sc08_3_se

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Life Science

Chapter 1

Chapter 1 Adaptations in Land Environments Adaptations in Land Environments . . . 11 Chapter 2

Chapter 2 Adaptations in WatAdaptations in Water Environments er Environments . . . .. .2929 Chapter 3

Chapter 3 Environments Environments Change Change . . . ..4949

Earth

Earth Scienc

Science

e

Chapter 4

Chapter 4 Our Earth, Sun, Our Earth, Sun, and Moand Moon on . . . .. .6969 Chapter 5

Chapter 5 Our Solar System Our Solar System . . . .. .8989

Physical Science

Chapter 6

Chapter 6 Matter Matter . . . .. .109109 Chapter 7

Chapter 7 EnergEnergy y . . . 129. . 129 Chapter 8

Chapter 8 Light Light . . . 147. . . . 147

Cover:

Cover:_{(bkgd) Natural Selection Stock Photography; (inset) Pete Oxford/Steve Bloom Images/Alamy.}_{(bkgd) Natural Selection Stock Photography; (inset) Pete Oxford/Steve Bloom Images/Alamy.}

A A

Published by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, of McGraw-Hill Education, a division of The

Published by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, of McGraw-Hill Education, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Two Penn Plaza, New York, New

Two Penn Plaza, New York, New York 10121.York 10121.

Copyright © by MacmillanMacmillan/McGraw-/McGraw-Hill. Hill. All rights reserved. All rights reserved. No part of No part of this publication may be this publication may be reproduced or disbributed in reproduced or disbributed in any form or any form or byby any means, or

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Printed in the United States of America Printed in the United States of America

1 2

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LIFE SCIENCE

CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1

Adaptations in Land

Adaptations in Land Environments

Environments

Chapter Concept Map

Chapter Concept Map . . . . . . 11 Chapter Literature: Poem (“Giant Sequoias”)

Chapter Literature: Poem (“Giant Sequoias”) . . . . . . . 22 Lesson 1

Lesson 1 Lesson Lesson Outline Outline . . . ..33 Lesson

Lesson VVocabulary . ocabulary . . . ..55 Cloze

Cloze TTest est . . . ..66 Lesson 2

Lesson 2 Lesson Lesson Outline Outline . . . .. 77 Lesson

Cloze TTest est . . . .. 1010 Lesson 3

Lesson 3 Lesson Lesson Outline Outline . . . .11.11 Lesson

Lesson VVocabulary . ocabulary . . . 1. 133 Cloze

Cloze TTest est . . . 1414 Reading

Reading in in Science Science (Meet (Meet a a Scientist Scientist MagazineMagazine) ) . . . 1515 Lesson 4

Lesson 4 Lesson Outline . Lesson Outline . . . 1717 Lesson

Lesson VVocabulary . ocabulary . . . 1919 Cloze

Lesson 5 Lesson Lesson Outline Outline . . . 21. . 21 Lesson

Cloze TTest est . . . ..2424 Writing

Writing in in Science Science (Describe (Describe Where Where YYou ou LiveLive) ) . . . ..2525 Chapter

Chapter 1 1 VocabularyVocabulary . . . . . . . .2727

Reading and Writing in Science

Reading and Writing in Science © © M M a a c c m m i i l l l l a a n n / / M M c c G G r r a a w w - H H i i l l l l iii iii

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Adaptations in Water Environments

Chapter Concept Map

Chapter Concept Map . . . . . . . .2929 Chapter Literature

Chapter Literature: Dragons of : Dragons of the Seathe Sea . . . .. . . .3030 Lesson 1

Lesson VVocabulary . ocabulary . . . ..3333 Cloz

Cloze e TTest est . . . ..3434 Lesson 2

Lesson 2 Lesson Lesson Outline Outline . . . .. .3535 Lesson

Lesson VVocabulary . ocabulary . . . 4141 Cloz

Cloze e TTest est . . . ..4242 STS

STS Magazine Magazine . . . ..4343 Writing

Writing in in Science Science . . . ..4545 Chapter

CHAPTER 3

Environments Change

Chapter Concept Map

Chapter Concept Map . . . .49 . . . .49 Chapter Literature: Can We Save the Peregrine Falcon?

Chapter Literature: Can We Save the Peregrine Falcon? . . . .50 . . . .50 Lesson 1

Lesson 1 Lesson Outline . Lesson Outline . . . 5. 511 Lesson

Cloze e TTest est . . . ..5858

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EARTH SCIENCE

CHAPTER 4

Our Earth, Sun and Moon

Chapter Concept Map

Chapter Concept Map . . . . . . . .6969 Chapter Litera

Chapter Literature: Poem (“Sun ture: Poem (“Sun and Moon”)and Moon”) . . . . . . . .7070 Lesson 1

Lesson 2 Lesson Lesson Outline Outline . . . .. .7575 Lesson V

Lesson Vocabulary ocabulary . . . .. . . .7777 Cloze

Cloze TTest est . . . ..7878 Writing

Writing in in Science Science . . . ..7979 Lesson 3

Cloze TTest est . . . ..8484 History

History of of Science Science Magazine Magazine . . . ..8585 Chapter

Reading and Writing in Science © © M M a a c c m m i i l l l l a a n n / / M M c c G G r r a a w w - H H i i l l l l v v

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Our Solar System

Chapter Concept Map

Chapter Concept Map . . . . . . . .8989 Chapter Literature: Personal Narrative

Chapter Literature: Personal Narrative (from

(from To Space and Back To Space and Back , Sally Ride), Sally Ride) . . . .90 . . . .90 Lesson 1

Lesson 3 Lesson Lesson Outline Outline . . . .99. .99 Lesson

Lesson VVocabulary . ocabulary . . . 101. 101 Cloz

Cloze e TTest est . . . .. 102102 STS

STS Magazine Magazine . . . .. 103103 Writing

Writing in in Science Science . . . .. 105105 Chapter

Chapter 5 5 VVocabularyocabulary . . . . . . . 101077

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PHYSICAL SCIENCE

CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 6

Matter

Chapter Concept Map

Chapter Concept Map . . . . . . . .109109 Chapter Literature: Poem (“

Chapter Literature: Poem (“FreeFreezing Rain”)zing Rain”). . . 110110 Lesson 1

Lesson VVocabulary . ocabulary . . . .113.113 Cloze

Cloze TTest est . . . 114114 Lesson 2

Lesson VVocabulary . ocabulary . . . .117.117 Cloze

Cloze TTest est . . . 118118 Meet

Meet a a Scientist Scientist Magazine Magazine . . . 119. 119 Writing

Writing in in Science Science . . . .121.121 Lesson 3

Lesson 3 Lesson Lesson Outline Outline . . . 123. 123 Lesson

Cloze TTest est . . . 126126 Chapter

Chapter 6 6 VocabularyVocabulary . . . 127 . . . 127

CHAPTER 7

Energy

Chapter Concept Map

Chapter Concept Map . . . 129 . . . 129 Chapter Literature: Magazine Article (“Wind

Chapter Literature: Magazine Article (“Wind Power”)Power”) . . . .. . 130130 Lesson 1

Cloze TTest est . . . .. 134134

Reading and Writing in Science © © M M a a c c m m i i l l l l a a n n / / M M c c G G r r a a w w - H H i i l l l l vii vii

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Light

Chapter Concept Map

Chapter Concept Map . . . . . . . 149149 Chapter Literature: Poem (“Crystal Vision”)

Chapter Literature: Poem (“Crystal Vision”). . . .. . . 150150 Lesson 1

Lesson 1 Lesson Outline . Lesson Outline . . . .151.151 Lesson

Cloze e TTest est . . . .. 154154 Lesson 2

Lesson 2 Lesson Outline . Lesson Outline . . . 155. . 155 Lesson

Cloze e TTest est . . . 158158 STS

STS Magazine Magazine . . . 159159 Lesson 3

Lesson 3 Lesson Lesson Outline Outline . . . 161161 Lesson

Cloze e TTest est . . . .. 164164 Writing

Writing in in Science Science . . . 165165 Chapter

Chapter 8 8 VocabularyVocabulary . . . . . . 1. . 16767

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Concept Map

Adaptations in Land Environments

The chart below divides land

The chart below divides land environmenenvironments into biomes, ts into biomes, biomesbiomes

into the plants and animals that live in each, and

into the plants and animals that live in each, and the adaptationsthe adaptations

they hav

they have to survive in each e to survive in each biome. Tbiome. Try to fill ry to fill in the blanks in the blanks withwith

more plants and animals and more of their adaptations.

C C h h a a p p t t e e r r 1 1 : : L L a a n n d d E E n n v v i

i r r o o

n n m m e e n n t t s s Desert Desert Grassland Grassland Forest Forest Arctic Tundra Arctic Tundra Plant Plant mesquite tree mesquite tree Plant Plant Animal Animal Plant Plant Plant Plant Animal Animal Animal Animal coyote coyote Animal Animal

Poison Arrow frog Poison Arrow frog

-thorns -thorns -long roots -long roots -small leaves -small leaves -bright color -bright color

--grow low to thegrow low to the ground

ground

-grow in tight clumps -grow in tight clumps

Chapter 1 • Adaptations in Land EnvironmentsAdaptations in Land Environments

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Giant Sequoias

Read the

Read the LiteratLiterature feature in ure feature in your textbook.your textbook.

Write About It

Response to Literature

Response to Literature This poem This poem tells us tells us thatthat

sequoia trees can survive forest fires. What else

have y

have you learned about ou learned about them from this them from this poem?poem?

What conclusions can you make about their

age and

age and sizesize? Write a paragraph about ? Write a paragraph about sequoiasequoia

trees. Support

trees. Support your conclusioyour conclusions with what youns with what you

already know about trees and details from

the poem. the poem.

Literature

Chapter 1 • Adaptations in Land EnvironmentsAdaptations in Land Environments

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Outline

Living Things and Their Needs

Use your textbook to help you fill in the blanks

Use your textbook to help you fill in the blanks..

Where do living things live?

1.

1. Living Living things things live live in in an an where where theythey

can meet their needs.

2.

2. Plants Plants and and animals animals are are ..

3.

3. WaterWater, , air, air, and and sunligsunlight ht are are ..

Biomes

4.

4. Scientists group similar environments intoScientists group similar environments into

.

5.

5. The The of of a a biome biome affectaffects s which which livingliving

things can survive there.

How do plants get what they need?

6.

6. All All plants plants need need waterwater, , sunlight, sunlight, ,,

and carbon dioxide.

7

7.. carry food and water throughoutcarry food and water throughout

a plant.

8.

8. The leaves of a plant use energy from the Sun to changeThe leaves of a plant use energy from the Sun to change

and water into food.

9.

9. A A plant’s plant’s roots roots take take in in and and nutrientsnutrients

from soil. from soil. © © M M a a c c m m i i l l l l a a n n / / M M c c G G r r a a w w - H H i i l l l l 3 3 Chapter 1 •

Chapter 1 • Adaptations Adaptations in in Land Land Environments Environments Use Use withwith Lesson 1Lesson 1

Reading

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Outline

How do animals get what t

hey need?

10.

10. Animals need waAnimals need waterter, energy , energy from food, from food, andand

.

11.

11. Animals Animals cannot cannot make make their their own own ..

12.

12. Legs, wings, and other body parts are examples ofLegs, wings, and other body parts are examples of

.

13.

13. Birds Birds build build nests nests as as for for their their young.young.

14.

14. A porcupine’s sharp quills keep itA porcupine’s sharp quills keep it

from other animals.

What helps living t

hings survive in their

environment

?

15.

15. help living things survive inhelp living things survive in

their environments.

Summarize the Main Idea

16.

16. What two things do both plants and animals need to survive?What two things do both plants and animals need to survive?

4 Chapter 1 •Chapter 1 • Adaptations Adaptations in in Land Land Environments Environments Use Use withwith Lesson 1Lesson 1

Reading

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Vocabulary

Living Things and Their Needs

a.

a. adaptation adaptation d.d. environment environment g.g. shelter shelter b.

b. biome biome e.e. humus humus h.h. stem stem c.

c. climate climate f.f. oxygen oxygen i.i. structure structure

Match the correct letter with the

Match the correct letter with the description.description.

1.

1. A A substance substance made made up up of of broken-downbroken-down

plant and animal material.

2.

2. An An area area of of land land or or water water that that has has certaincertain

kinds of living and nonliving things.

3.

3. EvEverything erything that that surrounds surrounds a a living living thing.thing.

4.

4. A A specific specific part part of of a a living living thing.thing.

5.

5. A A structure structure that that helps helps living living things things survivesurvive

in their environment.

6.

6. The The typical typical weather weather conditions conditions for for a a placeplace

ov

over timeer time..

7

7.. A A substance substance that that animals animals must must breathe breathe toto

stay alive.

8.

8. A A plant plant part part that that carries carries food food and and waterwater

throughout a plant.

9.

9. A A place place in in which which animals animals can can stay stay safe.safe.

Reading

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Cloze Test

Living Things and Their Needs

nonliving

nonliving climate climate fish fish sheltersshelters biome

biome roots roots quills quills structuresstructures

Fill in the blanks.

Where living things can meet their needs is their environment. You

can also find water, air, and sunlight, which are

things.

things. An An area area of of land land or or waterwater, , called called a a isis

made up of certain kinds of living and nonliving things. These areas

have

have a a , , or or typical typical weather weather conditions conditions ovoverer

time.

time. Living Living things things havhave e special special partsparts, , or or , , soso

they can survive in their environment. Plants have leaves that take in

carbon

carbon dioxide dioxide and and that that take take in in water water fromfrom

soil.

soil. Some Some animals, animals, such such as as , , have have gills gills to to helphelp

them breathe. Animals have parts to keep them safe. A porcupine has

sharp

sharp . . Animals Animals also also buildbuild

to keep them safe.

Reading

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Outline

Life in the Desert

What is a desert?

1.

1. A desert is a biome that has aA desert is a biome that has a

climate.

2.

2. It It is is hot hot during during the the and and coldcold

at

at in in a a desert.desert.

3.

3. Desert Desert soil soil is is mostly mostly made made up up of of ..

4.

4. The The sandy sandy soil soil has has very very little little toto

soak up rainwater.

What adaptations help desert plants?

5.

5. Plants that grow in deserts havePlants that grow in deserts have

that help the

that help them surm survive with little watervive with little water..

6.

6. Mesquite trees have long roots that growMesquite trees have long roots that grow

to find water.

7

7.. The The saguaro saguaro cactus cactus has has thick thick toto

help store water.

8.

8. Spines Spines on on a a prickly prickly pear pear cactus cactus itit

from thirsty animals.

Reading

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Outline

What adaptations help animals?

9.

9. Rattlesnakes Rattlesnakes are are ; ; they they sleepsleep

during the day.

10.

10. The jackrabbit has The jackrabbit has long ears tlong ears to help it o help it staystay

in the desert.

11.

11. Some Some animals animals havhave e to to help help themthem

blend in with their environment.

Summarize the Main Idea

12.

12. What What adaptations help adaptations help plants and plants and animals surviveanimals survive

in the desert? in the desert? © © M M a a c c m m i i l l l l a a n n / / M M c c G G r r a a w w - H H i i l l l l 8

Reading

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Vocabulary

Life in the Desert

Read each clue. Writ

Read each clue. Write the answer in the blanks e the answer in the blanks and fill in theand fill in the

crossword puzzle.

Across

4.

4. Many Many desert desert animalsanimals

during the

day to avoid the heat.

5.

5. The soThe soil in il in the the desert isdesert is

mostly .

6.

6. A A desert animal desert animal withwith

large ears that help it lose

excess body heat is the

.

Down

1.

1. Because oBecause of f their their adaptations,adaptations,

desert plants can survive with

little .

2.

2. A A special featurspecial feature e thatthat

helps an organism survive

in a particular place is an in a particular place is an . . 3. 3. A A is is a a hot,hot,

dry biome with very little rain.

            adaptation adaptation desert desert jackrabbit jackrabbit sand sand water water sleep sleep © © M M a a c c m m i i l l l l a a n n / / M M c c G G r r a a w w - H H i i l l l l 9 9 Chapter 1 •

Chapter 1 • Adaptations Adaptations in in Land Land Environments Environments Use Use withwithLesson 2Lesson 2

Reading

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Cloze Test

Life in the Desert

rain

rain temperature temperature deep deep roots roots nocturnalnocturnal Sun

Sun humus humus adaptations adaptations waterwater

Fill in the blanks.

A desert is a biome that has a dry climate. Less than

25

25 centimeters centimeters of of falls falls each each year year in in thethe

desert. During the day it is hot and the

warms

warms land land and and airair. . At At night night the the dropsdrops

and it is much cooler. Desert soil is mostly sand. There is very little

in desert soil. Rainwater trickles down

through

through sand sand and and goes goes very very ..

In order for plants to survive in the desert, they must have

. So that they can reach the water that is

deep

deep underground, underground, some some plants plants havhave e long long ..

Many desert plants also have thick stems and waxy leaves in order to

store .

Animals have adapted to deserts, too. Some animals are

and sleep during the day.

and sleep during the day. © ©

M M a a c c m m i i l l l l a a n n / / M M c c G G r r a a w w - H H i i l l l l 10

Reading

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Outline

Life in the Grassland

What is a grassland?

1.

1. A biome that A biome that is covis covered with ered with grass is agrass is a

.

2.

2. Some Some eat eat grass grass as as food.food.

3.

3. Grass Grass can can provide provide from from the the coldcold

and wind.

4.

4. Grasslands that are cold Grasslands that are cold in the winin the winter and wter and warm in the arm in the summersummer

are grasslands.

5.

5. Grasslands that arGrasslands that are warm e warm all year all year areare

grasslands.

6.

6. The The Serengeti Serengeti Plain Plain in in Africa Africa is is a a ..

What adaptations help

grassland plants sur

viv

e?

7

7.. All grasses in All grasses in grasslands grograsslands grow ww well inell in

conditions.

8.

8. The grasses havThe grasses have deep roots e deep roots that wthat work like aork like a

.

9.

9. If a grIf a grassland fire burns tassland fire burns the grass abohe grass above tve the soil, thehe soil, the

survive.

10.

10. The baobab The baobab loses its lealoses its leaves ves during theduring the

season. season. © © M M a a c c m m i i l l l l a a n n / / M M c c G G r r a a w w - H H i i l l l l 11 11 Chapter 1 •

Reading

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Outline

What adaptations help

animals survive in grasslands?

11.

11. Grassland Grassland animals animals have have thatthat

help them survive.

12.

12. Some animals haSome animals have ve special teeth special teeth for eatfor eatinging

.

13.

13. Zebras Zebras eat eat the the of of grasses, grasses, andand

antelopes

antelopes eat eat the the closest closest toto

the ground.

14.

14. Some Some animals animals dig dig in in the the groundground

to hide from enemies.

Summarize the Main Idea

15.

15. How haHow have the tve the teeth of some animals adapted so teeth of some animals adapted so they havhey havee

something to eat in the grassland?

Reading

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Vocabulary

Life in the Grassland

burrows

burrows North North America America Serengeti Serengeti Plain Plain tropicaltropical herds

herds savanna savanna temperatetemperate

Fill in the blanks.

1.

1. The The prairies of prairies of North America North America areare

grasslands.

2.

2. The The is is a a tropical tropical grassland.grassland.

3.

3. In In a a tropical tropical , , grasses grasses may may grow grow upup

to six feet tall.

4.

4. Prairie Prairie dogs dogs dig dig in in the the ground ground toto

hide from enemies.

5.

5. Gazelles Gazelles and and zebras zebras travtravel el in in large large ..

Answer each question.

6.

6. Why Why do fires do fires form regularly form regularly in grasslands?in grasslands?

7

7.. How do How do grasses survive after grasses survive after being eaten being eaten by plantsby plants??

Reading

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Cloze Test

Life in the Grassland

biomes

biomes teeth teeth sponges sponges roots roots soilsoil climate

climate tops tops seasons seasons flat flat survivesurvive

Fill in the blanks.

Grasslands

Grasslands are are that that are are covcovered ered withwith

grass. There are different kinds of grasslands. Temperate grasslands

have

have four four . . TTropical ropical grasslands grasslands have have aa

that is warm all year round.

Because grasslands are dry, the roots of many grasses work

like

like , , soaking soaking up up waterwater. . They They also also storestore

nutrients in their roots. When a fire burns the grasses above the

ground,

ground, the the roots roots below below . . The The dead dead grassgrass

on

on top top becomes becomes part part of of the the and and a a stalkstalk

grows

grows from from the the ..

Many animals eat grasses. Zebras have special

that

that are are . . This This allowsallows

them

them to to bite bite off off the the of of grasses.grasses.

Reading

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Reading

Tinamous

Ana studies the birds of the Pampas. Some of the birds she

studies are called tinamous. Their brown and gray feathers help them

blend in with the tall grass and other shrubs and bushes. This

camouflage helps them hide from predators like foxes and hawks

that eat the birds or their eggs.

Compare and Contrast

•

• Look Look for for similarities similarities and and differencesdifferences

•

• Use Use your your own own experiences experiences to to apply apply to to the the situationsituation

How does Ana find tinamous if they are so well hidden? She

listens for their songs. Each species of tinamou has a different song.

Sometimes she has to sing or play a recording of their song to get

the birds to answer back. It takes time, patience, and a little luck.

The tinamous are hard to see, but their shiny green, turquoise,

and purple eggs really stand out. Ana wants to know why the eggs

are so colorful.

How do you think colorful eggs help the tinamous?

Reading

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Reading

Write About It

Compare and Contrast

Compare and Contrast Ana Ana Luz Luz PorzecanskiPorzecanski

studies tinamous and their eggs. Work with a

partner to compare and contrast the tinamou

with its eggs. Then compare and contrast the

tinamou with another animal you have read

about in this chapter. List way

about in this chapter. List ways the animals s the animals areare

alike and different in a Venn diagram. Then

use your diagram to write a compare and

contrast essay. contrast essay. © © M M a a c c m m i i l l l l a a n n / / M M c c G G r r a a w w - H H i i l l l l 16

Reading

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Outline

Life in the Forest

What is a forest?

1.

1. A A forest forest is is a a biome biome with with many many ..

2.

2. A trA tropical rain fopical rain forest is orest is found near found near thethe

.

3.

3. The climate The climate of a of a tropical rain tropical rain forest isforest is

and .

4.

4. The soil in a The soil in a tropical rain fortropical rain forest is not vest is not very rich in plantery rich in plant

.

5.

5. A A temperate temperate forest forest has has four four ..

6.

6. The soil in The soil in a temperata temperate forest e forest is rich inis rich in

.

What adaptations help

forest plants

survive

?

7

7.. Plants Plants are are adapted adapted to to grow grow towtoward ard ..

8.

8. Many tall trMany tall trees in a trees in a tropical rain forest havopical rain forest havee

roots.

9.

9. TTall all trees trees are are supported supported by by ..

10.

10. Smaller plants that Smaller plants that grow grow under tall trunder tall trees havees havee

that allow them

that allow them to lose extra to lose extra waterwater..

11.

11. Plants on the Plants on the forest floor havforest floor have very large leave very large leaves to es to soak insoak in

. . © © M M a a c c m m i i l l l l a a n n / / M M c c G G r r a a w w - H H i i l l l l 17 17 Chapter 1 •

Reading

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Outline

How do animals survive in a tropical rain forest?

12.

12. The bright cThe bright colors of a poison arrolors of a poison arrow frog ow frog tell its enemies that ittell its enemies that it

is

is ..

13.

13. When a livWhen a living thing imitating thing imitates another living es another living thing it is thing it is calledcalled

.

How do animals sur

viv

e in a

temperate forest?

14.

14. Some animals eat extra Some animals eat extra food in the food in the fall so they fall so they can storecan store

for the winter.

15.

15. SSoomme e aanniimmaalls s oor r ggo o iinntto o a a ddeeeepp

sleep that lasts all winter.

Summarize the Main Idea

16.

16. How haHow have some animals adaptve some animals adapted so theed so they can survive iny can survive in

the forest? the forest? © © M M a a c c m m i i l l l l a a n n / / M M c c G G r r a a w w - H H i i l l l l 18

Reading

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Vocabulary

Life in the Forest

a.

a. buttresses buttresses d.d. deciduous deciduous g.g. large large leavesleaves b.

b. camouflage camouflage e.e. drip drip tipstips h.h. mimicry mimicry c.

c. conifer conifer f.f. hibernate hibernate

Match the description with the correct letter for the adaptation.

1.

1. This allows an animal to blend in withThis allows an animal to blend in with

its environment.

2.

2. These help a plant to soak up more sunlight.These help a plant to soak up more sunlight.

3.

3. This This type type of of tree tree has has tough tough needles needles that that helphelp

it to conser

it to conserve water during the ve water during the winterwinter..

4.

4. These These support support a a tall tall tree tree with with shallow shallow roots.roots.

5.

5. This This is is when when a a mantis mantis is is able able to to look look like like anan

orchid flower.

6.

6. This This is is what what squirrels squirrels do do when when they they sleep sleep allall

winter to store energy.

7

7.. This This type type of of tree tree loses loses its its leaves leaves in in the the fall fall soso

it can conserve energy in the winter.

8.

8. These These help help leaves leaves to to lose lose extra extra rainwatrainwaterer..

Reading

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Cloze Test

Life in the Forest

equator

equator year year adapted adapted hot hot seasons seasons leavesleaves

Fill in the blanks.

A biome that has many trees is a forest. Tropical rain forests are

found

found near near the the . . The The temperature temperature in in aa

tropical

tropical rain rain forest forest is is usually usually all all yearyear. . It It alsoalso

gets about 200 to 460 centimeters of rain each

. Temperat

. Temperate forests e forests havhave foure four

and rainfall and temperature change from

season to season.

In the tropical rain forest, there are many tall trees that block a lot

of the sunlight down below. Plants on the forest floor have

in order to get as much sunlight as they can.

Many

Many of of these these plants plants have have large large to to getget

more sunlight. more sunlight. © © M M a a c c m m i i l l l l a a n n / / M M c c G G r r a a w w - H H i i l l l l 20

Reading

(29)

Outline

Life in the Arctic Tundra

What is an Arc

tic tundra?

1.

1. The The arctic arctic tundra tundra is is a a biome.biome.

2.

2. The arctic The arctic tundra is tundra is located abolocated above ve thethe

.

3.

3. In In the the middle middle of of the the Sun Sun never never rises.rises.

4.

4. During During the the Sun Sun never never sets.sets.

5.

5. A A layer layer of of frozfrozen en soil soil called called prevpreventsents

melted snow from soaking into the ground.

What adaptations help arctic

plants?

6.

6. All plants livAll plants living in ting in the Arctic he Arctic tundra hatundra haveve

or roots.

7

7.. Having tHaving these types of roots allohese types of roots allow plants to w plants to survive in soil survive in soil that isthat is

mostly .

8.

8. Most Most Arctic Arctic plants plants grow grow the the ground.ground.

9.

9. Many plants Many plants grow grow in tight in tight clumps toclumps to

them from the cold and wind.

10.

10. Plants that Plants that have have dark colors dark colors can absorbcan absorb

more easily. more easily. © © M M a a c c m m i i l l l l a a n n / / M M c c G G r r a a w w - H H i i l l l l 21 21 Chapter 1 •

Reading

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Outline

What adaptations help Arct

ic animals?

11.

11. Polar bears and musk oPolar bears and musk oxen haxen have a ve a layer olayer off

or fat.

12.

12. Arctic Arctic animals animals usually usually havhave e bodiesbodies

and

and fur fur than than their their relativrelatives es inin

other biomes.

13.

13. Many ArMany Arctic animals have ctic animals have wide feet that wide feet that keep them frkeep them fromom

.

14.

14. Long, Long, sharp sharp keep keep Arctic Arctic animalsanimals

from slipping and sliding on ice.

15.

15. Canada Canada geese geese and and caribou caribou whenwhen

seasons change.

16.

16. Arctic Arctic animals animals that that eat eat plants plants wherewhere

they can find food more easily.

17

17.. The fur oThe fur of the f the Arctic foArctic fox changes color x changes color fromfrom

so it can blend in with its environment

year round.

Summarize the Main Idea

18.

18. Explain how ArExplain how Arctic plants and animals hactic plants and animals have adaptave adaptations to tions to helphelp

them survive in the arctic tundra.

Reading

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Vocabulary

Life in the Arctic Tundra

Arctic

Arctic tundra tundra hibernate hibernate soggysoggy migrate

migrate temperatures temperatures permafrostpermafrost

Fill in the blanks.

1.

1. The cold The cold biome of tbiome of the far north he far north is called theis called the

.

2.

2. Animals that moAnimals that move south ve south to wto warmer environments in warmer environments in winterinter

.

3.

3. When animals go intWhen animals go into a vo a very deep sleep in the wintery deep sleep in the winter thater that

helps

helps them them conserve conserve energy, energy, they they ..

4.

4. By groBy growing in twing in tight clumps and ight clumps and close to close to the ground,the ground,

the plants are protected from wind and freezing

.

5.

5. In the In the summer the summer the ground ground becomesbecomes

because

because a a layer layer of of prevprevents ents meltedmelted

snow from soaking into the ground.

Reading

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Cloze Test

Life in the Arctic Tundra

cold

cold melts melts roots roots migratemigrate

summer

summer permafrost permafrost clumps clumps blubberblubber

Fill in the blanks.

The arctic tundra is located above the Arctic Circle. It is a

biome. Winters are long and dark. The Arctic

tundra

tundra has has about about six six to to ten ten weeks weeks of of ..

When

When temperatures temperatures get get warm warm enough, enough, snow snow ..

Puddles

Puddles form form on on the the land land because because the the layerlayer

prevents water from soaking into the ground.

About 17,000 different kinds of plants live in the Arctic tundra.

Many

Many havhave e shallow shallow or or no no . . Plants Plants often often grow grow inin

tight

tight . . This This protects protects them them from from the the wind wind andand

cold temperatures.

Arctic animals have also adapted to the climate. Some animals

to warmer places during the Arctic winter.

Other

Other animals animals have have thick thick fur fur or or a a layer layer of of ..

This keeps them warm when the temperatures are freezing.

M M a a c c m m i i l l l l a a n n / / M M c c G G r r a a w w - H H i i l l l l 24

Reading

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Writing

Life in the Arctic Tundra

Read the Writing in Science feature

Read the Writing in Science feature in your textbook.in your textbook.

Wri

te About I

t

Choose two animals that live in the

Choose two animals that live in the tundra. Writetundra. Write

a paragraph in

a paragraph in which you compare and contrastwhich you compare and contrast

them. Use

them. Use words such as like and words such as like and unlike to showunlike to show

how they are similar, yet different.

Getting Ideas

Choose two arctic animals.

Choose two arctic animals. WriWrite their names te their names abovabove the circles.e the circles.

Writ

Write details that show how they are dife details that show how they are different in the outer parferent in the outer part oft of

the circles. Write details that show how they are the same

the circles. Write details that show how they are the same in thein the

part that overlaps.

Animal Animal Animal Animal © © M M a a c c m m i i l l l l a a n n / / M M c c G G r r a a w w - H H i i l l l l 25 25 Chapter 1 •

Reading

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Writing

Drafting

Now wr

Now write the first draft of yite the first draft of your paragraph. our paragraph. Begin with a tBegin with a topicopic

sentence.

sentence. WritWrite sentences e sentences that compare and cthat compare and contrast the twontrast the twoo

animals.

animals. Use details Use details that creathat create a te a vivid vivid picture.picture.

Now revise and proofread your paragraph. Ask yourself:

•

• Did Did I I begin begin with with a a topic topic sentencesentence??

•

• Did Did I I use use details details that that help help my my readers readers picture picture the the animals?animals?

•

• Did Did I I show show how how the the animals animals are are alike alike and and different?different?

•

• Did Did I I use use words words that that compare compare and and contrast, contrast, such such as as likelike

and unlike?

•

• Did Did I I correct correct all all grammar grammar errors?errors?

•

• Did Did I I correct correct all all spelling, spelling, punctuation, punctuation, and and capitalization capitalization errors?errors?

Reading

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Vocabulary

Land Environments

Choose the letter of the

Choose the letter of the best answerbest answer..

1.

1. What is What is another name fanother name for the tor the temperate grassland ofemperate grassland of

North America?

a.

a. arctic tundra arctic tundra c.c. savanna savanna

b.

b. prairie prairie d.d. temperate forest temperate forest

2.

2. An area with An area with certain kinds of living and nonliving things is a(certain kinds of living and nonliving things is a(nn))

a.

a. animal. animal. c.c. climate. climate.

b.

b. biome. biome. d.d. environment. environment.

3.

3. Permafrost is Permafrost is a laa layer yer ofof

a.

a. frozfrozen en soil.soil. c.c. frost frost on on trees.trees.

b.

b. snow. snow. d.d. ice on the ocean. ice on the ocean.

4.

4. Broken Broken down down plant and plant and animal matter animal matter isis

a.

a. environment. environment. c.c. structure. structure.

b.

b. humus. humus. d.d. sand. sand.

5.

5. Savanna is Savanna is found in Afound in Africa, and is another frica, and is another name forname for

a.

a. deciduous forest. deciduous forest. c.c. tropical tropical grassland.grassland.

b.

b. desert. desert. d.d. tropical rain forest. tropical rain forest.

6.

6. A nocturnal animal is A nocturnal animal is an animal that an animal that is active is active duringduring

a.

a. day. day. c.c. summer. summer.

b.

b. night. night. d.d. winter. winter.

Chapter 1 • Adaptations in Land EnvironmentsAdaptations in Land Environments Chapter Vocabulary TestChapter Vocabulary Test

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Choose the letter of the

Choose the letter of the best answerbest answer..

7

7.. A mixture oA mixture of broken f broken down rdown rocks, plant, and animal material isocks, plant, and animal material is

also called

a.

a. carbon carbon dioxide.dioxide. c.c. forest. forest.

b.

b. environment. environment. d.d. soil. soil.

8.

8. If most of tIf most of the trees in a he trees in a forest lose their leaforest lose their leaves during ves during thethe

winter, it is a(n)

a.

a. arctic arctic tundra.tundra. c.c. deciduous deciduous forest.forest.

b.

b. coniferous forest. coniferous forest. d.d. rain forest. rain forest.

9.

9. What What does the does the word word mimicry describe?mimicry describe?

a.

a. a a poisonous poisonous speciesspecies

b.

b. a species with an a species with an adaptationadaptation

c.

c. one species one species eats anoteats another speciesher species

d.

d. one species looks like one species looks like another speciesanother species

10.

10. An animal tAn animal that hibernates hat hibernates is adaptis adapted toed to

a.

a. deserts. deserts. c.c. tropical tropical rain rain forest.forest.

b.

b. cold winters. cold winters. d.d. mimicry. mimicry.

11.

11. In which biome do In which biome do you find tyou find the greatest numbers of he greatest numbers of plantsplants

and animals?

a.

a. coniferous coniferous forestforest c.c. temperate temperate forestforest

b.

b. savanna savanna d.d. tropical rain forest tropical rain forest

12.

12. Arctic Arctic tundra tundra is a is a biomebiome

a.

a. near the near the equatorequator.. c.c. with with trees.trees.

b.

b. above above the Arctic Cirthe Arctic Circle.cle. d.d. without living things. without living things.

Vocabulary

Chapter 1 • Adaptations in Land EnvironmentsAdaptations in Land Environments Chapter Vocabulary TestChapter Vocabulary Test

(37)

Concept Map

Wate

r

Environments

Complete the concept map with the information you learned

about adaptations of living things in oceans and wetlands. Some

answers have been written for you.

B

i

i o o m m

e e s s Plant Plant Animal Animal angler fish angler fish Animal Animal Animal Animal Animal Animal Plant Plant Plant Plant Ocean Ocean Wetland Wetland

E

x

a

m

p

l

e

s

A

d

a

p

t

a

t

i

o

n

s

-clump together -clump together -grow to huge sizes -grow to huge sizes -leaf like structures -leaf like structures

--lightlighted “fed “fishing pole”ishing pole” to attract prey to attract prey Plant Plant mangrove mangrove

--large roots growlarge roots grow above water above water

--floating seeds withfloating seeds with sharp ends

sharp ends

-stand still to hunt prey -stand still to hunt prey -long neck -long neck © © M M a a c c m m i i l l l l a a n n / / M M c c G G r r a a w w - H H i i l l l l 29 29 Name Date Name Date Chapter 2 •

Chapter 2 • Adaptations in Water EnvironmentsAdaptations in Water Environments

(38)

Literature

Dragons of the Sea

Read the

Read the LiteratLiterature feature in ure feature in your textbook.your textbook.

Write About It

Response to Literature

Response to Literature Looking Looking like like seaweedseaweed

keeps leafy sea dragons safe in their

environmen

environment. Why is t. Why is safety important? Dosafety important? Do

special structures help keep you safe? Write a

paragraph about ways you keep safe.

Chapter 2 • Adaptations in Water EnvironmentsAdaptations in Water Environments

sc08_3_se

Contents

Contents

Life Science

Life Science

Earth

Earth Scienc

Science

e

Physical Science

Physical Science

Contents

Contents

LIFE SCIENCE

LIFE SCIENCE

Adaptations in Land

Adaptations in Land Environments

Environments

Contents

Contents

Adaptations in Water Environments

Adaptations in Water Environments

Environments Change

Environments Change

Contents

Contents

EARTH SCIENCE

EARTH SCIENCE

Our Earth, Sun and Moon

Our Earth, Sun and Moon

Contents

Contents

Our Solar System

Our Solar System

Contents

Contents

PHYSICAL SCIENCE

PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Matter

Matter

Energy

Energy

Contents

Contents

Light

Light

Concept Map

Concept Map

Adaptations in Land Environments

Adaptations in Land Environments

Giant Sequoias

Giant Sequoias

Write About It

Write About It

Literature

Literature

Outline

Outline

Living Things and Their Needs

Living Things and Their Needs

Where do living things live?

Where do living things live?

Biomes

Biomes

How do plants get what they need?

How do plants get what they need?

Outline

Outline

How do animals get what t

How do animals get what t

hey need?

hey need?

What helps living t

What helps living t

hings survive in their

hings survive in their

environment

environment

?

?