FAQ - Resign-to-Run
1. Where is the “resigntorun” law located? 2. What does the “resigntorun” law state?3. Are there any exceptions to the “resigntorun” law?
4. Who is an “officer” for purposes of the “resigntorun” law?
5. If an officer must resign under the “resigntorun” law, when must the officer resign and when must the resignation take effect?
The “resigntorun” law is in section 99.012, Florida Statutes.
The “resigntorun law” essentially prohibits an elected or appointed “officer” from qualifying as a candidate for another state, district, county or municipal public office if the terms or any part of the terms overlap with each other if the person did not resign from the office the person presently holds. (Section 99.012 (3), Florida Statutes.)
Yes. The “resigntorun” law does not apply to 1) political party offices, or 2) persons serving without salary on an appointed board or authority. (Section 99.012(6), Florida Statutes.) See the response to Question 11, below, concerning exemptions to the “resigntorun” law. Also, portions of the “resigntorun” law do not apply to federal officers, persons seeking the office of President or Vice
President, or candidates for federal office. (See the responses to Questions 15, 16, and 17 below.)
An “officer” is a person, whether elected or appointed, who has the authority to exercise the sovereign powers of the state pertaining to an office recognized under the State Constitution or laws of the state. With respect to a municipality, an “officer” means a person, whether elected or appointed, who has the authority to exercise municipal power as provided by the State Constitution, state laws, or municipal charter. (Section 99.012(1), Florida Statutes.)
Florida case law further explains that an “officer” is one who exercises some portion of the sovereign power, either in making, executing or administering the laws and who derives his or her position from a duly and legally authorized election or appointment, whose duties are continuous in nature and defined by law, not contract.
Examples of “officers” include, but are not limited to: mayors, city and county commissioners, state legislators, supervisors of elections, sheriffs, property appraisers, judges, school board members, superintendents of school, state attorneys and public defenders, municipal fire chiefs, medical examiners, and elected hospital board and airport authority members.
6. I am a school board member and I will not seek reelection at the next general
election; instead, I wish to qualify to run for state representative. Do I have to submit a resignation under the resigntorun law?
7. What can an officer do if he or she missed the deadline for submitting the resignation 10 days prior to the beginning of the qualifying period?
8. To whom must the resignation be submitted?
9. Can the officer later revoke the resignation?
10. What happens to an elected officer’s term of office if he or she submits a resignation under the "resigntorun" law?
The resignation must be submitted in writing at least 10 days prior to the first day of qualifying for the office the person intends to seek. (Section 99.012(3)(c), Florida Statutes.) (The qualifying dates for elections to particular offices can be obtained from the county supervisor of elections office.) The resignation must take effect no later than the earlier of the following dates:
The date the officer would take office, if elected; or The date the officer’s successor is required to take office.
Yes. Section 100.041, Florida Statutes, reflects that the term of office of a state representative begins upon election for a term of two years and the term of office for a school board member begins on the second Tuesday following the general election for a term of four years. Therefore, your term as a school board member, if elected as a state representative, will not expire until two weeks after you take office as a state representative. This two week overlap requires you to submit a resignation under the resigntorun law at least 10 days prior to qualifying as a candidate as a state representative.
If the officer still wishes to run for office, the officer may submit his or her resignation to take effect immediately or to take effect on a date prior to
qualifying for office. In this situation, the officer qualifies as a nonofficeholder and the “resigntorun” law does not apply. (Section 99.012(3)(g), Florida Statutes.) For elected district, county, or municipal officers, the resignation must be
submitted to the officer before whom he or she qualified for the office he or she holds, with a copy to the Governor and the Department of State.
For appointed district, county, or municipal officers, the resignation must be submitted to the officer or authority which appointed him or her to the office he or she holds, with a copy to the Governor and the Department of State.
All other officers must submit their resignations to the Governor with a copy to the Department of State. (Section 99.012(3)(e), Florida Statutes.)
No, once submitted, the resignation is irrevocable (Section 99.012(3)(b), Florida Statutes.).
Except as noted in the next paragraph, when an elected official resigns, it creates a vacancy in office to be filled by election. The election is held to fill the office for
11. Does the "resigntorun" law apply to subordinate officers, deputy sheriffs, or police officers?
12. Does a city’s Chief of Police have to resign in order to run for another public office? the remaining unexpired term. So, if an officer had one year left in his or her four year term of office on the effective date of his or her resignation, persons would qualify as a candidate for the office and, if elected, would serve the one year remaining in the former officer’s term.
If the officer resigning under the “resigntorun” law occupies an elective charter county office or elective municipal office, the vacancy created by the resignation may be filled for that portion of the remaining unexpired term in the manner specified by the county or municipal charter, as applicable.(Section 99.012(3)(f), Florida Statutes.)
Generally no, but it will apply in a limited situation. A subordinate officer, deputy sheriff, or police officer is exempt from the resigntorun law unless the person is seeking to qualify for a public office which is currently held by “an officer who has authority to appoint, employ, promote or otherwise supervise that person and who has qualified as a candidate for reelection to that office.” If the subordinate officer, deputy sheriff, or police officer must resign, the resignation must be effective upon qualifying for the office, not the later times specified above for an “officer.”
So, a deputy sheriff wishing to run for sheriff against an incumbent sheriff would have to resign, but if the incumbent sheriff is not seeking reelection, the deputy sheriff would not have to resign. Also, if a deputy sheriff wishes to run for a non sheriff office (for example, state representative or city council), he or she would not have to resign under the “resigntorun” law.
If a subordinate officer, deputy sheriff, or police officer must resign under this provision, he or she may not take an unpaid leave of absence instead of resigning. (The Legislature removed the alternative approach of taking an unpaid leave of absence from the statute in 2000.)
Subordinate officers would include, among others: assistant public defenders, assistant state attorneys, and deputy supervisors of elections. (Section 99.012(4), Florida Statutes; see also, for example, Division of Elections advisory opinions DE 0804, DE 0708, and 9901, which can be found at the Advisory Opinions page
(/elections/lawsrules/advisoryopinions/).)
It depends. The exemption mentioned in the answer to Question 11 applies to a “police officer.” A “chief of police” is a police officer; therefore, the chief of police need only resign to run for public office if the chief is seeking to qualify for a public office which is currently held by "an officer who has authority to appoint, employ, promote or otherwise supervise that person and who has qualified as a candidate
13. What happens if an officer does not comply with the “resigntorun” law?
14. May a person qualify to run for more than one office?
15. Does the “resigntorun” law apply to federal officers?
for reelection to that office." For example, a city’s chief of police would not have to resign to run for county sheriff unless the sheriff has the authority to appoint, employ, promote or otherwise supervise the chief of police and the incumbent sheriff has also qualified as a candidate for reelection. In the typical countycity relationship, the sheriff does not have the authority to appoint, employ, promote or otherwise supervise a city’s chief of police. However, for example, if a city mayor has the authority to hire and fire the chief of police, the chief of police could not run for city mayor without resigning as chief of police if the incumbent mayor is seeking reelection. (Section 99.012(4), Florida Statutes.)
If an order of a court that has become final determines that a person did not comply with the resigntorun law, the person may not be qualified as a candidate for an election or appear on the ballot. (Section 99.012(5), Florida Statutes.) Note, however, that the filing officer performs only a ministerial function in reviewing qualifying papers and cannot determine whether the contents of the qualifying papers are accurate. (Section 99.061(7)(c), Florida Statutes.) One of the qualifying papers is the candidate oath in which the candidate states that he or she has resigned from any office from which the candidate is required to resign; therefore, the filing officer may not look beyond the oath. As stated above, it will take a court order to remove the person’s name from the ballot.
No. Section 99.012(2), Florida Statutes, prohibits persons from qualifying for more than one federal, state, district, county, or municipal office if the terms or any part thereof run concurrently with each other. For example: a) a person may not qualify in Florida to run for more than more than one U.S. House of
Representatives seat at a time; or b) a person may not qualify for both a state office and a county office if the terms or any part of the two offices overlap. No, the “resigntorun” portion of section 99.012, Florida Statutes, only applies to
state, district, county and municipal officers. However, as stated in the answer to Question 14, section 99.012(2), Florida Statutes, prohibits persons from qualifying for more than one federal, state, district, county, or municipal office if the terms or any part thereof run concurrently with each other. Thus, a federal officer would not have to resign prior to qualifying for a state, district, county, or municipal office. For example, a U.S. Senator from Florida with two years left on his or her Senate term could qualify to run for Governor of Florida without resigning because the “resigntorun” law does not apply to federal officers; however, the senator could not qualify for reelection to the U.S. Senate from Florida and also qualify for Governor of Florida because the terms of office would overlap.
16. Does the “resigntorun” law require a state, district, county, or municipal officer to resign before running for federal office?
17. Does the “resigntorun” law apply to persons seeking the office of President or Vice President of the United States?
18. If a candidate does not have to resign from one office to run for another office, may he or she, if elected, continue to hold both offices?
No. The “resigntorun” law prohibits an officer from qualifying as a candidate for another state, district, county or municipal public office if the terms or any part overlap with each other unless the officer submits a resignation from the office the person presently holds. Therefore, the “resigntorun” law would not preclude a sitting state, district, county, or municipal officer from qualifying as a candidate for federal office without resigning from the office the person presently holds as long as the officer is not also seeking to qualify for reelection to his or her present office.
No. Subsection (7) of section 99.012 specifically states that nothing in subsection (3) of the “resigntorun law” relates to persons seeking the office of President or Vice President. This conclusion could also be reached based upon applying the analysis in the response above to Question 16. However, the exception contained in subsection (7) has no bearing on the prohibition in subsection (2) of section 99.012 against qualifying for more than one office if the terms or any part thereof run concurrently with each other. (See response to question 14, above.)
Even if the person could physically perform both jobs simultaneously, holding both offices may violate the constitutional prohibition of dual officeholding. Article II, section 5(a), of the Florida Constitution, provides in part: “No person shall hold at the same time more than one office under the government of the state and the counties and municipalities therein, except that a notary public or military officer may hold another office, and any officer may be a member of a constitution revision commission, constitutional convention, or statutory body having only advisory powers.”
This constitutional provision prohibits a person from simultaneously holding more than one office under the government of the state, counties and municipalities. The prohibition applies to both elected and appointed offices. It is not necessary that the two offices be within the same governmental unit. Thus, for example, a municipal officer is precluded from holding not only another municipal office but also a state or county office.
Although the Constitution does not define the terms "office" or "officer" for purposes of the dual officeholding prohibition, the Florida Supreme Court in State ex rel. Holloway v. Sheats, 83 So. 508, 509 (Fla. 1919), stated that it is the nature of the powers and duties of a particular position which determines whether it is an "office" or an "employment."
19. What’s the difference in the treatment of district officers under the resign-to-run law and the dual officeholding constitutional provision?
20. How does the “resign-to-run” law relate to the “Hatch Act?”
The Department of State has no jurisdiction to interpret the dual officeholding provisions of the Constitution. Questions regarding dual officeholding should be directed to the Florida’s Office of the Attorney General, which has jurisdiction over the matter. You may find a dual officeholding informational pamphlet at the Attorney General’s website (http://myfloridalegal.com/webfiles.nsf/WF/MRAY 6S3PP7/$file/dual.pdf).
The Attorney General has opined that district offices are not within the purview of the dual officeholding provisions of the Constitution. However, district offices, by express statutory provision, are subject to the provisions of the “resigntorun” law. For example, an elected state or county officer may be appointed also to a district office. However, if the state or county officer later seeks reelection to the state or county office while occupying the district office, he or she would have to submit a resignation under the “resigntorun” law from the district office before qualifying and running for reelection if the terms of office overlap, unless the district office consists of being a member on an appointed board or authority and the county or state officer receives no salary for being on the board or authority. The state resigntorun law is entirely separate from the federal “Hatch Act.” The
federal Hatch Act (5 U.S.C. §§ 1501 1508) applies to executive branch state and local employees who are principally employed in connection with programs financed in whole or in part by loans or grants made by the United States or a federal agency.
The Hatch Act prohibits a state, county, or municipal employee from being a candidate for public office in a partisan race if the employee’s salary is completely
funded with federal dollars. It is only when the covered employee’s entire salary is
paid from federal funds that the employee would have to resign under the Hatch
Act before becoming a candidate for partisan office; however, an employee’s
conduct is also subject to the laws of the state and the regulations of the employing agency, so the employee should check with his or her supervisor, personnel office, or the agency’s general counsel to determine what state or local law or agency rules or policies may apply regarding the employee’s political activities. (A partisan election means one in which any candidate will be listed on the ballot as a candidate for a political party, for example, the Republican or Democratic Party.)
Governors, Lieutenant Governors, mayors, elected heads of executive
departments, and individuals holding elective office are specifically exempt from the Hatch Act prohibition against being a candidate for public office. So, the Hatch Act prohibits state, county and municipal employees seeking public office in a
21. Who can I contact about questions concerning Florida’s “resign-to-run” law?
partisan election, not an elected officer seeking reelection or election to another office.
Questions about the Hatch Act may be directed to:
(mailto:[email protected])
Hatch Act Unit
U.S. Office of Special Counsel 1730 M Street, N.W., Suite 218 Washington, D.C. 200364505 Tel: (800) 85HATCH or (800) 8542824 (202) 2543650 Website: osc.gov/Pages/HatchAct.aspx (https://osc.gov/Pages/HatchAct.aspx)
Email: [email protected](mailto:[email protected])
Office of General Counsel Florida Department of State R.A. Gray Building
500 S. Bronough Street
Tallahassee, Florida 323990250 Telephone: (850) 2456536;
Email: [email protected]
