ancestral state
Comparative morphology and development of extra-ocular muscles in the lamprey and gnathostomes reveal the ancestral state and developmental patterns of the vertebrate head
... the patterns of lamprey EOMs have been known to differ from living gnathostomes (Fig. 1, [30–32]). In the latter, the oculomotor nerve innervates four of the EOMs (med- ial rectus (mr), superior rectus (sr), inferior ...
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Inference of Distribution of Fitness Effects and Proportion of Adaptive Substitutions from Polymorphism Data
... the ancestral state, which is prone to ...the ancestral state (Schneider et ...inferred ancestral state and sites with in- correct ancestral ...
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Female song is widespread and ancestral in songbirds
... Scoring the prevalence of female song . We gave all of the above species one of four scores based on documentation of their vocal behaviour: P ¼female song present, A ¼ female song absent, N¼ no species-specific song or U ...
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Convergent evolution of the ladder-like ventral nerve cord in Annelida
... actual ancestral state recon- structions (for both methods and each character) are provided as Additional file 3: Figure S4 (MP reconstruc- tion) and Additional file 4: Figure S5 (ML reconstruc- ...
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Unique Evolutionary Mechanism in R-Genes Under the Presence/Absence Polymorphism in Arabidopsis thaliana
... this species. The other five loci might be either under P/A in A. lyrata or acquired in A. thaliana after speciation. However, we found no similar paralogs for these five R-P/A on the basis of a conserved NBS region in ...
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Deep Haplotype Divergence and Long-Range Linkage Disequilibrium at Xp21.1 Provide Evidence That Humans Descend From a Structured Ancestral Population
... single male common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) was sequenced from DNA provided by O. Ryder to provide information on the ancestral state of human polymor- phisms. As an additional outgroup, gorilla ...
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Genomes and geography: genomic insights into the evolution and phylogeography of the genus Schistosoma
... happened on at least two separate occasions. The first event occurred when the ancestors of the hip- pos moved across the land bridge between Africa and Asia utilising the large freshwater networks that eventually would ...
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DNA Sequence Characterization and Molecular Evolution of MAT1 and MAT2 Mating-Type Loci of the Self-Compatible Ascomycete Mold Neosartorya fischeri
... the ancestral state of the section Fumigati and the aspergilli as a whole (13, ...the ancestral state was heterothallism, at least in the section Fumigati, based on the following ...conserved ...
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RESOLVING RELATIONSHIPS AT THE ANIMAL-FUNGAL DIVERGENCE: A MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC APPROACH FOR UNDERSTANDING THE ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF THE PROTIST TRICHOMYCETES
... The trees generated were subsequently used as input for ancestral state reconstruction and Bayesian tip-association significance test (BaTS) analyses of six characters relating to the [r] ...
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Inferring the Probability of the Derived vs. the Ancestral Allelic State at a Polymorphic Site
... allele ancestral to the variation at a polymorphic site cannot be assigned with certainty, and that the most frequently used method to assign the ancestral state—maximum parsimony—is prone to ...the ...
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The Ancestral N Terminal Domain of Big Defensins Drives Bacterially Triggered Assembly into Antimicrobial Nanonets
... the ancestral N-terminal domain drove the as- sembly of the big defensin into nanonets in which bacteria are entrapped and ...the ancestral N-terminal domain has been main- tained in diverse marine phyla ...
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Redefining the ancestral origins of the interleukin 1 superfamily
... through ancestral gene duplication ...IL-1R ancestral lineage, suggesting that SIGIRR should be considered a superfamily IL-1R member and not an ancestral family ...
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Robust Estimation of Local Genetic Ancestry in Admixed Populations Using a Nonparametric Bayesian Approach
... between ancestral populations and treat them as ...the ancestral populations and the admixed population jointly in a unified ...the ancestral and the admixed population haplotypes, we employ an ...
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Ancestral area reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2 indicates multiple sources of entry into Australia
... of ancestral reconstructions at internal nodes from the trees identified five (sub)continents as ancestral areas or points of dissemination from which SARS-CoV-2 spread to Australia: Southeast Asia (B), ...
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Chromosome evolution at the origin of the ancestral vertebrate genome
... 10,093 ancestral Olfactores genes to the 17 predicted pre-1R chromosomes (Additional file ...of ancestral genes provides a direct connection to the human genome, through their 8378 human descendent ...its ...
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The Coalescent Process With Selfing
... When the process leaves this state (because the two alleles find themselves in the same ancestral individual), the common ancestral allele is found, and thus the process [r] ...
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Ancestral Lineages of Human Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
... the ancestral origin of the human ETEC population changes frequently, it would complicate efforts to identify new, chromosomally encoded antigens capable of in- ducing protective immune responses against ...
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The “fossilized” mitochondrial genome of Liriodendron tulipifera: ancestral gene content and order, ancestral editing sites, and extraordinarily low mutation rate
... the ancestral angiosperm mitochondrial gen- ...The ancestral angiosperm mitochondrial genome almost certainly contained 41 protein-coding genes, most likely possessed 14 native mitochondrial tRNAs, ...
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Ancestral polymorphisms in Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila miranda
... of ancestral polymorphisms to variability within species and divergence between ...of ancestral polymorphisms within a species, and apply it to a dataset of 33 X-linked and 34 autosomal protein-coding genes ...
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The Effects of Rate Variation on Ancestral Inference in the Coalescent
... once it has “reached stationarity.” There are many heu- 1. Denote the current state by G ⫽ (⌳, T, M). ristic tests for this, none of which is infallible. For a 2. Output the current value of G. critique see Gilks ...
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