What is IoT?IoT

What is IoT? IoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects—devices, vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity—that enables these objects to collect and exchange data.

, “Internet of Things” means “a world-wide network

of interconnected objects uniquely addressable, based on standard communication protocols

The IoT has two attributes:

(i) being an Internet application

(ii) dealing with the thing’s information

“

History of IOT

Internet of Things” is Kevin Ashton. While working for Procter &

Gamble in 1999, Kevin Ashton used this phrase to explain a new idea related to linking the company’s supply chain to the Internet.

The concept of the Internet of Things first became popular in 1999, through the Auto-ID Center at MIT and related market-analysis publications. R

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) was seen as a prerequisite for

the IoT at that point. If all objects and people in daily life were equipped

with identifiers, computers could manage and inventory them. Besides

using RFID, the tagging of things may be achieved through such

technologies as near field communication, barcodes, QR codes, bluetooth,

and digital watermarking

How IoT Works?

capabilities include:

Communication and cooperation Addressability

Identification Sensing

Actuation

Embedded information processing Localization

User interfaces

How IoT Works?

4

RFID Sensor Smart Tech Nano Tech

To identify and track the data of

things

To collect and process the data to detect the changes in the physical status of things

To enhance the power of the network by devolving processing capabilities to different part of the network.

To make the smaller and smaller things have the ability to connect and interact.

Characteristics of IoT

▪ Intelligence

▪ Connectivity

▪ Dynamic Nature

▪ Scalability

▪ Sensing

▪ Heterogenety

▪ Security

5

TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES OF IoT

At present IoT is faced with many challenges, such as:

▪ Scalability

▪ Technological Standardization

▪ Inter operability

▪ Discovery

▪ Software complexity

▪ Data volumes and interpretation

▪ Power Supply

▪ Interaction and short range communication

▪ Wireless communication

▪ Fault tolerance

6

Criticisms and Controversies of IoT

Scholars and social observers and pessimists have doubts about the promises of the ubiquitous computing revolution, in the areas as:

▪ Privacy

▪ Security

▪ Autonomy and Control

▪ Social control

▪ Political manipulation

▪ Design

▪ Environmental impact

▪ Influences human moral decision making

7

The Internet of Things (IoT)

Security Considerations for Higher

Education

Wearable Tech

Healthcare

Healthcare

The IoT Market

• As of 2013, 9.1 billion IoT units

• Expected to grow to 28.1 billion IoT devices by 2020

• Revenue growth from $1.9 trillion in 2013 to $7.1

trillion in 2020

Why be concerned about IoT?

• It’s just another computer, right?

– All of the same issues we have with access control, vulnerability

management, patching, monitoring, etc.

– Imagine your network with 1,000,000 more devices

– Any compromised device is a

foothold on the network

Does IoT add additional risk?

• Are highly portable devices captured during vulnerability scans?

• Where is your network perimeter?

• Are consumer devices being used in areas – like health care – where reliability is critical?

• Do users install device management software on other

computers? Is that another attack vector?

IoT Architecture

Architecture that comprises four elements, as – (RFIDs), such as Class-1 Generation-2

UHFRFIDs, introduced by the electronic product code (EPC) Global Consortium and operating in the 860–960 MHz

range1

– Readers plugged to a local (computing) system, which read the EPC

– A local system offering IP connectivity that collects information pointed by the EPC, a protocol called object naming service (ONS)

– EPCIS (EPC Information Services) servers that process incoming ONS requests and returns physical markup

language (PML) files

for example,XMLdocuments carrying meaningful

information linked to RFIDs

The IoT, data collection and management centers located in the network’s “core” (possibly even in a distributed “cloud”)

The IoT operates in conjunction with real-time processing and ubiquitous computing.

The IoT is also perceived as a global network that

connects physical objects with virtual objects

through the combination of data capture techniques

and communication networks.

Low end of spectrum

▪The thing’s information is typically coded by the unique identification (UID) and/or electronic product code (EPC)

▪the information is typically stored in a radio frequency identification (RFID) electronic tag.

▪The information is uploaded by noncontact reading using an RFID reader.

▪UID and RFID have been mandated by the Department of

Defense (DoD) for all their suppliers to modernize their

global supply chain RFID and EPC were also mandated

Mid range of Spectrum

•Devices with embedded intelligence(microprocessors) and embedded active wireless capabilities to perform a variety of data gathering and possibly control functions.

• On-body biomedical sensors, home appliances and power management, and industrial control examples

•At the other end of the spectrum, more sophisticated sensors

can also be employed in the IoT some of these sensor

approaches use distributed wireless sensor network

(i)WSN that can collect a wide variety of environmental data such as temperature, atmospheric and environmental chemical content, or even low- or high resolution ambient video images from geographically dispersed locations

(ii) can optionally pre-process some or all of the data

(iii) can forward all these information to a centralized (or distributed/virtualized) site for advanced processing. These objects may span a city, region, or large distribution grid.

(iv)Other “things” may be associated with personal area

networks (PANs), vehicular networks (VNs), or delay

tolerant networks (DTNs ^).

High level logical partitioning of the interaction space

The high level logical partitioning of the interaction space, showing where the IoT applies.

▪Human-to-Human (H2H) communication

▪M2M communication,

▪ H2M communications,

▪MiH communications embedded chips, medical monitoring probes, global positioning system

(GPS) bracelets, and so on.

IPv6 ROLE

•IPv6 with its abundant address spaces, globally unique object (thing) identification and connectivity can be provided in a standardized manner without additional status or address (re)processing.

•IPv6 has 128-bit addresses versus 32-bit IPv4 addresses.

•the objects can be tagged with an NAdr. Every object then

has a tuple (OID, NAdr) that is always unique, although the

second entry of the tuple may change with time, location, or

situation

•IPV6 supports more secure name resolution ,the Neighbor Discovery(SEND) protocol capable of running

Cryptographic confirmation

•OID to be identical to the NAdr where the object is expected to attach to the network; that is, the object inherits the tuple (NAdr, NAdr).

▪The “Plug-and-play”: IPv6 includes a “plug-and-play”

mechanism that facilitates the connection of equipment to the network. The requisite configuration is automatic it is a serverless mechanism.

•

•Security: IPv6 includes and requires security in its specifications such as payload encryption and authentication of the source of the communication.

•IPV6 can run End-to-end security, with built-in strong IP-layer encryption and authentication.

Mobility: IPv6 includes an efficient and robust mobility mechanism namely an enhanced support for mobile IP, specifically, the set of mobile IPv6 (MIPv6).

•IPV6 will make “man-in-the middle” attacks

•Scalability:IPV6 allows to connect trillions of IoT devices

•VOIP capability

•Multicasting capability.

Technical challenges

▪ The current manner of using IP addresses must change to a system that provides an IP address to every possible object that may need

▪ The power behind the embedded chips on such devices will need to be smaller and more efficient.

▪ The software applications must be developed that

can communicate with and manage the stream of data from hundreds of interconnected non-computing devices that comprise a ‘smart’ system which can adapt and respond to changes

▪

M2M Communication

• M2M describes devices that are connected to the Internet, using a variety of fixed and wireless networks and communicate with each other and the wider world.

They are active communication devices. The term embedded wireless has been coined, for a variety of applications

where wireless cellular communication is used to connect any device that is not a phone. This term is widely used by

the GSM Association

• (GSMA) . . . ” (10).

• Originally the term “Internet of Things” was invented by

Some see machine-to-machine (M2M) deployments into four domains: sensors and controllers; “the edge,”

where data from these devices are gathered,the cloud,

where the data are stored and managed and the client, where that data are ultimately Evaluated

EPCIS (EPC Information Services) servers that process incoming ONS requests and returns physical markup language (PML) files

for example,XMLdocuments

carrying meaningful information linked to RFIDs

The technology for sensing and control includes electric and magnetic field sensors;

radiowave frequency sensors optical-, electro-optic-, and infrared sensors,radars ,lasers location/navigation sensors seismic and pressure-wave sensors environmental

parameter sensors (e.g., wind, humidity, heat, and so on);

and, biochemical Homeland Security-oriented sensors.

Sensor networks usually consider remote devices as belonging to two classes, based on device capabilities:

Full-function devices (FFDs) and reduced function

devices (RFDs). Sensors and actuators are part of a larger universe of objects. Objects in the IoT context can also be classified from a functionality perspective.

Definition: An actuator is a mechanized device of various sizes (from ultra-small to

very large) that accomplishes a specified physical action, for example, controlling a

mechanism or system, opening or closing a valve, starting some kind or rotary or

linear motion, or initiating physical locomotion. An actuator is the mechanism by

which an entity acts upon an environm ^ent

Definition: An actuator is a mechanized device of various sizes (from ultra-small to very large) that accomplishes a specified physical action

An actuator is the mechanism by which an entity acts upon an environment

for example, controlling a mechanism or system, opening or

closing a valve, starting some kind or rotary or linear motion,

or initiating physical locomotion.