wound healing properties

ROLE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS ON WOUND HEALING: It is expected that the number of chronic wounds will increase worldwide due to pathological conditions (Eg: diabetes). Current therapeutic agents have generally inadequate efficacy and number of serious adverse effects; the medicinal plants have been used in medicine since ancient times and are well known for their abilities to promote wound healing. Thus medicinal plants are potent wound healers (9) . The following is the list of plants claimed to be processing wound healing properties. CONCLUSION:

Turmeric (Curcuma longa), a rhizomatous perennial herb has been used from centuries for the treatment of rheumatism, diabetes, skin diseases, protozoal and fungal infections. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), is the main curcuminoid responsible for imparting yellow color. It has caught attention since it is relatively safe, economical and owing to its multifaceted biological effects viz., anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic and anti- infectious effects. Furthermore, wound healing properties of curcumin has received tremendous attention. It accelerates wound healing by exerting its action on various stages of wound repair. This review includes the in-vivo studies on the effect of curcumin. There is sufficient evidence on the wound healing effect of curcumin which provide proof for its positive effect on granulation tissue formation, collagen deposition and wound contraction. Further, the article includes various biomarkers used in the prediction of wound healing and wound infection. Thus, application of curcumin preferably topical application through modulation and optimization of formulation can confirm its therapeutic effects on skin wounds. Identification of a specific biomarker for wound healing could be a innovation in this field and for the treatment of impaired wound healing.

increased levels of antioxidant enzymes (Shirwaikar et al., 2003). Pretreatment with curcumin (a naturally occurring phenolic compound of turmeric) significantly enhanced the rate of wound contraction, increased synthesis of collagen, hexosamine, and nitric oxide and improved fibroblast and vascular densities (Jagetia and Rajanikant, 2004). Methanolic extracts of Ageratum conyzoides, Anthocleista djalonensis, Napoleona imperialis, Ocimum gratissimum, and Psidium gaujava have been evaluated for their antibacterial and wound healing properties. Napoleona imperialis showed 90% wound healing activity in rats along with antibacterial activity (in vitro) (Chah et al, 2006). In vitro antibacterial properties of nine different compounds including vinyl hexylether, shellsol, 2,4-dimethyl hexane, 2-methylnonane and 2,6-dimethyl heptane isolated from the leaf of Tragia involucrate have been studied against Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococcus aureus. The compound vinyl hexyl ether showed a broad spectrum of activity. The highest activity was found in shellsol against Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococcus aureus. Shellsol treated rats showed complete wound healing after 24 days. Histological examination revealed an increase in the fibroblast, revascularization, granulation and thickness of scar tissue after treatment with shellsol as compared to the control (Samy et al, 2006). Arrabidaea chica Verlot extract has been shown to stimulate fibroblast growth in a concentration dependent manner. It increased in vitro collagen production, reduced wound size and moderate antioxidant activity (Jorge et al., 2008).

It is unimaginable to even think of the existence of human race on the Earth without vegetation on it. Right from the beginni ng of the human race, humans depended on plants for their survival. Medicinal plants were the only source of medicine for any ailment. Ayurveda, Unani, and Chinese Ordinary medicine contain statements of medicinal plant description and their use which are the evidences to medicina l plant use. During economic crisis and in less affluent rural areas, the population depends mainly on med icinal plants or traditional medicine and even in urban areas, the population frequently uses this alternative medicine for routine health care and as self -medication against minor and chronic ailments. This traditional/local medicine evolved out from a holistic perspective of human well-being. In the developed countries and more affluent regions, phyto-pharmaceutical therapy is being used as an alternative to biomedicine and also for the treatment of mild and chronic health problems. Wounds are ultimate result of physical disruption of the skin – which is the major hurdle for the infection to establish itself by microbial pathogens in visceral tissues. Infection results when the microbes breach this skin barrier. An intrinsic feature of inflammation is the removal of polluting microbes and fortunately this inflammation also happens to be a routine part of injury recovery process. If for any reason the contaminating microbes are not removed completely, which usually results from ineffective decontamination, t here will be a long standing inflammation.5%w/w simple ointments were prepared from the extracts of Ageratum conyzoides and evaluated for wound healing properties and it was found that these ointments significantly reduced the number of days required for wound contraction and for epithelialization when compared to placebo in excisional wound models of rats.

Objective: The present research article was conducted to study the toxicity profile, antioxidant potential and wound healing activity of ethanolic leaves extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (ELEHR). Materials and Methods: In-vitro antioxidant properties were assessed using DPPH radical scavenging activity, Nitric oxide scavenging activity, and superoxide radical scavenging activity. Acute toxicity was performed to study the general behavioural pattern of mice and sub-acute toxicity studies were performed to study the toxic effects of the test extract on different biochemical and haematological parameters, body and organ weight and histopathology of liver, pancreas and kidney. Wound healing properties was evaluated using excision, incision, dead space and burn wound model. Results: Strong antioxidant activity was recorded in a concentration dependant manner for ELEHR in all three models. The toxicological evaluation of ELEHR revealed that it has a reasonable safety profile as there was no severe alteration. In the evaluation of wound healing properties, ELEHR treated group showed an enhanced wound contraction rate and epithelisation period in both excision and burn wound models, whereas in incision wound model wound breaking strength was significantly increased in extract treated group compared to control. Histology of the skin of healed excised wound also showed restoration to normal architecture in extract treated group. Wound healing activity was further substantiated by enhanced antioxidants and connective tissue markers which were estimated in dead space wound model. Conclusion: Thus ELEHR proved to be effective in wound healing which may be because of strong antioxidant properties and also possesses reasonable safety profile.

Purana Ghrita – Ghrita is one of the most versatile aahariya dravya which can be used in many different ways by all human beings at all times. It also has unique medicinal properties. It is useful in treating physical, psychological & neurological problems. Ghrita is considered very sacred too. Ghrita can be administered in various forms- nasya, akshipuran, abhyanga, basti 25 and pan (internally). It is also useful in healing of the injuries afflicted by weapons, poisons and fire 26 When applied locally, it has excellent wound healing qualities 27 . Purana Ghrita has vrana shodhan & vrana ropan qualities 28 . It softens the edges of everted skin & quickens healing. When used in combination with other medicines, it adds to their efficacy 29 . Ghrita is considered purana when it is more than a year old 30 , as it becomes more purana, its qualities increase multi fold 31 . Purana Ghrita also has rakshoghna qualities 32 i.e. antiseptic in nature.

Wound healing is a complex process, which is generally divided into three phases including the invasion of inflammatory cells, proliferation of tissue-repairing cells, and remodeling of the tissue. The level of wound healing depends upon many factors including wound size, blood supply to the area, foreign bodies presence, microorganisms, age, the health of the patient, nutritional status of the patient, drug usage, and a variation of systemic diseases (5).

The plant C. infortunatum is a rich source of phenolics and flavonoids. Therefore, the presence of these compounds in the plant extracts has exhibited strong antioxidant and wound healing activities. It enhanced contractile property of myofibroblast resulting in the increase of epithelialization. Thiem and Goslinska (2004) have reported that topical application of compounds with free radical scavenging properties in patients have shown to improve wound healing significantly and protect tissues from oxidative damage. The presence of phenolics in C. infortunatum also supports these results as phenolic compounds are known for free radical scavenging property [7].

NO production did not result in a significant decrease in bacterial killing. The in vivo effect in this regard might be largely influenced by several factors, such as the metabolism of the phytochemicals, the activation state of PECs and the complex in vivo environment (e.g. constitutive expression of cytokines, growth factors and hormones (Pruett et al. 2005)). Although inflammatory agents, such as proteose peptone and thioglycollate, are commonly applied to induce an inflammatory response resulting in an influx of strongly activated macrophages into the peritoneum and thus an increased peritoneal macrophage yield, it is unclear as to how and what extent these inflammatory agents affect the functional state of macrophages (Fortier & Falk 1994). On the other hand, lack of an inhibitory effect of orally administered Echinacea alcohol extracts on bacterial phagocytosis and killing by PECs may indicate that Echinacea will not adversely affect these important innate immune functions. To summarize, Echinacea alcohol extracts have a potential anti-inflammatory activity, but this effect was mainly observed in vitro, especially at relatively high concentrations of the extracts. Increased knowledge of the biological properties and the mode of action of the physiologically relevant concentrations of Echinacea alcohol extracts are necessary.

The results of wound healing rate showed that the groups treated with ethanolic extract of Moringa olifera leaves exhibited faster wound healing rate than the group treated with nitrofurazone ointment. Therefore, Moringa olifera leaves extract posses greater wound healing properties than nitrofurazone ointments. Also the content of hydroxyproline calculated in animal groups treated with ethanolic extract of Moringa olifera leaves were higher than those treated with nitrofurazone ointment, hence, indicating that wound healing processes were fasters in these groups. During the healing of wound, collagen is synthesized which is one of the constituents of growing cell. Constituents of hydroxyproline are a measure of concentration of collagen. Higher concentration of hydroxyproline indicates faster rate of wound healing 19 . Also groups treated with Moringa olifera leaves extract showed higher breaking strength than the control and the reference groups indicating higher wound healing effect in these groups. The higher wound healing properties seen in groups treated with Moringa olifera leaves extract may be due to the antimicrobial properties of this plant. The antibiotic properties of Moringa oleifera has been attributed to some of its phytochemicals such as benzyl isothiocyarate and other isothiocynates. These compounds had antibiotic activity against a wide range of bacteria and fungi 4 .

agement of Vrana Ropana and for that selection of proper medicament and / or procedure from Shashti Upakrama is required to be done according to the stage of Vrana. Ashwagandha, having Madhura, Tikta, Katu and Kashaya Rasa which are having good wound healing properties. Vrana Ropana property of Ashwagandha may be due to Sheeta, Guru Guna and Sheeta Virya. Katu Rasa is known for Ruksha, Ushna and Laghu Guna which help to reduce Kapha that causes Kandu (itching) in Vrana. By virtue of its Ruksha, Ushna and Lekhana properties, it helps to reduce hyper-granulation checking growth of the mi- croorganism, removing sloughs and helps to open the channels also.

and polysaccharide content of ethanolic extract of this herb have major contribution in wound healing properties. Formulating wound healing cream from the extract of Acalypha indica Linn would supplement the wound healing products available in the market with new promising biopharmaceutical product with an active wound healing properties that accelerate the wound healing process.

The study aimed to further evaluate the wound healing property of P. nigrum L. using bioassay-guided fractionation method. The ethanolic extract of Piper nigrum L. was fractionated in two stages using column chromatography and preparative reversed phase C18 HPLC, respectively. Significant wound healing properties screened using the scratch wound assay was observed through the cell migration assay in fraction number three (PNE3) out of the 14 fractions, exhibiting 36.7% and 43.8% closure of wound gap within 20 hours at concentration of 0.3 and 1.0 µg/mL, respectively. Sub-fractions which were further fractionated from PNE3 showed comparatively reduced wound healing activity using the same bioassay. The sub-fractions were also compared to Piperine, a major component of P. nigrum L. and the results were comparable. This experimental study revealed that Piperine works together with other compounds in P. nigrum L. to improve wound healing as claimed by those home remedy.

Present study is an attempt to investigate wound healing efficiency of Aloe verajuice on excision wound model.This study was undertaken to evaluate the wound healing properties of Aloe vera, for purpose different conc. of Aloe vera juicewere applied with respect toBetadine on excision wound in albino mice.The effect of Aloe vera juice application on excision wound contraction (area in mm 2 ) in mice was observed on 4 th day, all means vary significantly (p<0.01) with each other. Higher wound contraction was achieved with 5% (137.427±3.454mm 2 ) followed by 25% (85.068±1.872mm 2 ) and 50% (54.583 ±1.904mm 2 ) of Aloe vera juice as compared to Betadine (50.265± 1.798mm 2 ). It is clears that the higher wound contraction area in mm 2 ) was observed in Aloe juice treated wound having maximum with5% (192.523± 2.903mm 2 )followed by 25% (179.118±4.511mm 2 ) and 50%(152.452±15.577mm 2 ) as compared to Betadine (143.842±11.446 mm 2 ) treated group on 16 th day of wound creation. The treated group varied significantly with p<0.01 on 16 th day of wound creation.

shape, size, floor, and margin were recorded in the healing process and till the end of the healing for the progression of granulation, scar type, shape, size, and clinical symptoms. There was significant improvement in the healing process as honey possesses antibacterial, wound cleansing, and wound healing properties, and it showed beneficiary effects. 31

The mucoprotein slime coat often found on fish bodies act as defense against invasion by microbes and other environmental dangers. There is an increase in the incidence and emergence of multidrug resistant microbial strains, which has necessitated the need for newer antimicrobial agents. With this background, the aim of this study is therefore, to assess the antimicrobial effects as well as wound healing properties of mucin isolated from a catfish slime coat. Collection, precipitation with 96% absolute acetone, isolation and preparation of the mucilage from the slime coat of a live catfish was performed to obtain the powdered mucilage or catfish mucin (CM). The antimicrobial effect of the CM was evaluated using the agar dilution technique, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomona aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The wound healing effect of CM was also studied using wound healing excision model in rats. In addition quantitative biochemical analysis of the constituents of the catfish mucin was also performed using standard procedures. The CM exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with an MIC value of 3.0, 3.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 6.0 (all in mg/ml) respectively, with no appreciable activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Biochemical analysis of CM showed the presence of carbohydrates (76.31%), moisture content (10.86%), proteins (7.38%), ash (2.34%), fibre (2.06%) and fats (1.06%) per 100 mg of the mucin. While wound healing study showed that CM reduced wound diameter and increased the rate of epithelialization in the increasing order of 40%, 10% and 20% preparations compared to penicillin G, a standard agent. In conclusion, the catfish mucin, a glycoprotein from the slime coat, exhibited antibacterial activity with bactericidal potentials and possesses wound healing properties.

Bacteria, as we traditionally know them, begin as the single seeds of a planktonic bacterium. They express proteins and structures for motility (flagella) and attachment (fimbriae). Their aim to seed themselves and disperse to different areas, thus exposing widespread areas to their presence and toxicity. In this form, they are susceptible to antibiotics, some antiseptics and the immune system. In acute wounds, bacteria are usually rapidly destroyed or inactivated by neutrophils, antibodies and common wound bed preparations. Bacteria are usually easily identified and cultured. In the chronic wound, however, the bacterium often takes on a different form. Small numbers of these single planktonic bacteria adhere to the surface of the wound by attaching to the exposed extracellular matrix, multiply and develop, over time, into microcolonies.

Night cream or massage creams: These creams are mainly used for the nourishing the skin or as a treatment to dry skin. Creams which are generally applied on skin and left for few or several hours over night are mainly known as night creams. Creams which acts as an emollient by rubbing the cream on the skin with massage is known as massage cream. Skin protective creams: These creams are smooth, thick bodied creams formulated to provide an invisible, uniform protective film barrier to the skin. It helps to maintain the barrier between the skin and contaminants that may irritate the skin (contact dermatitis and occupational dermatitis).Strengthens the natural properties of the skin and maintains the balance of normal to combination skin. Hand and body creams: Hands are one of the first places to show signs of aging. We tend to wash our hand several times a day, stripping offmoisture. Applying cream softens and protects the skin and it keeps the skin looks younger. Since the skin on our palms and fingers needs oil to stay supple and to prevent it from chapping and cracking, it is sensible to use hand creams that puts plenty of oil back in. It is usedon the hands more than other parts of the body.

Acute wound healing in the skin involves the communication of multiple cell types to coordinate keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation and migration for epidermal and dermal repair. Many studies have focused on the interplay between hematopoietic cells, keratinocytes and fibroblasts during skin wound healing, yet the possible roles for other cell types within the skin, such as intradermal adipocytes, have not been investigated during this process. Here, we identify that adipocyte lineage cells are activated and function during acute skin wound healing. We find that adipocyte precursor cells proliferate and mature adipocytes repopulate skin wounds following inflammation and in parallel with fibroblast migration. Functional analysis of mice with defects in adipogenesis demonstrates that adipocytes are necessary for fibroblast recruitment and dermal reconstruction. These data implicate adipocytes as a key component of the intercellular communication that mediates fibroblast function during skin wound healing.

The incision wound model was studied. Under light ether anesthesia the animal was secured to operation table in its natural position. One paravertebral straight incision of 6 cm was made on either side of the vertebral column with the help of scalpel blade. Wounds were cleaned with 70% alcohol soaked with cotton swabs. They were kept in separate cages. The latex was applied at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day for 10 days. The sutures were removed after 8 days, on tenth day the tensile strength was measured by continuous constant water supply technique [7-8].