Unit 1. SHIP STRUCTURE
1. General Structure of the Ship
The main body of the ship is called the hull. The hull consists of an inside framework and an outside skin called shell plating. At the base of the hull is a heavy metal plate called the keel. When the ship is at sea this part of the ship is under water. To make it easier to refer to parts of the ship, the hull is divided into three areas or parts. They are the forward, amidships and after parts. The forward part is nearest the bow. The after part is nearest the stern. Amidships is in the centre part of the ship.
Identify the main parts of the hull in the diagram below:
In the bow, the hull is attached to the stem post. In the stern, the hull is attached to the sternpost. The hull is divided into a number of watertight compartments. Decks divide the hull horizontally and bulkheads divide it vertically. Deck beams support the decks and stanchions support the bulkheads.
Label the deck beams and the stanchions on the diagram below:
Cargoes are stored in cargo holds. Cargo holds are usually situated at the bottom of the ship. Within the hull, decks are given a special name, i.e. between decks (often called simply tween decks). There may be upper tween decks and lower tween decks above the holds.
Bulkheads are partitions that can run either transversely (across the ship) or longitudinally (fore and aft). Sometimes bulkheads are built so that they are completely watertight. This makes
it possible either to carry liquid cargoes, or to seal off the ship if water should break in. The bulkhead nearest the stem must be very strong. If the ship is damaged it must remain watertight. This bulkhead is called the collision bulkhead.
Besides the space for cargo the hull also contains the engine room, which is situated at the after end of the ship, and a number of tanks: at the fore end of the ship is the forepeak tank, and at the after end of the ship is the after peak tank. These tanks are used for storing fresh water and ballast water. At the bottom of the ship is the double bottom tank, which is used for storing fuel and water ballast.
If you look at the after part of the ship‘s hull, you can see small round openings in the ship‘s side. These let light and air into the cabins, the crew‘s quarters. The openings are called
portholes.
The diagram shows you the upper deck, which is the deck covering the top of the hull, and the bulwarks at the fore and after end of the hull. The bulwark is an extension of the hull plating, which rises above the top of the upper deck. They act as a barrier against the force of the waves. Along the edge of the remainder of the upper deck, especially amidships, you will find a line of guard rails. These are made up of vertical posts called guard stanchions which are linked together by either wires or tubes. These protect the passengers and crew from falling overboard.
1.2. As stated previously, ships are divided off into different levels called decks. The upper deck is the deck which is level with the top of the hull. Modern ships also have decks forward and aft above the upper deck and these are called the forecastle deck and poop deck. Amidships above the level of the upper deck is the superstructure. On a cargo ship the superstructure is usually quite small. The superstructure consists of several decks each with a different purpose. In the diagram below the four decks are named.
The lowest of the four decks of the superstructure is called the bridge deck. The crew‘s quarters and the galley are on this deck. The next deck is the upper bridge deck or saloon deck. Here are cabins for the passengers and a lounge and saloon for their use. Above the saloon deck is the boat deck. On this deck the officers have their accommodation and so does the captain. On the boat deck you can also find lifeboats, which are raised and lowered into the water by davits. The highest deck in the superstructure is called the navigation bridge. This is the nerve centre of the ship. The wheelhouse is here and so is the chart room and the radio room. The navigation bridge is where the ship is steered or conned from.
Look at the diagram below and name the four decks of the superstructure labelled as A to D. What are the decks E and F called ?
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Lifeboats(2)
Wheelhouse(3)
Galley(4)
Passenger‘s accommodation(5)
Crew‘s quarters(6)
Captain‘s cabin. 2. VOCABULARY Words and phrasesHull = cocă, corp de navă; osatură, carcasă Keel= chilă
Bow= prova Stern = pupa
Forward = partea din fata a navei, înainte, în prova
Amidships = la cantrul/mijlocul navei; in axul navei; la cuplul maestru After = din(spre) pupa; la/spre pupa; înapoi
Hold = magazie/hambar (de navă) Deck = punte de navă, covertă
Bulkhead =perete etanş de navă, perete de compartimentare (de regulă transversal) Between deck ('tween deck) = întrepunte (spaţiu)
Watertight compartment = compartiment etan§
Collision bulkhead = perete de coliziune/de forpic; perete de pic prova Stem post= etrava
Sternpost =etambou Porthole =iublou
Bulwark = parapet, falsbord; spargeval de punte Guard stanchion = baston de balustradă
Upper deck = punte superioară Forecastle deck = puntea teugă Poop deck =puntea dunată Superstructure = suprastructura
Fore =prova; extremitate prova; // spre prova; în/la prova, dinspre prova Aft = pupa// la/spre/dinspre pupa, din pupa
Bridge deck = punte de comandă/navigaţie
Boat deck = punte a bărcilor; punte de promenadă (la navele de pasageri) Upper bridge deck= punte superioară
Crew quarters = cabinele echipajului Galley = bucătărie (pe nava)
Saloon deck= punte de clasa întîia (la navele de pasageri) Lounge = careu
Accommodation = cabine, spaţiu de locuit pentru ofiţeri Lifeboats = bărci de salvare
Wheelhouse = cameră a timonei Funnel = coş
What is a noun?
A noun is a word that names a person, place, or thing. The word noun comes from the Latin word nomen, which means name. Nouns are of different kinds: common nouns, proper nouns, abstract nouns, compound nouns and collective nouns.
Proper nouns name a specific person, place, or thing. They are written with capital letters – Bob, Bucharest, Britain, Monday, April, Mars, the War of the Roses, etc.
The days of the week and the months of the year are always written with capital letters (unlike in the Romanian language) and also the names of nationalities and languages, no matter the position in the sentence.
Some proper nouns have become common nouns, therefore they are not written with capital letters anymore. Here there are examples of: objects named after their place of origin (china, holland, oxfords) or objects named after those who invented, discovered, inspired them (a hovercraft, a mackintosh, an Oscar, a tommy-private in the army, a volt, a watt).
Common nouns name any one of a class of person, place, or thing: boy, city, dog, family, food, water, happiness. They are divided into the following groups, according to their meaning: Abstract nouns name actions, states, sensations, senses, relations, considered to be notions. They refer to intangible items. Examples: joy, love, friendship, greatness, labour, rest, force, etc. Concrete nouns name objects, plants, things, phenomena and events, which we are aware of using our senses. They refer to tangible items. Examples: moon, lion, tree, John, rain.
Collective nouns name groups of people or things: audience, family, team, crowd, council, association, government, crew, congress, the public, etc.
Compound nouns are two or more nouns that function as a single unit. A compound noun can be two individual words (time capsule), hyphenated words (great-uncle), combined words (basketball).
Another important criterion in selecting nouns is their countability. According to this, we can divide nouns into: countable and uncountable nouns.
Count nouns refer to things that we can count; they have singular and plural forms and can be preceded by the definite article a, an. Examples: one (a) cat, two cats, flowers, children families, days, birds, crowds, etc.
Uncountable nouns name objects that cannot be counted, they do not have plural form and do not get the definite article. In this category we have: names of sports (football, tennis, rugby), material or concrete mass nouns (steam, smoke, meat, silver), natural products (fat, marmalade, milk, oil), fruit, vegetables and cereals (corn, maize, rice, rye, celery, spinach, cabbage), abstract mass nouns (admiration, applause, age, homework, peace, youth).
! Note that nouns that are uncountable in English may be count nouns in other languages (information, advice), or there are nouns used only in the plural form even when we are talking about one item (trousers, clothes, jeans). We have to use a partitive noun with of when referring to a single item (a pair of trousers, an item of clothes, a pair of jeans).
Gender of nouns
Gender is the grammatical category specific to nouns and it represents the form of nouns to show sex difference, when speaking about animates, and the absence of gender when speaking about inanimates.
English grammar has 3 types of gender:
Gender of personal nouns: - masculine gender: man, actor, landlord, hero, bull, brother - feminine gender: woman, actress, landlady, heroine, cow, sister. This type of gender can be expressed in 3 ways:
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lexically - with the help of different words: brother/ sister, king/ queen, man/ woman, uncle/ aunt.goddess, waitress, heroine).
- by adding a suffix to the feminine form (widow- widower, bride-bridegroom) c) common gender - one form for both masculine and feminine: artist, cook, doctor,
friend, musician, cousin, parent, person, student, teacher, writer. Gender of animate nouns - animate nouns are classified into:
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names of big animals, which are generally of male gender (horse). There can be a distinction male-female: horse (stallion-mare); deer (stag-hind); sheep (ram-ewe), or adding suffixes (lion-lioness, tiger-tigress).(10)
names of small animals, which are neuter, being replaced by it. In some cases there are lexical differences: cock-hen, gander-goose, dog-bitch. There are also special gender words: he goat-she goat, Tom cat-she cat, male frog-female frog.Gender of inanimate nouns - these nouns are neuter: Where is my umbrella? It is in my bag/ The truth will emerge; it always does.
Case of nouns
Case is the way in which a noun can be given a change of spelling (an inflection), which indicates that the noun has a particular function in a clause, Case is used to denote the syntactical functions of nouns.
The nominative case - for the nouns which are subjects in a sentence (My boy is waiting for his friend), or predicates (He is a teacher).
The accusative case - is the case of the direct object (I ate an ice-cream an hour ago). If there is only one object in the sentence, this is a direct object in the accusative (Shut the window, please); if there are two objects, both could be direct objects in the accusative (I asked him a question), or one indirect object in the dative and one direct object in the accusative (I lent her my umbrella).
The following verbs are followed by two accusatives: ask, envy, excuse, give, forgive, offer, save, strike, etc.
The dative case - is the case of the indirect object. It is marked by the prepositions to and for (She gave some sweets to the children/ I bought a present for my mother).
The genitive case - expresses possession and the syntactical function of attribute. There are several types of genitive:
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The ‘s genitive (synthetic genitive) operates as follows: for singular nouns (girl’s dress, Ann’s bag, teacher’s book), for irregular plural nouns (men’s car, children’s toys), for plural nouns (boys’ cars, Dickens’ life).(12)
The of genitive - is used as an equivalent of the ‗s genitive (the plays of Shakespeare). It is used with nouns, names of things (the title of the book), with geographical places (the city of London), for emphasizing (the arrival of his grandfather), with names of small animals (the tail of the mouse).(13)
The implicit genitive - no ‗ s: audience participation, student hostel, afternoon tea (this type of genitive is used in contemporary English, especially in journalism).d) The double genitive - ‗s genitive + of genitive with names of people (this joke of Peter’s). The vocative case - Bob, hurry up! / Have you got a minute, Mr. Brown ?
Number in nouns
Singular number is used when the noun refers to one item. Plural number is used when the noun refers to more than one item. Count nouns have both singular and plural forms. Uncountable nouns and mass nouns do not normally have a plural form.
The regular plural ending of an English noun is -s (cat-cats, ship-ships, sailor-sailors). These are the exceptions to the normal pattern:
Singular noun ending Plural noun ending
-s, -ss, -ch, -x, -zz -es`
examples: focus-focuses, princess-princesses, church-churches, box-boxes, buzz-buzzes
-o -s or –es
examples: hero-heroes, piano-pianos, potato-potatoes
consonant + y -ies
examples: baby-babies, hobby-hobbies, spy-spies
vowel + y -s
examples: boy-boys, key-keys, ray-rays, play-plays
-f -s or –ves
examples: thief-thieves, wolf-wolves, leaf-leaves, roof-roofs, dwarf-dwarfs/ dwarves
-fe -ves
examples: life-lives, knife-knives Irregular plurals
Some nouns have two plural forms (fish-fish/ fishes). Some of them have the same form in the singular and plural (a sheep-ten sheep, a deer-ten deer). A few change a vowel to form the plural (man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, louse-lice). Some nouns form the plural in –en (child-children, ox-oxen).
Compound nouns normally form the plural by adding –s to the last word of the compound (a girl friend-two girl friends, a bookcase-two bookcases). A compound noun formed from a verb and an adverb adds –s to the last word (a take-away/ two take-always), but a compound noun formed from a noun and an adverb makes the first word plural (a passer-by/ two passers-by). Compound nouns with man or woman as the first word make both words plural (a manservant-two menservants, a woman doctor- two woman doctors).
Some nouns referring to clothes and tools where two equal parts are joined together (trousers, binoculars, scissors) are treated as being plural and are followed by a verb in the plural (My trousers are torn/ The scissors are on the table). To talk about one of these items we use the expression a pair of…(John bought a pair of jeans). To talk about more than one we talk about however many pairs of…(Martina bought five pairs of tights).
When used as ordinary numbers, words such as dozen, thousands, million have no plural form (nine million stars/ two dozen glasses). When used to mean an indefinitely large number, they do have a plural form, which can be used as a partitive (There are thousands of people here/ I saw dozens of children in the playground).
Foreign plurals
Nouns that have come into English from foreign languages can:
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keep the plural form of the language they come from (an axis-two axes, a crisis-two crises, a thesis-two theses, datum-data)-
have plural formed according to the rules for plural in English in preference to the foreign plurals (a memorandum-two memorandums/ memoranda, a stadium-two stadiums/ stadia)-
have two plurals: one from the foreign language and the other formed according to the rulesfor plural in English (an index-indexes/ indices, a formula-formulas/ formulae) The foreign plural is usually kept for scientific or specialized use.
4.Vocabulary Practice
I. Answer the following questions.
a). What is the large part of a ship below the main deck consisting of an inside framework ? b). What is the main structural part that goes along the bottom of a ship? c). How is the hull divided? d). Where is the cargo stowed?
e). What are the spaces contained between decks within the hull called? f). What are the vertical partitions called?
g). How do you call the windows of the ship?
h). How do you call the deck which is level with the top of the hull? i). What is there amidships above the level of the upper deck? II. Complete the following statements with one or two words. a. In the bow, the hull is attached to the ……
b.In the stern, the hull is attached to the….
c. The role of the … …is to seal off the ship if water should break in. d.At the fore end of the ship is the… …..
e. At the after end of the ship is the … …. f. At the bottom of the ship is the … …. tank.
g. The…. is an extension of the hull plating , which rises above the top of the upper deck. h. … …., which protect the passengers and crew from falling overboard, are linked together by either wires or tubes.
III. Fill in the blanks. Use the words below.
Poop, forecastle, decks, holds, upper, above, superstructure, cargo, fore, aft
On the cargo ship, the main body of the ship, the hull, is divided into…which contain…. The deck at the top of the hull is called the…deck. Above the upper deck are the…deck and the …decks. The poop deck is…and the forecastle is…Amidships…the level of the upper deck is the….On a cargo ship the superstructure is usually quite small. The superstructure consists of several…each with a different purpose.
IV. Are these statements TRUE (T) or FALSE (F)? Circle the right answer.
a. The upperdeck houses the crew‘s quarters. T/F
b.The galley is where the food is prepared. T/F
c. The upper bridge deck contains passengers‘ cabins. T/F
d.The crew‘s quarters are in the holds. T/F
e. The upper bridge deck is sometimes called the saloon deck. T/F
f. The galley is in the upper bridge deck. T/F
5. Grammar Practice: The Noun
Exercise 1. Use a collective noun for the following:
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father, mother, sons and daughters;(15)
the eleven players in a game of football;(16)
a multitude of persons;(17)
the group of sailors working on a ship or boat;(18)
scores of sheep together.Exercise 2. Use a compound noun to illustrate:
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a desk for writing at;(20)
an engine driven by steam;(21)
a wall made of stone;(22)
a man who makes a wall by laying bricks one on top of the other;(23)
a machine for washing clothes;(24)
a box for holding matches;(25)
a room in which you sleep;(26)
a room in which you wash;(27)
a pen containing ink in it;10.a railway carriage in which people can take their meals.
Exercise 3. Give the plural of the following nouns .Use them in sentences.
a) bus, town, woman, box, fly, key, bee, Englishman. tooth, wish, goose, city, potato, book, child, leaf, life, foot, apple, toy, ball, wolf, safe, ox.
b) brush, thief, Chinese, German, donkey, shelf, fish, cliff, Swiss, inch, sheep, louse, bamboo, handkerchief, axe, proof, phenomenon, dynamo, means, piano.
c) echo, loaf, niece, half, chief, volcano, Japanese, deer,
mouse, knife, birth, daughter, buffalo, atlas.
Exercise 4. Give the plural of the following nouns; explain the differences between the two forms and use them in sentences: fruit, fish, damage, air, compass, pain, color.
Exercise 5. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable noun: Model: a . . . of cards; a pack of cards:
1. a ... of boots; 2. a …of sheep; 3. a …of cattle; 4. a …of hounds; 5. a …of birds; 6. a …of mosquitoes; 7. a… of fish; 8. a… of trousers; 9. a…of swine; 10. a …of robbers; 11. a… of stockings; 12. a … of whales; 13. a … of footballers; 14. a… of wolves; 15. an… at a concert; 16. a … of flowers; 17. a … of lies;
Exercise 6. Give the feminine correspondents of the following masculine nouns:
a) man, father, brother, milkman, Englishman, son-in-law,. sportsman, nephew, boy, Mr., husband, uncle, chairman.
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widower, wizard, waiter, bachelor, lord, king, bridegroom, hero, dog, bull, horse, gander, ram, peacock ,drone.(29)
duke, prince, actor, god, host, waiter, manager, tzar, sultan, poet, nephew, vixen.Exercise 7. Form nouns by adding the appropriate noun-forming suffixes to the following adjectives:
SUFFIX 1 2 3
-ism cruel foolish childish
-th sane social anxious
-dom gay short long
-(i)ty/iety free wide strong
Exercise 8. Give the corresponding nouns for the following verbs and adjectives:
o To bleed, to bath, to sing, to believe, to breethe, to feed, to lose, to live, to prove, to choose; o Broad, deep, long, strong, wide, new.
Exercise 9. Use the saxon genitive (‘s) in the following sentences:
1. He knows nothing about the climate of this country. 2. Do you know the name of the typist of the manager? 3. The new car of the friend of his cousin is a Dacia 1300. 4. Jane doesn‘t know the timetable of her daughter. 5. She does not doubt the good intentions of the parents of her husband. 6. You can easily notice die first signs of spring. 7. The dresses of the shop-girls are the best advertisement. 8. They all welcomed the protection of the police. 9. These are the best plays of 0.8. Shaw. 10. He has been studying the folklore of Scotland for several years. 11. The parents of all the children are present at the meeting. 12. She won‘t say a word about the purpose of her life. 13. The industry of Romania is in full swing. 14. The high note of the nightingale can be easily heard.
Exercise 10. Translate into Romanian:
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We‘ve run out of orange juice; you‘d better go to the grocer‘s and buy some.(31)
My husband‘s new suit is not ready yet; it is still at the tailor‘s.(32)
When you go to UK don‘t miss the chance to go to Madame Tussaud‘s.(33)
They usually buy fresh fruits at the greengrocer‘s every Monday morning.(34)
Have you ever seen St. James‘s?(35)
They decided to go to the lawyer‘s tomorrow at noon.(36)
On your way home you might stop at the tobacconist‘s and buy some cigarettes for me.(37)
I have been an employee at Ford‘s for twenty years.(38)
I‘ll go to the hairdresser‘s later.lO.Before my coming back home, I dropped into the baker‘s where I bought a loaf of soft bread and these delicious rolls.
Exercise 11. Translate into English paying attention to the genitive case:
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Străzile acestui oraş sunt foarte largi.(40)
Căsătoria copiilor prietenilor mei a avut loc acum două săptămâni.(41)
Acesta este noul profesor de matematică al fiului meu.(42)
Înainte de a începe orele, am făcut o plimbare de douăzeci de minute.(43)
Personalul acestei companii este format din treizeci de oameni.(44)
In intervalul de o lună care urmează, terminăm toate examenele.(45)
La vârsta lui, o călătorie de zece ore cu trenul trebuie să fie foarte obositoare.(46)
Nu trebuie să uităm niciodată de drepturile celor săraci.(47)
0 aşteptare de cinci minute nu mai contează. 10. Ziarul de ieri a publicat multe ştiri interesante.• Verbs:
1. to decide 2.to approve 3. to discuss 4. to refer 5. to discover 6. to teach 7. to weigh 8.to grow 9. to pay 10. to perform 11.to limit 12. to betray. • Adjectives:
1.national 2.wise 3. likely 4. free 5. great 6. weak 7. kind 8. happy 9. true 10. deep 11.high 12.warm
• Nouns:
1.dictator 2. friend 3. scholar 4. leader 5. child 6. piano 7. music 8. mathematics 9.science 10. host 11. widow 12. waiter.
Exercise 13. Rewrite in the plural:
1.This is a box. 2. That‘s a lorry. 3. Where‘s the knife? 4. Is it your watch? 5. This is a new house.6. That‘s an old chimney. 7. That isn‘t my dress. 8. That‘s a shoe. 9. Who‘s this man? 10.He‘s a farmer and this is his wife. 11. That‘s a row of people. 12. Is it a new bridge? 13.There is a match in the box. 14. There‘s no child in their family.15. Is there a dictionary on his desk? 16. Is there a desk in that room? 17. The face of that woman is attractive. 18.The house isn‘t large but it‘s comfortable. 19. Who‘s that person? 20. Which book is yours?
Exercise 14 Put into the singular:
1. Balls are round. 2. Houses have roofs. 3. These are phonemes. 4. Foxes are animals.J. Roses are beautiful flowers. 6. Watches are small clocks. 7. Dogs have tails. 8. Those boys are good friends. 9. These are simple sentences. 10. These aren‘t boxes. 11. The children are at school. 12. These are my notebooks. 13. My friends want to study German. 14. His brothers work hard all day. 15. Housewives have to work very hard. 16. Children receive a lot of pleasure from this game. 17. They live in small houses. 18. The postmen bring letters three times a day. 19. The boys wake up at six. 20. There are some pictures on the walls.
Exercise 15. Match A and B in order to obtain compound nouns. Use them in sentences:
arm sitter bottle pages fast heating Yellow chair lawn directory telephone mower chewing conditioner central bag air opener tea food alarm gum post clock baby stop heart tale burglar attack fairy office credit lenses bus card bank alarm contact account
Exercise 16 Underline the nouns in the texts and put the plural ones in the singular:
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Thieves stole the cameras and videos from two shops in Stapleton Road yesterday. They also took several boxes of video cassettes and hundreds of audio cassettes.(49)
Two police officers were injured in a fight last night. One policeman lost four teeth. Three other people were also injured. The police were called to the Central car park where there was a fight involving about two dozen young men and women. Dozens of cars and two buses were damaged.Example: pl. thieves = sg. thief
Exercise 17. Complete the sentences with the plural form of the words in brackets:
My hotel‘s a bit primitive. I‘ve seen (1 mouse) ______ in my room! And there are (2 fly) _______ everywhere during the day and (3 mosquito) _____ at night. But the (4 beach) _____ are
beautiful.
There are a lot of old (5 church) _______ on the island and I‘ve taken lots of (6 photo) ________ of them.
Every day I buy two small (7 loaf) _______ of bread and some (8 fruit) ______ , usually (9 peach) ______ , (10 orange) ______ and (11 tomato) ______ . but the (12 shelf) ______ in the shops are almost empty, so yesterday I went fishing and caught two (13 fish) ______ for my lunch.
There aren‘t any (14 bus) ______ so I walk everywhere. My (15 foot) ______ really hurt. I want to go into the mountains. They say there are (16 wolf) ______ there.
The (17 person) ______ are very friendly. Sometimes (18 family) ______ come out to say hello when I walk past. The (19 man) _____ have two or three (20 wife) _____ and dozens of (21 child) _____ . I don‘t think their (22 life) ____ have changed for (23 century) _____ . It‘s
certainly one of the most unspoilt (24 country) ______ I‘ve ever been to.
Exercise 18.Which are the 15 countable nouns in this news report?
Hi! You‘re listening to GWR Radio. What a terrible morning! There have been several accidents on the roads. A number of people were hurt in an accident on the M 32 motorway when two cars crashed near Junction 4. And there are a few problems for rail travellers. Many trains between cities in the west and London are running twenty to thirty minutes late.
Exercise 19. What are the eight uncountable nouns in the news report of the explosion at Brislington?
An explosion has destroyed a chemical factory in Brislington. Thanks to the courage of the firefighters no one was hurt. The air around the factory is still thick with smoke, and for their own safety, residents have been told not to drink the water. Residents are worried about their children‘s health and the damage to the environment caused by the explosion.
Exercise 20. Choose the right form of the verbs in brackets: 1. His family (is/ are) in Bucharest now.
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The news (was/ were) a great surprise for all of us.(51)
People (rush/ rushes) home when the day‘s work is over.(52)
Our football team (plays/ play) this evening.(53)
Your group (is/ are) made up of thirty students.(54)
The audience (is/are) listening to the piano player.(55)
The cattle (is/are) entering the ranch yard.(56)
The committee (agrees/agree) with all the changes.(57)
The furniture in my daughter‘s room (is/are) new and modern.(58)
The crew of the ship (was/were) gathered on the upper deck.(59)
The parliament (is/are) voting a new law.(60)
The luggage (was/were placed) on the luggage rack.(61)
Where (is/are) my glasses?(62)
Mathematics(is/are) his favourite subject at school.(63)
My cousin‘s trousers (is/are) very expensive.(64)
Proceedings of the conference (is/are) published within a week.(65)
The particulars of the witness (is/are) taken down by a young policeman.(66)
There (is/are) enough money in the drawer.(67)
Measles (is/are) a very dangerous catching disease. 20.The customs (is/are) not far from here. Exercise 21. Choose the correct form of the verb: 1.Clothes (isn‘t/ aren‘t) cheap nowadays.2.People (doesn‘t/ don‘t) buy clothes that are too expensive. 3.60 pounds (is/ are) a lot of money for a pair of jeans. 4.The government (is/ are) trying to keep prices low.
Exercise 22. Choose the correct verb forms:
His clothes (1 are/ is) ______ very old. His trousers (2 has got/ have got) ______ holes in them and his glasses (3 are/ is) ______ broken. All his belongings (4 is/ are) ______ in a bag on his back. The police often (5 stops/ stop) ______ him and (6 asks/ ask) _______ him questions. People (7 avoid/ avoids) ______ him in the streets. His earnings (8 are/ is) _______ very small. He gets 40 pounds a week from social security. For him 40 pounds (9 is/ are) ______ a lot of money. ―I‘m not
interested in possessions,‖ he says, ―mathematics (10 are/ is) _____ my passion.‖ 6. SELF-TEST
I. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term(s)
(68)
The main body of the ship is called….(69)
The hull consists of an inside……….(70)
The forward part is nearest the……..(71)
The after part is nearest the………...(72)
In the bow, the hull is attached to the….(73)
In the stern, the hull is attached to the…(74)
The hull is divided into a number of…. 8.….divide the hull horizontally. 9. …divide the hull vertically.II. Answer the following questions:
(75)
Where are cargoes stored?(76)
What are the special names given to the decks within the hull?(77)
What is the purpose of the collision bulkhead?(78)
What is the name of the tank at the fore end of the ship?(79)
What is the name of the tank at the after end of the ship?(80)
What is the purpose of the double bottom tank?(81)
How do you call the deck covering the top of the hull?(82)
What is a bulwark?(83)
Howdo you call the decks which are forward and aft above the upper deck? 10.What are guard
stanchions? 10p
III. Are these statements TRUE(T) or FALSE(F). Select the correct answer.
(84)
Thelowest of the four decks of the superstructure is called the upper bridge deck. T/F
(85)
Abovethe saloon deck is the boat deck. T/F
(86)
Thehighest deck in the superstructure is called the navigation deck. T/F
(87)
Thebridge deck is where the ship is steered or conned from. T/F
(88)
Thegalley is the ship‘s kitchen. T/F
(89)
Thecrew‘s quarters and the galley are on the boat deck. T/F
6p IV. Each pair of words contains one countable noun and one uncountable noun. Draw up two columns and put the nouns into the appropriate column.
1. accommodation/flat; 2. Desk/furniture; 3. Bag/luggage; 4. Work/job; 5. Travel/trip; 6. Trouble/information; 7. Fact/information; 8. Chance/luck; 9. Advice/suggestion; 10. Knowledge/capability; 11. News/headline; 12. Dollar/money; 13. Hour/time; 14. Scenery/landscape.
V. Most of these sentences have a mistake in them. Correct them, or if there is no mistake, write RIGHT.
(90)
I believe it‘s very difficult to find a cheap accommodation in London. ……to find cheap accommodation……….(91)
We‘re looking for a place to rent………RIGHT(92)
We‘re late because they‘re re-surfacing the motorway and the traffics are terrible.(93)
He was asked to leave the college because of a bad behaviour at the end of term party.(94)
I‘m going to phone my brother to wish him good luck for his driving test.(95)
I think it‘s a pity Rebecca had her hairs cut short because she looked much more attractive before.(97)
It‘s not a bad room but the furnitures take up too much space.(98)
If we don‘t have up-to-date information, how can we make sensible decisions?(99)
Fortunately, the check-up was less unpleasant experience than I had expected.(100)
All the luggages are here in the corridor.(101)
Peter doesn‘t like milk in his tea. 7. Self-Test-Answer KeyI. 1.
the hull
2.framework
3.the bow
4.the stern
5. stempost 6. sternpost 7.watertight compartments
8.decks
9.bulkheads
10. stanchions
II. 1.in the holds
2.
between decks or tween decks
3.
to seal off the ship if water should break in
4.forepeak tank
5.
afterpeak tank
6.
to store fuel and water ballast
7.upper deck
8.
an extension of the hull plating, which rises above the top of the upper deck
9.forecastle deck and poop deck
10. vertical posts which are linked together by either wires or tubes
III.
1.F; 2.T; 3.T; 4.F; 5.T; 6.F
Countable and uncountable nouns
Flat accommodation Desk furniture Bag luggage Job work Trip travel Problem trouble Fact information Suggestion advice Dollar money Landscape scenery Chance luck Capability knowledge Headline news V.
(102)
..the traffic is terrible…(103)
….because of bad behaviour…(104)
RIGHT(105)
Rebecca had her hair cut short(106)
I give you some advice/…a piece of advice?(107)
the furniture takes up too much space(108)
RIGHT(109)
was a less unpleasant experience(110)
the luggageUnit. 2 SHIP’S DIMENSIONS
LENGTH
A ship‘s length is measured in different ways for ship‘s officers, for architects and designers, and for registry. Terms used for technical or registry purposes include registered length, tonnage length, floodable length, and length by ABS rules. We mention these terms for familiarization only. The more commonly used length measurements-length overall, length between perpendiculars, and length on load waterline are discussed as follows.
1.1.Length Overall (LOA)
A ship‘s Length Overall is measured in feet and inches from the extreme forward end of the bow to the extreme aft end of the stern. Watercraft operators must be familiar with this and similar dimensions to safely manoeuvre the ship. The dimension is commonly found in lists of ship‘s data for each vessel.
1.1.2.Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP)
A ship‘s Length Between Perpendiculars is measured in feet and inches from the forward surface of the stem, or main bow perpendicular member, to the after surface of the sternpost, or main stern perpendicular member. On some types of vessels this is, for all practical purposes, a waterline measurement.
1.13. Length on Load Waterline (LWL)
A ship‘s Length on Load Waterline is an important dimension because length at the waterline is a key factor in the complex problem of speed, resistance, and friction. On vessels with a counter stern, the LWL and LBP can be the same or about the same. On a ship with a cruiser stern, the LWL is greater than the LBP.
1.2. WIDTH
A ship‘s width or, more properly a ship‘s breadth is expressed in a number of ways and, like length, for a number of reasons.
1.2.1. Maximum/Extreme Breadth
A ship‘s maximum/extreme breadth is measured in feet and inches from the most outboard point on one side to the most outboard point on the other at the widest point on the ship.
1.2.2. Beam
The beam of a ship is the width of the ship (over the plating) taken at any position along the length. When giving a brief summary of ship‘s measurements there is a tendency to use the term beam for maximum/extreme breadth.
1.3. DEPTH
The depth of a vessel involves several important vertical dimensions. They involve terms like freeboard, draft, draft marks, and load lines. The vessel‘s depth is measured vertically from the lowest point of the hull, ordinarily from the bottom of the keel, to the side of any deck that you may choose as a reference point.
1.3.1. Freeboard
When a ship floats, a large part of it is below the waterline. The waterline is the line at which a ship floats in the water, depending on its load. The vertical distance from the waterline to the edge of the lowest outside deck is the freeboard.
1.3.2. Draft/Draught
The vertical distance form the waterline to the lowest part of the ship‘s bottom is the draft. The draft is also the least depth of water in which a ship will float. The draft of a ship will vary according to the weight with which it is loaded. A fully-loaded ship will have a deeper draft than when unloaded. An unloaded ship will have a shallow draft. There may be a difference between the ship‘s draft aft and her draft forward according to the weight of the load carried. Large vessels are usually vessels of deep draft or hampered vessels. They have to comply with maritime international regulations relating to the maximum draft permitted in various navigable areas.
1.3.3. Draft marks and load lines
A vessel that was overloaded might become unstable and sink. To stop that from happening there are very strict laws governing the loading of ships. On the side of every vessel there is painted a line (like the one in the drawing) which shows the safe level at which the ship floats in water of different densities. The vessel must never be loaded so that this line goes below the level of the water. This safety line carries the name of the man who advocated it- Samuel Plimsoll. It is called the Plimsoll Line. A set of marks are painted on the bows, the stern and amidships. These marks show the vertical height of the hull from the underside of the keel to just the load line. These marks are called draft marks.
1.3.4.Trim and List
The relation of the length of the draft and the bow and stern is called the trim. The ship in the figure below is horizontal, so we say it‘s in trim. Sometimes either the bow or stern is lower in the water than it should be. Then we say the ship is out of trim. When this happens we say that the ship is trimmed by the head or trimmed by the stern/down by the head or down by the stern.
If the ship is out of balance from left to right, she is said to have a list. The ship may have a list to port/starboard of….degrees. In order to upright the ship you have to transfer fuel/ ballast water/ fresh water/oil from one tank to another to correct the list. If cargo is not properly lashed, it may shift and cause a list of the ship to port or starboard. In this case you have to move the cargo to correct the list.
Study the diagram below showing some important ship dimensions:
1.4. EXPRESSING GENERAL DIMENSIONS 1.4.1. Study the table below
Noun Adjective length long width wide breadth broad depth deep thickness thick height high
1.4.2. We can describe the length, breadth, depth and height of an object by using four different patterns:
(112)
The beam is three metres in length.(113)
The beam has a length of three metres.(114)
The length of the beam is three metres.(115)
The beam is three metres long.In order to describe the radius, diameter or the circumference of an object you will have to use only the patterns 1,2 and 3.
1.4.3. We can describe the dimensions of a ship using the following patterns:
(116)
The ship‘s overall length (LOA) is 146 metres.(117)
The overall length (LOA) of the ship is 146 metres.(118)
The ship has an overall length (LOA) of 146 metres. VOCABULARYLength = lungime
LOA(length overall) = lungime maximă
LBP(length between perpendiculars) = lungime a navei între perpendiculare LWL( length on load waterline) = lungime a navei la linia de plutire de încărcare Width = latime
Breadth = latime a navei
Beam = latime maximă (a navei); traversul navei Depth = adîncime(a apei);înal]ţime a bordului; pescaj Freeboard = bordul liber
Draught/draft = pescaj Draught /draft forward =pescaj prova Draught/draft aft = pescaj pupa Draught/draft marks = scara de pescaj/încărcare Load lines = marca de
încarcare, marca de bord liber Plimsoll line/mark = semn Plimsoll, marca de bord liber Trim = asietă, diferenta de pescaj; înclinare longitudinală Trimmed by the
bov^ead/stem = (navă) aprovată Trimmed by the stern = (navă) apupată
List = canarisire, înclinare transversală permanentă/statică, unghi de canarisire/a se înclina, a se canarisi
To have/take a list = a (se) canarisi Counter stern = pupă cu boltă Cruiser stern = pupă de crucisator
3.GRAMMAR: The article and other determiners DETERMINERS
Definite article - the man
Indefinite article - a tree, an apple
Zero article - men, trees, apples
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES - this newspaper,
-
that magazine-
these/those shipsPOSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES - my/your/his/her/its
our/their uniform
INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES - what/which/ whose
book do you want?
INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES - each student, every
day, some books, any officer, no rules, either side,
neither sailor PREDETERMINERS preceed the determiners:
(119)
all the books, both my children, both of these features, half these cadets(120)
multiplicative numerals: twice the amount, three times the sumPOSTDETERMINERS
(122)
ordinal numerals: the first three important events(123)
the other name, the next duty station, the last shipmentTHE ARTICLE is the part of speech which induvidualize objects and phenomena in a linguistic context; it does not have any flexionary forms; it works as a determiner.
The definite article: THE
Functions: it is used to express a unique reference
a) deictic function: with nouns whose preference is immediately understood by the speakers within a context- in a room: the door, the window: Close the window, will you?; in a forest: The ground is covered with dry leaves; in a city: Can you tell me how to get to the harbour?
(124)
anaphoric function: with nouns which were previously mentioned: I bought a book yesterday; the book is interesting.(125)
cataphoric function: when the definite determination is after the noun, expressed by a relative clause: The man who is commanding the ship is the master of that ship.(126)
generic function: the noun is used in a general way, as representing a whole class: The horse is a useful animal.The definite article used with: proper nouns- the UK, the USA, the University of Bucharest; plural nouns- the Browns, the Alps, the Carpathians; geographical names: the Danube, the Olt, the Suez Canal, the Sahara; names of institutions: the Lido (Hotel), the National Theatre, the British Museum; newspapers: the Times, the Guardian; names of ships: the Transylvania.
The indefinite article: A, AN
Functions: a) epiphoric function: to introduce a word which was not mentioned previously: There is a young officer waiting for you.
b) numerical function: the indefinite article has the meaning of one She bought a dress, two blouses, and an umbrella.
A/one hundred people are on this ship.
c) generic function: to represent an entire class of objects or beings An officer is a gentleman.
The zero article: She drinks *tea every day; *Clothes do not make the name; In these situation the absence of the article(*) is equal to the presence of it. Functions: 1) generic function: I like coffee/ literature/long walks.
2) for the unique reference of proper nouns and some common nouns in different contexts: Peter and Mary will go to school in autumn. Proper nouns used with the zero article:
(127)
names of people: Peter, Dr. Smith, Lord Nelson, father, uncle(128)
time divisons: Monday, January, Christmas(129)
geographical names: Asia, England, Paris(130)
proper nouns followed by common nouns: Bran Castle, Oxford Street Other determiners: The demonstrative adjective: this/that/these/those It determines a noun, saying how far or close is from the speaker.Functions: a) deictic function (space or time orientation in a context) This is my desk./ What are those people doing?
(131)
anaphoric function:I saw an English teacher in his new car. This car is really something.(132)
cataphoric function: These little children are very pretty.(133)
emotional function: (to highlight thedetermined noun) This Tom Brown is always playing the piano at night.
The possessive adjective –replaces the possessor and determines the name of the possessed object: Peter‘s stamp collection is valuable. His stamp collection is valuable.
Possessives are used to specify the ownership of an item or, if the noun refers to something animate, to specify a relationship: Mr. Smith was my teacher when I was a student in the Academy.
The possessive phrase acts just like a possessive word but is a noun or noun phrase ending in ‘s or s’. A possessive phrase acts as a possessive determiner but may itself include one of the other determiners: Sally’s new job; a good day’s work; the residents’ dining room; the visitors’ room.
*the body parts are always preceded by the possessive adjective (my hand, his leg, her arm) and clothes items also(his coat, her gloves, my uniform).
4. Vocabulary Practice
I. Answer the following questions.
(134)
How is a ship‘s measurement expressed?(135)
What does LOA stand for?(136)
What does LBP stand for?(137)
What does LWL stand for?(138)
What is the ship‘s maximum breadth?(139)
What is meant by the beam of a ship?(140)
How do you measure a vessel‘s depth?(141)
What is the freeboard?(142)
What is the draft of a vessel?(143)
What does in trim mean?II. Complete the following statements with the appropriate term(s).
(144)
The painted line which shows the safe level at which the ship floats in water of different densities is called the…..Line.(145)
The …of a ship is the width of the ship (over the plating) taken at any position along the length.(146)
When either the bow or stern is lower in the water than it should be, we say the ship is…(147)
If the ship is out of balance from left to right, she is said to have a…(148)
A…is the line at which a ship floats in the water.III. Describe the dimensions of these objects in as many ways as possible:
(149)
CONTAINER: height 2.44m, length 12.2m, width 2.44m(150)
TANK : depth 3m(151)
LIFEBUOY :inner circumference 229mm, outer circumference 381mm(152)
BEAM :thickness 10mm(153)
PISTON RING: circumference 2500mm(154)
Pescajul prova este de 25 picioare, pescajul pupa este de 27 picioare, bordul liber 9 picioare şi înălţimea 38 picioare.(155)
Nava mea este aprovată.(156)
Nava "Osiris" este stînjenită de pescaj.(157)
Am o înclinare de 10 grade spre babord.(158)
Care este lungimea maximă?(159)
Care este pescajul maxim actual?(160)
Pescajul maxim permis este de 20m(161)
Lungimea maximă a navei este de 146m(162)
Tancul are o adincime de 3m.5. Grammar Practice
Exercise 1. Put the following sentences into singular:
(163)
Nouns are words.(164)
Cities are big towns.(165)
Horses are animals.(166)
Roses are beautiful flowers.(167)
Tables are pieces of furniture.Exercise 2. Fill the blanks with the requested articles and translate the text: LITTLE TOMMY AND ... HORSE
Tommy: Father, . . . teacher does not know what horse is. Father: Why do you think so, Tommy?
Tommy: You know, I drew ... horse yesterday and showed it to ... teacher and he asked me what it was.
Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate article:
(168)
Would you like ... cup of ... tea and ... cake?(169)
It is better to tell . . . truth than tell . . . lies.(170)
Where is ... hat I bought yesterday?(171)
Smith, ... man I told you about, is ... very man.(172)
I like to eat . . . bread and ... butter in . . . morning.(173)
Little Tommy goes to ... school only in … morning.(174)
He went to . . . bed with . . . bad cold.(175)
He crossed ... lake in ... record time.(176)
He collects . . . butterflies, . . . stamps, and … matchboxes. 10. In ... autumn of ... 2003 we went on ... excursion to . . . Danube Delta. Exercise 4. Fill the gaps with the appropriate articles:1.Take... little tea; it will do you ... lot of good. 2.Out of…sight, out... mind.
4.... supper is... last meal of... day. 5. ... bad drivers are punished by … law.
6.Take ... chair and make yourself at … home; he will be back in ... minute. 7.This is . . . answer to ... problem ... teacher gave us. 8.There won‘t be another train for at least … hour. 9.We had ... dinner together at ... good restaurant … yesterday. 10.. Danube, ... Rhine and ... Thames are three important European rivers . Exercise 5. Put the articles a, an, the into the gaps:
1. He came to see me ... last week and brought… English handbook with him. 2. … good dictionary is . . . great help to . . . students.
(177)
... last night I met Tommy; he said he would come here today if . . . weather were fine.(178)
Come to see me on ... Saturday at ... latest.(179)
He works hard by … day and sleeps soundly at night.(180)
... help came at ... last and ... swimmer was rescued.(181)
He works every ... day from . . . early morning till late at . . . night.(182)
He went into ... inn and asked for ... bread and … butter.(183)
By ... way, he said, where is ... shop you told me about? 10. What is … matter? Have you had ... accident?Exercise 6. Put the articles into their correct places:
Our sun is enormous body with diameter about 108 times that of earth. It would take train, moving at 60 miles hour; over five years to travel round its circumference. But those little pinpoints of light we call stars are also suns, and some of them are very much larger and brighter than one which warms our earth. One of them has diameter three hundred times greater than that of our sun. Of thousands of millions of stars, which can be seen through powerful telescope, only six thousand or so are visible to naked eye, and their distance from earth is so tremendous that their combined light is only about hundredth of that shed by full moon. (The Children’s New Illustrated Encyclopedia)
Exercise 7. Fill in the blanks with the right articles:
When ... sea was not too rough we were often out in … little rubber boat ... taking photographs. I shall not forget ... first time ... sea was so calm that two men felt like … putting ... balloon-like little thing into … water and ... going for ... row. They had hardly got clear of … raft when they dropped ... little oars and sat ... roaring with ... laughter. And as ... waves lifted them away and they disappeared and reappeared among … seas, they laughed so loud ... every time they caught … glimpse of us that their voices rang out over ... desolate Pacific. We looked round us with ... mixed feelings, and saw ... nothing comic but our own ... bearded faces; but as ... two in ... boat should be accustomed to those by now; we began to have ... suspicion that they had suddenly gone mad. Sunstroke, perhaps ... two fellows could hardly get … back on ... board ... Kon-Tiki for sheer laughter, and gasping, with tears in their eyes, begged us just to go and see for ourselves.
Two of us jumped down into ... dancing rubber boat, and were caught by ... sea which lifted us clear. We sat down at ... once and roared with ... laughter. We had never before had ... outside view of ... ourselves in… open sea. ... raft looked exactly like … old Norwegian hay-loft lying helpless, drifting about in ... open sea, … hay-loft full of ... sunburnt bearded ruffians. If
anyone had come paddling after us at ... sea in ... bath we should have felt ... same spontaneous urge to ... laughter.
(Thor Heyerdahl)
Exercise 8. Fill in the spaces with the definite article wherever necessary:
(184)
She is not ... Mrs. Smith I am looking for.(185)
My parents live on ... upper floor of an old house; when ... wind blows, all ... windows rattle.(186)
... Carpathians are not so high as ... Alps.(187)
... Danube is Romania‘s longest river.(188)
... clock in ... dining room is j ust striking(189)
... room Helen rushes into as soon as she arrives home is ... kitchen.(190)
Spring is ... first season of ... year.(191)
―I‘d like to see Mr. Smith, please. ―Do you mean ... Mr. Smith who works in ‖ our department or ... Mr. Smith ... sales manager?‖(192)
... British Library is one of ... largest libraries all over ... world.(193)
What is... French for ... ―boy ?‖(194)
... Mike you met at my place yesterday was not ... Mike I was talking about a week before.12. I have never feared ... death but ... death of my father was ... greatest loss of my life. 13. Ask them to come downstairs when ... breakfast is ready.
14. ... Eatons have also been invited to ... diner at ... Ritz.
(195)
She goes to school in ... morning and plays tennis in ... afternoon.(196)
She has always said that ...English language is difficult.(197)
On ... Sundays I like to stay in ... bed till ... noon and spend ... time reading ... Sunday papers and magazines.(198)
Up to a point, Creangă is Mark Twain of ... Romanian literature.(199)
I have always appreciated ... sublime of ...landscapes in ... Alps.(200)
If you leave ... home at 7 you can reach ... school in ... time. 21. My mother comes to ... school sometimes to speak to ... headmaster.Exercise 9. Put the indefinite article a or an in the blanks wherever necessary:
1.We usually have ... lunch at 1 o‘clock, which, as ... rule, consists of three courses: ...salad, ... dish and ... sweet.
2.Go to the grocer‘s and buy ... dozen oranges and ... pound of coffee beans. 3.The Smiths I am talking about live in ... wonderful house and drive ... new Ford. 4.... old man suffering from ... cold should be given hot tea three times ... day. 5.What ... name to give to ... cat!
6.There was once ... lonely old woman who lived in ... hut in the
outskirts of ... large town.
7. What ... hot day for November! It‘s such ... pity we can‘t go for ... hike or take ... long walk in the wood.8.Jack! ... Mr. Thomson wants to see you at once! 9.Our friends gave us ... wonderful supper at the ambassador. 10.She needs ... moment‘s peace after such ... bad piece of news.
11.The youngster was driving with sixty miles ... hour when all of ... sudden ... deer crossed the motorway. He stopped ... few moments later and fled in ... panic without taking ... back look.
12.He was puzzled that he should be in his office at ... time when the General Manager was so busy.
13.During the installation of ... newly selected government there may appear many ... surprise.
14.Mr. Sydney did not appear to be ... man who was making ... joke.
15.He was not ... addicted smoker but, now and then, late at ... night, he was longing for ... cigarette.
Exercise 10. Fill in the spaces with the definite, indefinite or zero article wherever necessary:
1.Good ... morning ..., uncle, said ... boy with ... large smile on his face.
(201)
From ... photos of ... friends and ... relatives, Mr. Abbot selected ... picture of ... Nick Price, ... man who had come to visit them, sometime in ... early ‗50.(202)
She put ... book back on ... piano and went to look out of ... window.4. His voice was low and carefully modulated — ... voice of ... man self-conscious about ... impression he made. ―Have you ever been to ... Argentine? he asked with ... undertone of ...‖ regret in his voice. .
(203)
Most ... critics admit that ... writer we are talking about is ... new Shaw of ... English literature.(204)
Let me offer you ... cup of ... coffee, Professor.(205)
He speaks ... French and ... English quite fluently but he has never been to ... France or ... United Kingdom.(206)
... sky was starry, ... moon was shining brightly and ... night was so warm and lovely that all ... guests decided, all of ... sudden, to take ... bath in ... cool waves of ... Atlantic 0cean.(207)
That was not ... sort of ... remark expected of ... right sort of ... chap who studied at ... UCLA.(208)
Nick was reminded of ... joke he had heard at his club at ... lunch.(209)
He had ... terrible feeling that ... operation was going to be ... Waterloo of his career.(210)
You may go either to ... National Theatre to see ... play or to ... Capitol Cinema to see ... film.(211)
... Prime Minister picked up ... telephone and changed his day‘s appointments to make ... time to see ... deputy secretary in ... Cabinet Office. 14. ... few days later we went to ... Henry‘s dinner at ... Ritz where we met ... old Mr. Snow who claimed to be ... uncle of my wife.15. Such ... power and ... freedom of ...decision had only five times before been given to ... American president.
Exercise 11. Here are some expressions with the noun hand, preceded by the definite, indefinite or zero article:
a. to bite the hand that feeds one; to give somebody the glad hand; the hidden hand; by the left hand; to have/get the upper hand; the skip‘s hand; a picture by the same hand; on the right hand; on the one hand; on the other hand; at the best hand; to be on the growing hand.
b. to have a free hand; to have an open hand; not to lift a hand; with a heavy hand; a
hand for; an old hand at; a good hand at/in; a poor/bad hand at; to have a hand like a
foot; a cool hand; to have a hand in something; to take a hand at a game; to make a
(good/ fine/fair) hand.
c. hand in hand; the matter in hand; to take in hand; light in hand; at hand; by hand; to bind hand and foot; supplies on hand; to have a free hand; to have an open hand; to shake hands; clean hands; off hand; hand and glove; hand over; from hand to mouth; out of hand; at first hand; second hand; from good hands.
A. Choose some of them and make sentences of your own.
B. Find some more new set expressions and build up sentences of your own.
Exercise 12. Put the definite or the indefinite article into the blank spaces where necessary. Translate the jokes.
(212)
(1. ...) landlord was sitting with his shephard on (2. ...) hill commanding (3. ...) fine view of (4. ...) valley. Seeing (5. ...) flock of (6. ...) sheep at (7. ...) rest in (8. ...) shadiest nook, he observed to his companion, ―John, if I were (9. ... ) sheep, I would prefer to lie in(10. ...) sun.‖ ―Ah, my lord, retorted (11. ...) shepherd, ―were you (12. ...) sheep, you would have more‖ sense.‖(213)
―If (1. ...) earthquake engulfed England, (2. ...) English would manage to meet among (3. ...) ruins and organize (4. ...) dinner just to celebrate (5. ...) painful event. That‘s what (6. ... )‖ people of (7. ... ) other nationalities are apt to say about (8. ...) English. Should (9. ...) English be consulted on (10. ...) subject they would say (11. ...) same thing about (12. ...) French and their love of (13. ...) good dinners.C) (1. ...) outside temperature being ten degrees below (2. ...) zero, it was unusually cold in (3. ...) school room.
―What is (4. ...) Latin for cold? asked ‖ (5. ...) school-master addressing one of his boys, who seemed to be suffering from cold more than (6. ...) others. ―Oh, sir, answered (7. ...) lad, his‖ hands thrust in his trousers‘ pockets, ―I can‘t tell you for (8. ...) moment, although I have it at my fingers‘ ends.‖
D)Dr. Crisp was invited to (1. ...) party in (2. ...) country place. (3. ...) dinner being late and(4. ...) company not quite to his taste, (5. ...) doctor strolled out into (6. ...) garden and then to (7. ...) nearby churchyard. When (8. ...) dinner was served at last and (9. ...) doctor had not yet returned, one of (10. ...) guests wondered where he could have gone. (11. ...) master of (12. ...) house, annoyed by Dr. Crisp‘s (13. ...) absence, explained that (14 ) churchyard being not far from there, (15. ...) doctor had gone to visit his former patients.
E)(1. ...) Englishman, driving in (2. ...) hackney-coach through France, was annoyed at (3. ...) slowness of (4. ...) pace. He tried to make (5. ...) coachman drive faster but all in vain. (6. ...) man couldn‘t understand either his English or his broken French. Then it occured to (7. ...) Englishman, both his English and his French being Greek to (8. ...) coachman, to use (9. ...) high-sounding words that might frighten (10. ...) fellow. So he roared into his ear. ―Westmorland, Cumberland, Northumberland, Durham! which had (11. ...) desired effect, (12. ...) coachman‖ taking these words for some terrible threat.
F) In 1870 Mark Twain was walking along (1. ...) streets of Boston when he noticed in (2. ...) shop window (3. ...) machine he had never seen before. He entered (4. ...) shop,asked (5. ...) shop-assistant how (6. ...) ,,monster‖ functioned and bought it for 125 dollars. He brought home (7. ...) machine he had nicknamed ―(8. ...) monster and started practising on it at once. (9. ...) machine‖
―manuscript to (12. ...) editor, (13. ...) latter was delighted. He made Mark Twain promise him to ‖ bring everything he would write later on typed, on this wonderful machine. (14. ...) Tom Sawyer was (15. ...) first book Mark Twain had typewritten.
G) You certainly know that (1. ...) waterproof coat is often called (2. ...) mackintosh. But perhaps you don‘t know that (3. ...) word is (4. ...) surname.
In (5. ...) year 1823 in (6. ...) Scotland there lived (7. ...) man whose (8. ...)name was Charles Mackintosh. (9. ...) climate of his country being rainy, he would often get drenched to (10. ...) skin and heartily disliked it. One day, having some rubber at his disposal, he decided to rubberize his coat. Now he could walk outdoors in any weather, his rubberized coat protecting him from (11. ...) rain. Most of his friends and (12. ...) friends of his friends admired (13. ...) waterproof coat and wanted to have their own coats rubberized likewise. Soon (14. ...) tradesmen took up his invention. (15. ...) Waterproof coats became all (16. ...) fashion and (17. ...) staple product of (18. ...) town, (19. ...) name of (2o. ...) inventor, though not (21. ...) inventor himself, getting (22. ...) worldwide popularity.
Exercise 13. Fill in the gaps with the where necessary.
I hate 1 ___ November! It doesn‘t get light till 2 ___ 8 o‘clock in 3 ___ morning. Then it‘s dark again as early as 4 ___ 4 o‘clock in 5 ___ afternoon. After 6 ___ Christmas, 7 ___ days start to get a bit longer, but 8 ___ weather starts to get colder. On 9 ___ Friday 10 ___ last week, 11 ___ temperature was minus 10 C. 12 ___ next week 13 ___ weather forecast is 14 ___ same.
Exercise 14. Put a or an before these words: 1 job, 2 union, 3 unusual name 4 enormous ice cream 5 holiday, 6 honest man.
Exercise 15. Put in a/ an where necessary:
(214)
She works in restaurant in street near the station.(215)
For lunch she only has apple and glass of milk.(216)
Any‘s friend works in pub. She‘s barmaid. She works three evenings week. She earns £ 4.50 hour.Exercise 16. Match the two parts of the sentences.
a. I normally go to the dentist once 1. a dozen
b.These roses cost $20 2. a litre
c. The car was doing 150 kilometers 3. a year
d.Lamb is selling at £ 7.50 4. a week
e. The Sunday Mail is published once 5. a metre
f. Electric cable costs 50 cents 6. a kilo
g. How much is the oil? ~ £ 2.50 7. a day
h. The mail is delivered twice 8. an hour
Exercise 17. Complete the sentences with a/ an or the.
(217) ___ taxi they phoned for arrived late at their house.
(218)
___ taxi-driver didn't say he was sorry.(219)
___ traffic jam was caused by ___ accident on___ motorway. ___ car had collided with lorry.Exercise 18. Put in the where necessary:
(220)
We had ___ breakfast at ___ home in London before we left.(221)
___ bus station was on 38th Street.(222)
We went to ___ hotel by ___ taxi.(223)
We're flying home ___ next Thursday.Exercise 19. Complete the sentences, using the where necessary.
(224)
Our hotel manager went to ___ school in England, then went to ___ university in the States.(225)
The New York police arrested a man for the shooting. He was a cleaner at ___ university.(226) He'll appear in ___ court next week. He'll definitely go to ___ prison.
Exercise 20. There are seven examples of the in this text. How do you know which thing or person the writer is referring to, in each case?
a. because it is only one in the immediate situation; b. because it is only one anywhere;
c. because it has been referred to before, in the text;
d. because the writer is specifying which one, by adding extra information.
Neil Armstrong was the first person to set foot on the surface of the moon. The words that he said are famous: 'That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for the mankind.' He and his co-pilot Buzz Aldrin then planted a flag and collected rocks. The flag is probably still there. The rocks have helped the scientists understand the history of the solar system.
Exercise 21 Complete the sentences with a or an, the or no article.
