PRIMETECH
PROJECT DESIGN:
ELECTRONIC DOG COLLAR
TEAM MEMBERS:
Director: AYLMER ALFREDO AMBU
Documentation Manager: ISNARAISSAH MUNIRAH MAJILIS
Technical Manager: THIAN NYUK HOW
Website Manager: LIM KOK LEONG
Presentation Manager: MOHD AZLAN BIN MALLA
DATE OF SUBBMISSION:
15 APRIL 2009
i
Executive Summary
Team Primetech Electronics, throughout this course, have been assigned to build an electronic
dog collar for the purpose of dogs breeding. As for an introduction, an electronic dog collar or
widely known as the collar trainer, remote trainer or e-trainer, is an electric current generated
collar that can be activated by a handheld device. The electric current is meant to interrupt
behavior when the dog is exhibiting unwanted behavior or any other means of control. Different
types of collar exists in the market today and often a better quality collar trainers have a large
variety of levels, which can give varying duration of electric current, and with a beep or
vibration option useful for getting the dog’s attention. Different types of collar leads to different
types of application method, thus creating different needs and expectation from the users.
Understanding these needs and expectation is compulsory for the project. As for the
team, Primetech Electronic was able to build an electronic dog collar model that utilizes basic
technology and that is low in cost, yet, functions as satisfactory as a typical one. The final result
is a prototype that models a remote trainer as it will be controlled by a wireless controller and
that no wire/cable will be used as a medium of communication between the two devices.
Technically speaking, the remote trainer will generate high voltage-low current (approximately
1000 Volt) from a very low DC source when initiated on a wireless controller unit. Under this
operation mode, it must be stated that the application to a dog is completely safe according to
the analysis carried out. To sum up, the design is fully functional but somehow restricted in
terms of complexity and financial cost to comply with our eight weeks time limit and RM250
ii
Acknowledgement
We would like to express my gratitude and many thanks to the University for providing
this project design class and the project subsidy. It really helped us in understanding the true
meaning of working as a team and dealing with a problem when given a very restricted
circumstances. We would also like to thank Mr. Liau Chung Fan for being such a dedicated and
helpful lecturer for the course. Your idea and aspiration is throughout the course really inspires
us and motivate our team to keep pushing hard at any moment. Next, I would like to thank to
our dog enthusiasts, Mr. Denzil and Dr. Siva. Your passion in dog training had really thought us
the beauty of dog training and inspires us to achieve our goal even more. We would also thank
to the sources that we have used in order to progress in our project and provide this report.
Last but not least, we would like to thank to anyone that is not listed and had been sharing our
iii
Table of contents
Executive Summary
Acknowledgement
Table of contents
Chapter 1: Introduction and Background 1
Chapter 2: Exploring the solution space and selecting a specific approach 7
Chapter 3: Technical Details 12
3.1 Tasser/Dazer Circuit Concept 12
3.2 Feedback tasser circuit 18
3.3 Printed circuit board (PCB) 23
3.4 Relay 24
3.5 Wireless Communication 28
3.6 Circuit Casing 49
Chapter 4: Test data with proof of functional design 63
4.1 Concept of Electronic Dog Collar 63
4.2 Operation of Electronic Dog Collar 73
4.3 Testing on WirelessCommunication 85
Chapter 5: Final cost, schedule, summary and conclusions 90
Appendix 1 96
Appendix 2 106
1
Chapter 1
Introduction and Background
When it comes to dog training, immediate correction has proven to be the most essential
method in achieving its goal. The term immediate correction here visualizes; the moment the
dog exhibit misbehavior that is the time we should be telling it not to behave such a way. Since
dogs cannot comprehend human language, one of the most effective ways to discipline them is
by inducing a tolerable pain. (Dogs attitude is mostly influenced by fear and pain.)
Several training aids can be seen on the market today as an extra tool to help a
trainer/breeder to train their dog to be behave better. Among them is the electronic dog collar,
better known as the training collar. A training collar is a unique and invaluable tool that will help
breeder to correct the dog the instant it misbehaves. Dog training collars gives the main
importance in dog training which is all about communicating with the dog and it is not intended
as a form of punishment. Basically it limits a dog’s behavior to a certain extend which in the
whole process of dog training will let the dog understand that there are certain boundaries it
cannot exceed. Since a training collar allows a breeder to communicate with the dog
immediately after a certain behavior has taken place, the dog will quickly understand that there
is a connection between the behavior and the electric stimulation. This will teach the dog that it
is in control and that by refraining from the negative behavior he eliminates the collar
stimulation.
Early shock collars was initially created with the purpose of redirecting hunting dogs who
were diverted from their determined job by distractions such as prey animals that were not
being hunted by the handler but being chased by the hunting dog. These collars were bulky and
2 The early models had significant limitations where the punishment given to the dogs were
inhumane. Collar designers soon realized that there were many applications for a collar that
could help them redirect the dog when it is far away or distracted. The popularity of these
devices expanded from sport dog owners to companion dog owners and service dog trainers.
Nowadays, modern developments have seen significant improvement in reliability and
sensitivity. Most current devices deliver a controlled electric current, ranging from low levels of
stimulation that is usually creating a tickling or tingling effect to medium levels to high levels
that is capable of causing significant discomfort. Modern electronic dog collars are also designed
so that it is highly unlikely for another electronic signal to set them off, which is another
consideration to be weighed in using one.
In terms of public acceptance, electronics dog collar is a popular device to control your
dog’s behaviour nowadays. Behaviour dog training is very important in today's society because
many people take their dogs everywhere they go. This electronics product is worn on a dog’s
neck. There are a few established international companies which already produced various
types of dog collar such as PAC dog trainer, Pet street mall, Seefido and others with main
goal-dog training. As an addition to the application of the collar, breeder/trainer may also combine it
with the application of the traditional leash just to make sure the level of control is within
satisfaction. Besides it is always good to have on should the dog reacts extremely wild and able
to overcome the level of charge execution of the collar.
The reasons in the practice of this device vary accordingly with the different needs by the
end user. As for dog training this device helps to prevent unwanted dogs behaviour including
3 Figure 1.0 (a, b, c, d): Application of the electronic dog collar
We must accept that not all dogs respond to standard "compulsive" or "reward" training
methods, and, until you encounter a difficult dog, it is hard to imagine the need for a collar
trainer. The use of such a tool, as a last resort, can be extremely effective in curing a
4 Correct use of the device will inevitably promote the trainer to surrogate 'pack-leader' or
'top dog' and will allow him to be far less physical with his dog. If verbal commanding isn't
stopping your dog from barking, an electronic dog collar may be necessary. The usage device
will let dog breeder to immediately correct your dog whenever it is out of well-behaviour by
sending light electrical shock for a short moment. The utilisation of the device in dog training
has been recognized and has proven to be very effective. Aside from its quality as a training
aid, it is also safe and reliable as well.
On figure 1.1 and figure 1.2 are two examples of electronic dog collars that are available
in the current market. They are available in different weights, styles, operation intensities, and
functionalities to suit every need and breed. Depending on the specification set by the collar
trainer company, the lower spec/basic unit comes in just a basic switch on-switch off function
while some other higher spec units allow you to set variable intensities, and nearly all collars
warn the dog before the correction by sounding an alarm. Generally dog training collars can be
seen grouped into two different types which are the basic dog training collar and advance dog
training collar. The different really lies on the criteria described earlier. An advance type
basically have more advantage to the basic type as there are more fancy option such as the
LCD display and etc. Some collars also feature a vibrating alarm, which warns your dog but
doesn't shock him. Large or stubborn dogs may require a stronger model of shock collar, or one
5 Figure 1.1: Basic dog training collar
6 As for the project, team Primetech Electronic is assigned to design and build an electronic
dog collar model that utilizes basic technology and that is low in cost, yet, functions as
satisfactory as a typical one. The primary idea is to let the end user to control their dog’s
behavior from a distance through a wireless control unit. This wireless control unit is the one
that will be controlling the circuit activity on the dog collar. Our main objective throughout the
entire project is to come up with a working electronic dog collar that is technically similar and
satisfying as the other existing product in the market. However, the main cause that may
hinder our achievements is the lack of machinery equipment that could help us in producing a
market-ready product. Adding to the pain, the very limited project budget had also limited the
creativity and the productiveness of the team. Despite the entire unfavorable scenario, we are
7
Chapter 2
Exploring the solution space and selecting a specific approach
Although electronic dog collar is widely sells in the internet especially in the United States and Canada region, it is not available in local market. It was quite hard to gather and collect information about this tool initially.
To determine the customer requirements, Primetech Electronics have met with our client who is a dog breeder. Initially, the dog breeder requires our team to produce a waterproof and shockproof electronic dog collar.
Problems 1.battery
- The first problem which occurred in the circuit was the power supply. The power supplied last only for 1 day maximum according to the user usage. This will cause inconvenience to the customer. Somehow, it is found that the electronics dog collar power supply is very fast to be fully-used. According to the dog breeder, the electronic dog collar which he once bought in the US was slightly the same. The power supply will be fully-used within 2-3 hours only, and he had to change battery often. Until this point, Primetech Electronics does not have any solution for this since this is a common problem.
2. Casing
- Casing plays the important part in producing a good electronic dog collar. Casing is one of the safety tools which will protect not only the circuit inside it but as well as the dog. It is a very
important to produce a durable and waterproof casing. The size does matter as well. The size that needed to produce must be as small as possible.
8 This is so much needed since the electronic dog collar will be place at the dog neck. It is very crucial to think about the dog’s reaction and convenience and whether the electronic dog collar can fit a moderate dog size.
3. Waterproof
- Most dogs produce lots saliva especially when they are hungry or tired. The client required a waterproof electronic dog collar to
Initial Gannt chart:
9 Initial Budget
Initial estimate of course
Item Unit Price Quantity Total
Ac-Dc Power Supply RM18.00 1 Rm18.00
PIC16F877A RM30.00 2 RM60.00 RF Transmitter 433Mhz RM35.00 1 RM25.00 RF Receiver 433Mhz RM25.00 1 RM35.00 Capacitor 0.03uF 1000V RM3.00 1 RM3.00 Capacitor 0.03uF 800V RM2.70 1 RM2.70 Transformer RM5.00 1 RM5.00 Transistor 3904 RM0.50 5 RM2.50 Transistor cs8050 RM0.50 1 RM0.50 Potential Meter 1M ohm RM3.00 1 RM3.00 Zener Diode 10V RM0.70 2 RM1.40 Zener Diode 20V RM0.70 2 RM1.40 Diode ln4007 RM0.30 2 RM0.60
10 Zener Diode 12V RM0.70 2 RM1.40 Resistor 10k ohm RM0.20 3 RM0.60 Resistor 10M ohm RM0.30 2 RM0.60 Resistor 470 ohm RM0.20 1 RM0.20 Resistor 820 ohm RM0.20 1 Rm0.20 Toggle Switch RM1.50 2 RM3.00 Push Button RM4.00 10 RM4.00 Crystal 20Mhz RM2.50 2 RM5.00 Capacitor 100uF 25V RM0.40 4 RM1.60 5V Voltage Regulator 7805 RM1.50 3 4.50 Resistor 330 ohm 0.25w RM0.20 10 RM2.00 Resistor 4.7k ohm 0.25w RM0.20 10 RM2.00 Relay 5v RM1.50 1 RM1.50 LED RM0.20 10 RM2.00 TOTAL RM186.70
11 PCB development, laser printing, soldering lit,
PCB photo resist board
RM21.00
Report and other tasks printing RM45.00
Power supply (batteries) RM 11.00
Casing development RM20.00 TOTAL RM97.00 ALL TOTAL RM283.70 Fast Diagram: How? Why? Produce different ranges of voltages Using Feedback circuit Calculate ranges of suitable resistors that
can produce desired output voltage value
Test output voltage Failed Feedback is not suitable to used in this circuit
12
Chapter 3
Technical Details
The production of the actual working electronic dog collar involves several procedures.
Following these procedures, the device will finally take shape and that we may organize its
from-birth-record and use it for any related analysis and most importantly for troubleshooting if
any problem arises. As explained before, the project consists of the development of two primary
devices which are the electronic dog collar itself and the wireless controller unit. Each of these
devices has their own unique approach to be built and is not restricted to a single
follow-the-book method. The design does not end there as there are other vital issues including the casing
development of each circuit. Therefore, to provide a comprehensive detail about each design
that had took place, we have divided them into several sub-topics and explained them
separately.
3.1 Tasser/Dazer Circuit Concept
In the primary idea out of numerous brainstorming sessions, we have opted to use the
tasser circuit approach in the formation of the project. A tasser circuit which is known for its
capability of producing a very high voltage output with low current output out of a relatively
small power supply makes it the best option to be implemented in the design of our
electronic dog collar. The tasser circuit may then be combined with other technique
(explained later in this chapter) to form the final product.
As an introduction, a tasser is basically an electronic device which comprises few electrical
and/or electronic components that are connected delicately with the intention of generating
a high voltage output. This output is generated with a relatively low power supply. The
13 This is to ensure safety for the user as although with high voltage exposure, but with low
current the device could hardly harm or kill the end user. It is just a matter of controlled
amount of jolt (charge) released by the capacitor at a fraction of time at the output
terminal. Depending on the voltage source, transformer and voltage multiplier configuration,
the output can be varied from the lower (under 1kV) to the extreme atmosphere voltage
breakdown point (over 33kV!). The basic construction of a tasser circuit involved but not
limited to using of transformer as a basic voltage step-up and to the voltage multiplier which
utilize capacitor as the container for the charging and discharging of potential.
The transformer:
An approximate 1:55 turns ration transformer was adapted from a mosquito bat (You
may find a similar one from other electrical device. Example: Disposable camera).
The specific transformer that we had in mind to be used was not readily available in the
local market and therefore we had to adapt it from another electrical device.
3V input supply was applied to obtain a generated 500V on the secondary side of the
transformer. It is important to note that when voltages are stepped up, current is
decreased; when voltages are stepped down, current is increased.
Another key feature of the transformer is that it is able to oscillate the input to produce
an oscillating output at the secondary side.
This oscillation behavior is obtained as the internal inductor/winding of the transformer
tends to oscillate it (The transformer actually needs oscillating voltage to be in the ON
mode).
The output at the secondary terminal of the transformer can be up rated further by the
implementation of the technique called voltage multiplier.
14 The Voltage multiplier/doublers
You may already know how a transformer functions to increase or decrease voltages. You
may also have learned that a transformer secondary may provide one or several ac voltage
outputs which may be greater or less than the input voltage. When voltages are stepped up,
current is decreased; when voltages are stepped down, current is increased. Another
method for increasing voltages is known as voltage multiplication. Voltage multipliers are
used primarily to develop high voltages where low current is required. The dc output of the
voltage multiplier ranges from 1 kV to 30 kV.
As we know transformers, you may have learned that when voltage is stepped up, the
output current decreases. This is also true of voltage multipliers. Although the measured
output voltage of a voltage multiplier may be several times greater than the input voltage,
once a load is connected the value of the output voltage decreases. Also any small
fluctuation of load impedance causes a large fluctuation in the output voltage of the
multiplier. For this reason, voltage multipliers are used only in special applications where the
load is constant and has high impedance or where input voltage stability is not critical.
Voltage multiplier/doublers circuit architecture:
If we rearrange the diode and capacitor in the negative half of the voltage double circuit
above, we get the circuit shown below. This time, one end of the secondary winding is
grounded, so that is our reference point. The ungrounded end will be driven alternately
negative and positive with respect to ground. This circuit operates in a manner that is not
15 To understand the operation of this circuit clearly, we need to take a detailed look at it
during successive half-cycles of the ac input from the transformer. We will initially assume
ideal components and that C1 = C2
Figure 3.1: Half-wave voltage doublers circuit
During the first negative half-cycle, D1 will be forward biased and will hold the right end
of C1 at ground. Therefore C1 will charge to a voltage equal to the peak voltage (vp) of
the transformer winding, with its left end being negative with respect to ground.
During the following positive half cycle, D1 will be reverse biased and therefore will not
conduct current. The voltage on C1 will add to the transformer output voltage, so a
voltage of 2vp will appear at the left end of D2. Since C2 is not yet charged at all, this
will forward bias D2 and allow the voltage at the right end of C1 to be applied to the top
of C2. C2 will charge as C1 discharges, until the two capacitors can no longer
forward-bias D2. For the first positive half-cycle, the voltage on C2 will be equal to vp, and C1
will be completely discharged, so that all the voltage at the left end of D2 comes from
16 On the next negative half-cycle, C1 charges again to vp, through D1. If there is no load
to discharge C2, its output will remain at +vp.
On the second positive half-cycle, C2 is still charged to +vp, while the voltage at the left
end of D2 is again +2vp. Again, C1 transfers part of its charge to C2, but this time they
stop when C2 is charged to a voltage of +1.5vp.
This action continues, cycle by cycle, with C1 being fully recharged to vp on each
negative half cycle, and then charging C2 to a voltage halfway between its starting
voltage and +2vp. C2 will never quite charge to +2vp, but it will come very close.
With real-world components, of course, there is a small voltage drop across each diode
when it is forward biased. Also, any load on this circuit will draw current from C2 at all
times, thus discharging this capacitor to some extent. However, on each positive
half-cycle, C1 will recharge C2 from the voltage it had at the start of the half-cycle halfway
up to +2vp.
Note that the output current capacity of this circuit is still only half the current capacity
of a normal rectifier circuit. Any attempt to draw additional current from the voltage
doublers will simply cause C2 to discharge faster, thus reducing the output voltage. It is
never possible to get more power out of the voltage doublers than goes into it.
We can speed up the charging and recharging of C2 if we make C1 larger than C2. For
example, if C1 = 100µf and C2 = 10µf, C1 can transfer much more charge to C2 on
each positive half-cycle, and the voltage on C2 will increase much faster than the
voltage on C1 will decrease. Of course, this also means that the output current capacity
17 Figure 3.2: Half-wave voltage doublers circuit and waveform
The final tasser circuit:
As we technically discussed about the half-wave voltage doubler above, it is possible to
combine it with the 1:55 transformer that we have in order to create a 1kV tasser circuit.
The complete architecture of the tasser circuit is describe as follows:
As the 3V supply is connected, the circuit is activated.
A current will flow across the resistor R1 and activating the L.E.D to indicate that
the circuit is switched ON.
Another corresponding current will flow across winding L2. Current will not flow
across winding L1 since that the transistor T1 is now in OFF state. The current
that is flowing through winding L2 will then flow to the transistor T1 and thus
activating transistor T1 to ON state.
Upon activation of transistor T1, a current can now flow through the winding L1
of the transformer and begin stepping up the voltage to supply it to the
18 From L3, an approximate 500V had been stepped up with a lower current rating.
Using the theory of the voltage double for a halv-wave voltage multiplier, a
voltage can be multiplied double.
A 10M-Ohms resistor is connected parallel with the capacitor C2 to discharge the
potential to the subject. At this point, the voltage is approximately 1kV and the
current rating had been lowered further.
Figure 3.3: Tasser circuit diagram
3.2 Feedback tasser circuit
In this project, to prevent the output voltage over the desire voltage level (purpose is to
generate different output voltage) so a feedback control system is needed to feed unwanted
19 Figure 3.4: Feedback concept
Feedback describes the situation when output from (or information about the result of) an event or phenomenon in the past will influence the same event/phenomenon in the present or future. When an event is part of a chain of cause-and-effect that forms a circuit or loop, then the event is said to "feed back" into itself. Figure 3.5 below show about type of feedback.
Figure 3.5: The implementation of the feedback circuit
From the circuit, we know feedback is to produce or different voltage to control output
20 Figure 3.6
PROBLEM (WHY IT FAILS)
Why we have to calculate the value of R2?
To make sure that the voltage flow across zener diode is 20V. The voltage must less than 20V
to turn ON the zener diode.
Through voltage divider calculation, if we want to produce 1000V, the voltage at R2 is equal to
the value of zener diode thet is 20V. So, voltage at R1 equal to 980V.
Apply calculation, (Figure 3.6)
21 Figure 3.7
But, as we apply R2 = 204kΩ, the output voltage is only 900V instead of 1000V
Desire output voltage = 800V
Let’s calculate for output voltage equal to 800V. As previous, voltage at R2 is equal to 20V
same as the value of zener diode. So, that’s make voltage at R1 is equal to 780V. Apply
voltage divider rule,
22
Figure 3.8
Desire output voltage = 500 V
There goes the same to output voltage equals to 500V. Through voltage divider rules
calculation is equal to 20V through we apply R2 equals 416kΩ, but still we get output voltage
equal to 900V not desire output voltage 500 V.
From the experiment above, using feedback system to get several output voltage is fail this
is because when feedback system is trigger it will off the operation of circuit (restart and
23 3.3 Printed circuit board (PCB)
PCBs are boards where upon electronic circuits have been etched. PCBs are rugged,
inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require much more layout effort and higher
initial cost than either wire-wrapped or point-to-point constructed circuits, but are much
cheaper and faster for high-volume production. Much of the electronics industry's PCB
design, assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards that are published by the
proteus software. Firstly, do the circuit or schematic diagram. Then, circuit is converted to
the PCB layout. To produce a PCB layout software that can be used are the proteus software
and ipc software. Before do the PCB layout, we must measure the length and the width of
the components so that the component can be placed accurately on the PCB board. After
measure all the component and can do the PCB.
Some PCBs have trace layers inside the PCB and are called multi-layer PCBs. After that,
before print the PCB layout must convert to adobe reader so that easy to print. Besides that,
printing must be in transparent paper.
Next, do the ultraviolet the PCB for scan the layers inside the PCB. Then, go to chemical part
where the layer will appear on the PCB. This is because for easy to do the etching. After
that, etching will do to erase the copper not use in the PCB. Etching part will take 15
minutes. After that, the PCB must develop for decrease the acid. Besides that, we also do
the drilling on PCB. The holes through a PCB are typically drilled with tiny drill bits made of
solid tungsten carbide. Next step is soldering the component. Areas that should not be
soldered to may be covered with a polymer solder resist (solder mask) coating. The solder
24 Solder resist also provides some protection from the environment. Finally, test the circuit
function or not. If not, troubleshoot the circuit to find the problem the circuit.
3.4 Relay
A relay is an electrical operated switch that opens and closes under the control of another
electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or
close one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay is
able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can be considered to
be, in a broad sense, a form of an electrical amplifier.
Basic Design
Figure 3.9: Simple electromechanical relay
25 These two pictures above are example of a relay. It consists of a coil of wire surrounding a soft
iron core, an iron yoke, which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a moveable iron
armature and a set, or sets, of contacts; two in the relay pictured. The armature is hinged to
the yoke and mechanically linked to a moving contact or contacts. It is held in place by a spring
so that when the relay is de-energised there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit.
In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the
other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their
function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke.
This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the armature, and the
circuit track on the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.
How Does A Relay Operate?
When an electric current is passed through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts the
armature and the consequent movement of the movable contact or contacts either makes or
breaks a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was
de-energised, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and the other
way round if the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature
is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed
position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in
industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low voltage
application, this is to reduce noise. In a high voltage or high current application, this is to
26 Types of relay
1. Latching relay
- has two relaxed states (bistable)
- Also known as ‘keep’ or ‘stay’ relays
- When the current is switched off, the relay remains in its last state
- This type of relay has the advantage that it consumes power only for an instant, while it is
being switched, and it retains its last setting across a power outage
2. Reed relay
- has a set of contacts inside a vacuum or inert gas filled glass tube which protects the contacts
against atmospheric corrosion.
- Reed relays are capable of faster switching speeds than larger types of relays, but have low
switch current and voltage ratings
3. Mercury-wetted relay
- is a form of reed relay in which the contacts are wetted with mercury.
- used to switch low-voltage signals (1volt or less) because of their low contact resistance or for
high-speed counting and timing applications where the mercury eliminates contact bounce
- since of the toxicity and expense of liquid mercury, these relays are rarely specified for new
27 4. Machine Tool Relay
- is a type standardized for industrial control of machine tools, transfer machines, and other
sequential control
- They are characterized by a large number of contacts (sometimes extendable in the field)
which are easily converted from normally-open to normally-closed status, easily replaceable
coils, and a form factor that allows compactly installing many relays in a control panel.
5. Contactor Relay
- is a very heavy-duty relay used for switching electric motor and lighting loads.
- High-current contacts are made with alloys containing silver. The unavoidable arcing causes
the contacts to oxidize and silver oxide is still a good conductor. Such devices are often used for
motor starters.
- A motor starter is a contactor with overload protection devices attached. The overload sensing
devices are a form of heat operated relay where a coil heats a bi-metal strip, or where a solder
pot melts, releasing a spring to operate auxiliary contacts.
-
These auxiliary contacts are in series with the coil. If the overload senses excess current in the load, the coil is de-energized.
- Contactor relays can be extremely loud to operate, making them unfit for use where noise is a
chief concern.
28 - is a very heavy-duty solid state relay, including the necessary heat sink, used for switching
electric heaters, small electric motors and lighting loads; where frequent on/off cycles are
required.
- There are no moving parts to wear out and there is no contact bounce due to vibration.
- They are activated by AC control signals or DC control signals from Programmable logic
controller (PLCs), PCs, Transistor-transistor logic (TTL) sources, or other microprocessor
controls. 3.5 Wireless communication 3.5.1 Hardware: 3.5.1.1 RF-Module (433MHz) i) RF Transmitter Module
29 Table 3.1 Specification of RF- Transmitter Module
Specifications RF Transmitter Module
Operating Voltage 3V to 12 V
Operating Current Max: 400mA for 12 V supply Min: 9mA for 3V supply
Frequency 433MHz
Transfer Rate 10Kbps
Antenna Length 18cm
There are 3 pins to connect in the RF Transmitter module. The DATA pin is connected to
the TX pin of the Microcontroller. VCC pin connect to the supply voltage and GND connect to
ground. The antenna can extend with any wire but for better result, a 50 Ohm coaxial cable is
used. The length of the wire as antenna is about 18cm long.
ii) RF-Receiver Module
30 Table 3.2 Specification of RF-Receiver Module
Specifications RF Receiver Module
Operating Voltage 5.0V ± 0.5V
Operating Current ≤5.5mA for 5.0V supply
Frequency 433MHz
Transfer Rate 10Kbps
Antenna Length 18cm
There are 5 pin to connect for the RF receiver module. The DATA pin of the RF Receiver Module
is connecting to the RX pin of microcontroller.
The VCC pin connects to the 5v supply and the GND pin to ground. The ANT is the antenna of
the receiver and can be extend with any wire. The length of the wire is 18cm for better result.
3.5.2 Microcontroller
i) PIC16F877A31 PIC16F877A is an 8-bit microcontroller. It has 5 I/O port where each I/O port have 8
I/O pins. There is 8 A/D input and 15 interrupt. There also implemented with parallel
Slave port in this microcontroller. Table below shows the specification PIC16F877A.
ii) PIC16F628A
PIC 16F628A is an 8-bit microcontroller. It has 2 I/O port where each I/O port have
8 I/O pins. There is no A/D input and 10 interrupt. Table below shows the
32 Table 3.3: The specification of PIC16F877A and 16F628A
Model Operating Frequency Flash Memory (world) Interrupt Capture/ Compare/PWM modules Serial Communications I/O Port 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Module
16F877A DC-20MHz 8K 15 2 USART 5 8 Input
channel
16F628A DC-20MHz 2K 10 1 USART 2 none
3.5.3 Circuit Diagram
i) Transmitter (remote control circuit)
Figure 3.13: Circuit diagram of remote control.
PIC16F628A operate in 5v. Hence, 7805 which is a 5 volt voltage regulator is use to regulate
33 Two capacitors are connected to the voltage regulator as shown in the circuit above as a
coupling capacitor to reduce the noise in the regulator and allow the regulator to produce a
stable dc 5 volt to be supply to the microcontroller. A 20MHz crystal is connected to pin 15 and
pin 16 of the PIC as an oscillator. The capacitor connected to the crystal is to reduce noise. The
oscillator determined the process speed of the microcontroller. RF transmitter module also
needs a 5 volt supply voltage. The Vcc of the pin is connected to the pin 2 of the
microcontroller.
This is done so that the transmitter input voltage is supply by the microcontroller and the
transmitter is always turning off whenever there is no transmitting process going on. From the
table 3.1, the transmitter needs at least 9mA to operate and PIC16F628A is able to supply 5
volt with the current of 25mA which is sufficient to operate the transmitter. The data pin of the
transmitter is connected to the TX pin of the microcontroller which is pin 8 for PIC16F628A. TX
pin is for the use of serial communication interface which will transfer 8 bit data to the
transmitter to be transmit.
A push button is connected to pin 10 of PIC16F628A to give signal to the microcontroller
to start transmit each time the button is press. A low signal (0 volt) is given to the
microcontroller to start transmit. To enable the push button give a low signal (0 volt) to the
microcontroller, a pull up resistor of 4.7k is connected parallel with the push button. When the
switch is open, a high signal (5 volt) signal will be given to the microcontroller. When the switch
is close, the current will flow through the resistor to the push button to ground and this will give
a low signal to the microcontroller. The 4.7K resistor also prevents the source to be short circuit
34 LED is connected to the pin 13 as an indicator of the program is running whenever the
push button is being press. The 330 ohm resistor is connected in series with the LED in order to
protect the LED damage by the current. The LED used operate at a current of 15mA and after
adding the 330 ohm resistor series with the LED, the output current of the microcontroller is
being reduce to 12mA which is safe for LED.
ii) Receiver Circuit
Figure 3.14: Circuit of the receiver and the tasser circuit
For PIC16F877A, it is also operating in 5 volt and hence the same regulator as the one
used in the circuit of the transmitter shown in Figure 3.12 which is 7805 is used. The coupling
capacitor is connected to the regulator in order to reduce noise. A 20MHz crystal is use and is
35 A 5 volt activation relay is used to create an open circuit at the out output of the tasser
circuit. The relay operated at 5 volt. When the relay switches to the ‘normally open’ pin, the
current will flow from the object at the output to the relay. When the relay switches to the
‘normally closed’ pin, the circuit will remain as open circuit. To be able create an open circuit is
very important in so that the capacitor at the multiplier able to charge after discharge.
To control the switching of the relay by the microcontroller, a PNP transistor, S8550 is
connected as shown in Figure 3.13.
The transistor act as a switch and when the microcontroller gives a low signal (0 volt) it will
conduct the current to the relay. The relay will switch from the ‘normally closed’ pin to the
‘normally open’ pin. The transistor is an active low switch.
The RF receiver is operating at 5 volt. The Vcc pin of the RF receiver is connected to the
5 volt supply from the voltage regulator. The data pin of the receiver is connected to the RX pin
which is pin 26 for PIC16F877A. RX pin is for the use of serial communication interface which
will receive the 8 bit data from the transmitter for further process. In this circuit, when the
receiver receive correct data transmitted from the transmitter, the microcontroller will turn on
the relay in order to produce an electric shock on the object at the output.
3.5.4 Battery Indicator
Seem the electronic dog collar is a high voltage device which step up a small voltage to
high voltage, the duration of the battery is a issue to be discuss. In this project, a pair of AA
battery with total 3 volt is used as the input of the dog collar. In order to let the user to know
and to check the condition of the battery, a battery indicator system is added to the system.
36 from the 3 volt battery to be process. When the battery is around 2.6 volt or lower, it is
consider as battery week and the indicator will turn on.
By referring to the circuit diagram in Figure 3.13, the positive of the 3 volt battery is
connected to the analog to digital pin of the microcontroller which is pin 2. The reference
voltage used is 5 volt and hence the calculation for the ADC is shown below:
Let x=current voltage of battery in digital form
The battery is week at 2.6 volt.
The value of x=
The value of 133 is a reference of the condition of the battery. If the reading of the battery is
lower than 133 then it is consider as week while if the batter is higher than 133 it is still in good
condition. This battery indicator system is not an automatic system which means that it will only
check the condition of the battery when the user presses the check button.
3.5.5 Software
3.5.5.1 Interface RF-Module with Microcontroller
MPLAB is used as the programming software and assembly language is used as the
programming language. To interface RF module with microcontroller, Universal Synchronous
and Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter (USART) or also known as Serial Communications
Interface is used. USART is used for transmit and receive serial data. The operation of USART
can be divided into two types which is synchronous and asynchronous. Synchronous mode uses
a clock and data line. Asynchronous mode does not use clock accompanying the data.
Asynchronous mode will be use in interfacing the RF module with the microcontroller. Table
37 Table 3.5 Register and Description which will be used
Register Name Description
TXSTA Transmit Status and Control
RCSTA Receive Status and Control
TXREG Write Transmit Data Register
RCREG Write Receive Data Register
SPBRG Setting Baud Rate
PIR1 Peripheral Interrupt Flag Register
PIE1 Peripheral Interrupt Enable Registers
Table 3.6: Description of flag bit that will be used
Flag Bit Name Description
TXIF Located in PIR1 (bit 4) which is use to check whether TXREG is Full or Empty RCIF Located in PIR1 (bit 5) which is use to check
whether RCREG is Full or Empty OERR To test over run error for the RCREG Register
TXEN Transmit Enable of Disable bit
3.5.5.2 Theory and Setting Asynchronous Mode of USART for Transmitter
In section 5.2, it is shown that the data pin of the transmitter module is connected to
the TX pin of the microcontroller. Seem TX pin normally used as a digital I/O port, to enable the
TX port as a serial port, SPEN which is bit 7 in RCSTA have to be set. Bit two in TRISB of
PIC16F628A have two be clear in order to make the TX pin as an output pin. TXSTA is the
transmit control register for the microcontroller. This register has to be initializing correctly in
order to make the transmission work. By referring to the data sheet, the TXSTA is initialized as
38 Figure 3.13 shows the representation of each bit of the TXSTA register and Figure 3.15
show the setting of the register in the program.
39 Figure 3.16: Setting of the Register for USART
Next is to set the baud rate of the transmitter. Baud rate refers to the speed at which
the serial data is transferred, in bits per second. In Asynchronous mode, the baud rate
generator sets the baud rate using the value in the SPBRG register. The BRGH bit in TXSTA
selects between high and low speed options for greater flexibility in setting the baud rate. From
the initialization of TXSTA shown above, the BRGH is clear which mean that the baud rate is in
low speed and the SPBRG register is set to 129 where the rate is 2.4K bit per second. The Baud
rate for both transmitter and receiver must be the same in order for the data transmitted to
receive in the receiver. The baud rate can be calculated with the formula shown below.
Where, Fosc = frequency of crystal used
X= value that will be set in the SPBRG register
40 When a 1 byte digital data is being transmitted, it is transmit from the less significant bit to the most significant bit. This means that the transmitter transmits digital data bit by bit to the receiver. Figure 3.16 shows how the signal is transfer in asynchronous mode.
Figure 3.17: Signal Transfer in Asynchronous mode
From Figure 3.16 the signal is high when no transmission (or reception) is in progress
and goes low when the transmission starts. The receiving device uses this low-going transition
to determine the timing for the bits that follow. The signal stays low for the duration of the
START bit, and is followed by the data bits, Least Significant bit first. The USART can transmit
and receive either eight or nine data bits. The STOP bit follows the last data bit and is always
high. The transmission therefore ends with the pin high. After the STOP bit has completed, the
START bit of the next transmission can occur as shown by the dotted lines.
During transmitting data, the heart of the transmitter is the Transmit Shift Register
(TSR). This register obtain the data from the transmit buffer, TXREG. Hence, to transmit a data
to the receiver, first is to move the desire transmit data to the TXREG then it will load to TSR to
be transmitted. To check whether the data in TXREG had been move to TSR, the flag bit TXIF
which located in the PIR1 is checked. If TXREG is empty (means the data already load to TSR)
the flag bit TXIF will be set. Hence new data can be load to TXREG to be transmitted next. The
41
Figure 3.18 Block Diagram Showing the transmitter’s program runs
3.5.5.3 Theory and Setting of Asynchronous Mode of USART for Receiver
RCSTA is the receive control register for the microcontroller. This register has to be
initializing correctly in order to make the receiver work. By referring to the data sheet, the
RCSTA is initialized as B'10010000' which mean that it continuously receive 8 bit data,
asynchronous mode. The SPEN Flag bit in RCSTA have to be set to enable the serial port. The
baud rate for the receiver has to be the same with the transmitter. Figure 3.18 shows the
representation of each bit of the RCSTA register and Figure 3.15 shows the setting of the
register in the program.
Check TXIF True False Move data to TXREG to be transmitted
42 Figure 3.19: Representation of Each Bit in RCSTA Register
When receiving data from the transmitter, the data is first stall in Receive Shift Register
(RSR). After that the received data is transferred to the RCREG register when it is empty. Once
the transferring process from the RSR to RCREG is complete, the flag bit RCIF will be set. The
RCREG is a double-buffered register which mean that it can store two byte of data. When the
2nd data come in but the 1st data have not been read yet, the data will store in the second slot
43 When the 1st data is read, the 2nd data will move to the 1st slot and new data can be
move into RCREG. However, when the RCREG is full and the 3rd data is store in the RSR, the
flag bit OERR will be set and the data in RSR will lost. In addition, all the receive process will be
stop.
Hence it is a must to clear the flag bit OERR in order to retrieve the receiving process.
Flag bit OERR can be clear by first clear the CREN and then set it again. Figure 3.19 shows how
the overrun error being detected and how it is solve.
Figure 3.20: Sample code detecting and solving overrun error
The FERR which stand for framing error bit is used to check framing error. By referring
to Figure 3.16, it is clear that the transmitter will transmit a 0 bit as a start bit before it transfer
data and a 1 as a stop bit after all the 8 bit data have been transfer. The FERR bit is use to
44 If the start bit received is 0, it mean no framing error and FERR will be clear. If the
start bit receive is 1, it means that the receive 8 bit data contains error and FERR will be set.
Hence, by checking the FERR bit, incorrect data receive will be detected without going through
further process. Figure 3.20 shows the source codes for detecting error start bit and discard the
error data in RCREG register.
Figure 3.21 Sample code for detecting error start bit and discard error data
3.5.6 Transmit and Receive Method
There are three type of transmit and receive method that have done and experiment to
test the performance of the method. These methods are transmit and receive 1 byte data,
transmit and receive with 9th bit as Parity bit, transmit and receive 2 byte data.
3.5.6.1 Transmit and Receive 1 byte data
Transmit and receive 1 byte data is the most common and simple wireless
communication that can be use. For 8-bit transmission, the 1 byte data is from 1 to 255. To use
this type of transmission, first select a number from 1 to 255 to be transmitted to the receiver.
The number choose have to be preset in the receiver set in order to let the receiver to compare
the data receive is the desired data.
For example if a number ‘3’ is choose as a transmit data. At the receiver part the
number ‘3’ have to be stored in a file to be use to compare to the incoming data. If the
45 receive is compare with the pre store ‘3’ and found that it is not the same, and then the
program will continue looping to receive data. Figure in Appendix 3 show the source code for
transmit and receive 1 byte of data.
However, this method is not a good method to be used for wireless communication. This
is because the receiver module used will not recognize which transmitter is transmitting data
and it will receive all the data to compare within the same frequency. Hence if there is another
transmitter with a same frequency transmitting a data ‘3’, the receiver will also take it as true
data. Besides, noise at the receiver will also cause this error to happen. For 8-bit transmission,
255 is maximum value. Probability for getting same set of signal from other transmitter:
For transfer 1 byte data:
The probability is high if the transmission baud rate is taking into account which is in Kilo bit per
second.
3.5.6.2 Transmit and Receive with 9th bit as Parity bit.
Seem by transmit and receive 1 byte of data is not secured. 9-bit transmission is used.
The 9th bit is used as a parity bit to let the receiver confirms that the data receive is correct. A
parity bit is used to provide error checking for a single bit error. Figure 3.21 shows that how the
data is transfer with a parity bit. From the figure, it is clear that the parity bit will be send
before the stop bit is send.
46 In order to used a 9-bit transmission. The 9 bit enable bit in TXSTA and RCSTA have to
be enable. When transmit a 9 bit data, the 9th bit data is store in TX9D (refer to figure 1.3) and
for receiving 9 bit data, the 9th bit is store in RX9D (refer to figure 1.7). To read a 9bit data
receive, first must read the 9th bit 1st or else the data in RX9D will be lost. The parity bit can be
calculated as shown in the figure 3.22 and 3.24 The formula for calculating parity bit has to be
program in both the transmitter and receiver side. Before a data is send, the data is first
calculate for the parity bit then the parity bit is send through TX9D while the data send through
TXREG. When a 9 bit data is receives, the parity bit in RX9D will be store in a file first. Then the
data in RCREG will calculated with the same formula as in the transmitter. The last bit of the
result after calculations is compared with the parity bit receive. If there are the same then it is
true.
47 Figure 3.24: Sample code for calculating parity bit
The advantage of using parity bits is that random number can be transmited without the need to preset at the receiver side.
The only thing that need to do with receiver sit is that the formula for calculating parity bit need to be set in the receiving site to let it able to calculate the data receive and compare with the parity bit. An 8 bit data shown above will go through the formula and less significant bit will be the parity bit and send to the receiver through 9XD. However, instability is found in using only 1 parity bit. Many numbers from 0-255 will have the same parity bit after calculate with the formula shown in figure 3.22. When the receiver is off, the transmitter still receives many noise data which will also give a correct parity bit. Hence many errors occur using this method of transmission. Figure in appendix 3 show the source code using parity bit.
3.5.6.3 Transmit and Receive 2 byte data
Seem that transmit and receive 1 byte of data is not secure enough. Sending two byte of data is being used. The data being choose to send is first pre set and store in the receiver part. Then in the transmission part, the transmitter will first transmit 1st byte of data then follow a second byte of data. Only if the data being received at the receiver is the same sequence as the pre set data then it is consider as a correct data receive.
For example transmit two bytes of data which are 9 and 2. First the transmitter will transfer 9 and then follow by the number two.
48 In the receiver part, the receiver will first check is it the first number receive is 9 and if it is
correct then it will proceed to check is it the next number receive is number 2. This is
something like creating a protocol in the wireless communication. Only if the first step is correct
then it will proceed to the next identification step and execute the program if the next
identification step is being fulfilled. Figure in appendix 3 (Source code for transmit and receive 2
byte data) shows the source code transmitting and receiving two byte of data. For 8-bit
transmission, 255 is maximum value. Probability for getting same set of signal from other
transmitter:
For transfer 2 byte data:
The probability shows that this method is more reliable. After testing with this method, it also
found that the stability is much higher than the other two methods. In this project, the wireless
49 3.6 Circuit Casing
Preface: The development of the casing can never be referred as the “easy” part of the design. Having the restriction of not having high-tech machinery equipment had left us with
only one option: handmade. This proves to a major handicap for the team as we are dealing
with one of the most complex customer demand which is the reliability of the device in
terms of shock and water resistance.
A casing is used for both the electronic dog collar and the wireless controller unit circuit. In
this area, we will describe the design architecture for both casings separately.
3.6.1 Electronic Dog Collar Casing
In order to accommodate two independent circuit that is joined together to complete the
electronic dog collar circuit, a casing with at least (taking the limitation of being handmade)
13 cm in length x 9 cm in width x 4 cm in thickness is needed. Aside from the circuits, the
casing must also have the enough room to place two AA batteries and one 9V battery in it.
After looking for the best way to get this casing done, we have chosen to look for a casing
with the nearest dimension to our target and modify it to suit our purpose. The casing that
we have obtained is a general mini toolbox with partition with the dimension of 13 cm in
length x 8.5 cm in width x 3.5 cm in thickness. The material type is a general plastic found
in most low cost appliances. It is definitely a water proof material and it is very suitable for
our application. The actual casing is then modified by removing the existing partition in it.
Then, the casing is cleaned and made sure that the inner side of it is ready for the circuit to
be installed. A partition is made to divide the area for the battery and for the circuit. The
purpose of this method is so that the end user will never feel any unpleasant feeling (so
50 Figure 3.25: The first look of the modified casing
51 When the finite dimension is known, the design of the circuit placing is made. This requires
delicate attention to make sure that there is enough clearance for the circuit to fit in and
also no short circuit will occur. It is important to note that in doing this area of work, a lot of
guesstimates work was involved because it is very difficult to place the circuit within
mili-meters error margin. Many of the measurements taken are directly using ‘observe and
measure method’ because using the precise calculation method will eventually lead to
different case during actual installation. Therefore the installation was done with the
intention just so that the circuit is placed inside safe fully, no short circuit occurs, and that it
is refrained from shock and water exposure. The design is then documented in professional
drawing software such as the autoCAD.
52 As for the installation part, we have chosen to use a 1mm screws to tighten the circuit to
the casing body and the EPOXY glue to seal the edge of the casing. The usage of EPOXY
glue is that because it is very suitable to ensure the structural strength of the casing as well
as maintaining a water resistance casing. Holes were drilled to give a clearance for the
L.E.D, the output terminals, and the antenna. These holes were also covered with EPOXY
glue to maintain a water resistance casing. Next, the components inside the casing are
removed to paint the casing in a finishing black. Finally, all the components are reinstalled
properly into the painted casing.
Figure 3.28: EPOXY glue used to maintain water resistance (left), Applying the EDC circuit into the casing (right).
53 Wireless controller unit casing
Insulating Material:
Insulation is considered to be anything that will retard the flow of heat. There are a large
number of substances that have been used for insulation in refrigerators.
Another insulation material is expanded polystyrene. Expanded polystyrene is produced from a
mixture of about 90-95% polystyrene and 5-10% gaseous blowing agent, most commonly
pentane or carbon dioxide. It is light in weight, easily worked, and is manufactured in various
form and shapes. Therefore, it makes a useful insulating material for use in thin-walled
refrigerators (Langley, 1990). Expanded polystyrene is selected as the insulation material for
the base of circuit. Insulating part is a very important part in this project. Thus, we are very
concern about the insulating part. Insulating part helps to block the base of the circuit from the
temperature (outside the box).
To achieve this objective, we decided to use polystyrene as our insulating material. We used
polystyrene to grip the circuit moving from the position. This is because the polystyrene able to
control the transmitter circuit from shake and hold it still on its position. The thermal
conductivity of polystyrene is as low as 0.035 W/mK. This low value means that polystyrene can
works as a very good insulating material. Comparing to other insulating materials such as
fiberglass (0.03 W/mK), foam (0.04 W/mK), wood (0.04 W/mK), wool (0.045 W/mK,
polystyrene is better choosing. After that, plastics (0.23 W/mK) is better choosing for do the
box casing. After considering the budget and limited time of the project, the plastic is the best
choose as it is cheap and easily found. The used of plastic and the polystyrene helps to keep
the temperature inside the transmitter circuit to cool or hot, shake and hold it still on its
54 Besides that, polystyrene also is very low reactive to chemical reaction. The polystyrene is
hardly reacts to chemical and temperature changes. The polystyrene actually is a hard, highly
transparent polymer built by styrene which empirical formula is CH2=CH–C6H5. The polystyrene
is readily formed into beads. These foams and beads are excellent thermal insulators and are
used to produce home insulation and containers for hot foods. Styrofoam is a trade name for
foamed polystyrene. When rubber is dissolved in styrene before it is polymerized, the
polystyrene produced is much more impact resistant. This type of polystyrene is used
extensively in home appliances, such as the interior of refrigerators and air conditioner housing.
Thus, it is safe to store products such as food or medicines inside the chamber. However,
Plastics are typically polymers of high molecular weight, and may contain other substances to
improve performance and reduce costs. The first plastic based on a synthetic polymer was
made from phenol and formaldehyde. The plastic is insulating shellac to coat wires in electric
motors and generators. He found that mixtures of phenol (C6H5OH) and formaldehyde (HCOH)
formed a sticky mass when mixed together and heated, and the mass became extremely hard if
allowed to cool. Thus it is investigations and found that the material could be mixed with wood
flour, asbestos, or slate dust to create "composite" materials with different properties. Most of
these compositions were strong and fire resistant. The only problem was that the material
tended to foam during synthesis, and the resulting product was of unacceptable quality.
Polystyrene is used to build the base and upper the transmitter circuit chamber by the
dimension of 6cm x 2cm x 7cm to store our circuit. Thus, plastic is used to build the box or
casing by the dimension 6cm x 2cm x 10cm. The small size of plastic (casing) and polystyrene
chamber is being designed to fulfill the costumers’ request. Moreover, the small size of casing is
easy to travel with and suitable to place at anywhere. Thus, it achieves the objective to make it
55 We have used plastic as a casing by dimension 6cm x 2cm x 10cm of to store our products or
circuit. The Figure below shows the dimension and the different parts of the box.
Box specification
Push Button switch Aerial
Figure 3.30: 3 Dimensional view of the controller unit circuit 10cm 6cm 2cm 5cm 2cm 3cm 0.7cm 0.7cm LED Push Button
56 Figure shows that the box contains 2 parts, one is the battery hole and the other one is circuit
of transmitter. The battery hole is used to store the power supply. Meanwhile the circuit part is
stored electronics components such as transformers, circuit board, and controller. There are 3
LEDs at the front side of this product shows the circuit is function or not. The red color is for
power supply, green color for low voltage, and orange color for high voltage.
Why do we need to produce a casing for Electronic Dog Collar (EDC) remote control.
Easy to transmit signal
Circuit protection
Easy to touch or use
How do the produce remote control casing.
Analyze the circuit, length and width, and weight.
Search for suitable material that feeds the casing Battery compartment
Circuit (inside box)
57 Requirement:
- Waterproof - Cheap material
- Durable means since are dealing with dog. So, it is necessary to find and use a durable material which can protect the circuit inside it.
Buy material to make casing
Decide and arrange where to place the circuit and power supply.
Drill tiny holes to accommodate switch and LED on the casing surface.
Put circuit into the casing to test whether the switches and LED fit the holes.
Decide and drill holes or aerial.
Spray casing to black color.
Place the aerial straw on the drilled hole.
Put the company sticker on top of the remote control circuit.
This project use the Solid Work 2008 software for show how the prototype of product of Primetech Electronics.
The prototype is intended for use to shown Primetech Electronics product prototype to client. Figure below show about the all dimensions of the prototype. All dimension in the prototype images are in millimeter (mm).
58 The different view of this product:
Front View
Figure 3.31: Front view
Top View
Figure 3.32: Top view
59 Figure 3.33: Right view
3 Dimensional Views
Figure 3.34: 3 Dimensional views
60 Front View
Figure 3.35: Front view
Top View
Figure 3.36: Top view
61 Figure 3.37: Right view
3 Dimension View
Figure 3.38: 3 Dimension view
