachability Analysis for Temporal and Hierarchical Planning 1698

Arthur Bit-Monnot, David E. Smith and Minh Do

Intention Selection with Deadlines 1700

Yuan Yao, Brian Logan and John Thangarajah

Cost-Optimal Algorithms for Planning with Procedural Control Knowledge 1702

Vikas Shivashankar, Ron Alford, Mark Roberts and David W. Aha

Adaptive Condorcet-Based Stopping Rules Can Be Efficient 1704

Omer Reingold and Nina Narodytska

Landmark-Based Plan Recognition 1706

Ramon Fraga Pereira and Felipe Meneguzzi

Multi-Level Semantics with Vertical Integrity Constraints 1708

Alison R. Panisson, Rafael H. Bordini and Antônio Carlos da Rocha Costa

Supervised Graph-Based Term Weighting Scheme for Effective Text Classification 1710

Niloofer Shanavas, Hui Wang, Zhiwei Lin and Glenn Hawe

Temporal Planning with Constants in Context 1712

Josef Bajada, Maria Fox and Derek Long

(25)

Secure Multi-Agent Planning Algorithms 1714

Michal Štolba, Jan Tožička and Antonín Komenda

Analysis of Swarm Communication Models 1716

Musad Haque, Christopher Ren, Electa Baker, Douglas Kirkpatrick and Julie A. Adams

Fault Manifestability Verification for Discrete Event Systems 1718

Lina Ye, Philippe Dague, Delphine Longuet, Laura Brandán Briones and Agnes Madalinski

Using Petri Net Plans for Modeling UAV-UGV Cooperative Landing 1720

Andrea Bertolaso, Masoume M. Raeissi, Alessandro Farinelli and Riccardo Muradore

Applications of Argumentation: The SoDA Methodology 1722

Nikolaos I. Spanoudakis, Antonis C. Kakas and Pavlos Moraitis

Decoupling a Resource Constraint Through Fictitious Play in Multi-Agent Sequential Decision Making 1724

Frits de Nijs, Matthijs T.J. Spaan and Mathijs M. de Weerdt

GPU-Accelerated Value Iteration for the Computation of Reachability Probabilities in MDPs 1726

Zhimin Wu, Ernst Moritz Hahn, Akın Günay, Lijun Zhang and Yang Liu

Sets of Contrasting Rules to Identify Trigger Factors 1728

Marharyta Aleksandrova, Armelle Brun, Oleg Chertov and Anne Boyer

Link Prediction by Incidence Matrix Factorization 1730

Sho Yokoi, Hiroshi Kajino and Hisashi Kashima

Dialogues as Social Practices for Serious Games 1732

Agnese Augello, Manuel Gentile, Lucas Weideveld and Frank Dignum

Abducing Workflow Traces: A General Framework to Manage Incompleteness in Business Processes 1734

Federico Chesani, Riccardo De Masellis, Chiara Di Francescomarino, Chiara Ghidini, Paola Mello, Marco Montali and Sergio Tessaris

Optimal Simple Strategies for Persuasion 1736

Elizabeth Black, Amanda Coles and Christopher Hampson

Non-Utilitarian Coalition Structure Generation 1738

Oskar Skibski, Henryk Michalewski, Andrzej Nagórko, Tomasz P. Michalak, Andrew Dowell, Talal Rahwan and Michael Wooldridge

PA*: Optimal Path Planning for Perception Tasks 1740

Tiago Pereira, Manuela Veloso and António Moreira

Cross-Domain Error Correction in Personality Prediction 1742

Işıl Doğa Yakut Kılıç and Shimei Pan

Classical Planning with Communicative Actions 1744

Tânia Marques and Michael Rovatsos

Mixed Strategy Extraction from UCT Tree in Security Games 1746

Jan Karwowski and Jacek Mańdziuk

Boolean Negotiation Games 1748

Nils Bulling and Koen V. Hindriks

Toward Addressing Collusion Among Human Adversaries in Security Games 1750

Shahrzad Gholami, Bryan Wilder, Matthew Brown, Dana Thomas, Nicole Sintov and Milind Tambe

Detecting Communities Using Coordination Games: A Short Paper 1752

Radhika Arava and Pradeep Varakantham xxiv

(26)

Pricing Options with Portfolio-Holding Trading Agents in Direct Double Auction 1754

Sarvar Abdullaev, Peter McBurney and Katarzyna Musial

Efficient Semantic Tableau Generation for Abduction in Propositional Logic 1756

Yifan Yang, Ricardo De Aldama, Jamal Atif and Isabelle Bloch

Case-Based Classification on Hierarchical Structure of Formal Concept Analysis 1758

Qi Zhang, Chongyang Shi, Ping Sun and Zhengdong Niu

Stochastic Area Pooling for Generic Convolutional Neural Network 1760

Zhidong Deng, Zhenyang Wang and Shiyao Wang

Hole in One: Using Qualitative Reasoning for Solving Hard Physical Puzzle Problems 1762

Xiaoyu Ge, Jae Hee Lee, Jochen Renz and Peng Zhang

Relational Grounded Language Learning 1764

Leonor Becerra-Bonache, Hendrik Blockeel, María Galván and François Jacquenet PAIS Papers

Learning the Repair Urgency for a Decision Support System for Tunnel Maintenance 1769

Y. Gatsoulis, M.O. Mehmood, V.G. Dimitrova, D.R. Magee, B. Sage-Vallier, P. Thiaudiere, J. Valdes and A.G. Cohn

ONE – A Personalized Wellness System 1775

Ajay Chander and Ramya Srinivasan

Planning Search and Rescue Missions for UAV Teams 1777

Chris A.B. Baker, Sarvapali Ramchurn, W.T. Luke Teacy and Nicholas R. Jennings

Integrating ARIMA and Spatiotemporal Bayesian Networks for High Resolution Malaria Prediction 1783

A.H.M. Imrul Hasan and Peter Haddawy

Rapid Adaptation of Air Combat Behaviour 1791

Armon Toubman, Jan Joris Roessingh, Pieter Spronck, Aske Plaat and Jaap van den Herik

An Intelligent System for Personalized Conference Event Recommendation and Scheduling 1797

Aldy Gunawan, Hoong Chuin Lau, Pradeep Varakantham and Wenjie Wang

Continuous Live Stress Monitoring with a Wristband 1803

Martin Gjoreski, Hristijan Gjoreski, Mitja Luštrek and Matjaž Gams

An Intelligent System for Aggression De-Escalation Training 1805

Tibor Bosse, Charlotte Gerritsen and Jeroen de Man

A Practical Approach to Fuse Shape and Appearance Information in a Gaussian Facial Action Estimation

Framework 1812

Teena Hassan, Dominik Seuss, Johannes Wollenberg, Jens Garbas and Ute Schmid

Planning Tourist Agendas for Different Travel Styles 1818

Jesus Ibañez, Laura Sebastia and Eva Onaindia

Author Index 1825

(27)

One-Class to Multi-Class Model Update Using the

Class-Incremental Optimum-Path Forest Classifier

Mateus Riva1 and Moacir Ponti1 and Teofilo de Campos2

Abstract. Incremental learning capabilities of classifiers is a rele-vant topic, specially when dealing with scenarios such as data stream mining, concept drift and active learning. We investigate the capa-bilities of an incremental version of the Optimum-Path Forest clas-sifier (OPF-CI) in the context of learning new classes and compare its behavior against Support Vector Machines andkNearest Neigh-bours classifiers. The OPF-CI classifier is a parameter-free, graph-based approach to incremental training that runs in linear time with respect to the number of instances. Our results show OPF-CI keeps the running time low while producing an accuracy behavior similar to the other classifiers for increments of instances. Also, it is robust to variations on the order of the learned classes, demonstrating the applicability of the method.

1 INTRODUCTION

In incremental learning we consider a process in which new instances emerge and the model adjusts previous knowledge according to the new data. Thus, it does not assume the availability of a sufficient training set in the beginning of the learning process, but rather that training instances appear over time [8]. The ability to learn not only from a fixed training set, but also considering both new data and an already learned model, is an important feature in pattern recognition systems [24]. Moreover, it is important to update models in an effi-cient way in order to comply with realistic scenarios [9].

One of the issues in this context are the class-incremental prob-lems, in which instances from new classes appear over time [26] [12]. Scenarios where learning new classes is required are not uncommon. A dataset of produce images, for instance, is constantly being up-dated as new types of fruits and other produce are uploaded into the system. In order to make a viable recognition system, a model with the ability to learn new classes is required, and, as the dataset increases in size, this model must be updated as efficiently as possi-ble [2]. It is also important to keep it robust to order effects [6].

Graph-based approaches represent the feature space structure by capturing relationships among instances (vertices in a graph) and the weights of said relationships. In this manner, algorithms can perform supervised [14], unsupervised [21, 22] and semi-supervised learn-ing [11]. In data stream mining or active learning it is possible to update minimum spanning trees [4] and paths [1] in order to main-tain the graph structure and thus the learning model [10].

The Optimum-Path Forest (OPF) classifier [14] is a supervised learning approach that uses graph theory in order to build a model based on Optimum-Path Trees that encode the information of classes

1

Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação, University of São Paulo, Brazil, email: [email protected], [email protected]

2

CVSSP, University of Surrey, UK, email: [email protected]

in the feature space. It can be used to develop simple, fast, multiclass and parameter independent classifiers, and shown to be reliable in ap-plications such as intrusion detection, image classification [16] and as a base classifier in ensemble learning for different datasets [18]. It has similarities with theknearest neighbors (kNN) classifier, spe-cially with the 1NN, but it is often capable of capturing the intrinsic characteristics of the feature space by creating more or less dense trees in different subspaces [23]. Because of its quadratic training complexity (i.e.O₍_n2

)for ninstances in the training set), strate-gies were developed to speed-up training [13]. Additionally, a linear incremental-learning version of the OPF was proposed in [17], capa-ble of includingpnew instances with aO(n·p)cost, wherenis the sample size in the current model.

As incremental learning is still relevant to the analysis of evolv-ing datasets for the purposes of classification and regression [25], novelty detection and concept-drift [7], we report a new algorithm and a series of experiments that tries to incrementally build a model containing from one to multi-class data. In particular, our paper ex-plores the incremental optimum path forest classifier (OPFI) [17], extending it to class-incremental scenarios (OPF-CI), i.e. capable of learning new classes without retraining the whole model. The nov-elty of the paper relies on building up an OPF model from one-class to multi-class. Besides, we compare our algorithm with other clas-sifiers under different incremental learning conditions, in particular class-incremental, using different class orders. Our method starts by building an initial one-class model upon which the incremental algo-rithm can run [21], and then include new classes as new trees on the optimum-path forest.

In order to analyse the OPF-CI behavior we compare its results with the classifierskNN and Support-Vector Machine (SVM) [5], which also has an incremental version [3]. While SVM has a stronger theoretical framework, it is expensive to train and needs parameter tuning. kNN does not need training but it is slow — specially in its original version — for large datasets. OPF is a parameter-free algorithm that works well even with small training sets, which suits several applications, making it relevant to be compared with SVM andkNN. Some characteristic of each method and their complexities are compared in Table1, in whichnis the total of instances available to train a model in a given time.

In this paper, we set out to develop a fast and accurate method based on the Incremental OPF classifier to learn new classes with supervision, from a model with just one class (based on an initial clustering) to a multi-class model, which is our main contribution. This method must be capable of updating itself with the new classes in linear time while maintaining the accuracy of the original OPF, al-lowing this method to be used in data stream mining, active learning and other related scenarios.

ECAI 2016 G.A. Kaminka et al. (Eds.) © 2016 The Authors and IOS Press. This article is published online with Open Access by IOS Press and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0). doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-672-9-216 216