AGILITY AND QUICKNESS
AGILITY AND QUICKNESS TECHNIQUE:
improved by agility and quickness training. “Research demonstrates that most injuries occur in the transverse plane during eccentric muscle contractions.” 48 This is just a bunch of fancy jargon for an activity such as rotating the body (transverse plane) as you step and bend your joints (eccentric contraction) in an effort to complete a cut in a new direction. This is exactly what you will encounter in agility and quickness training.
Next, we will examine the agility and quickness techniques you need to know and perform in order to be successful and stay injury‐free.
AGILITY AND QUICKNESS TECHNIQUE:
I want to start this section of the chapter off by saying that many of the previous techniques discussed in the “sprinting technique” section will still apply here, along with some new ones. Agility and quickness training still involves a very strong element of linear or straightforward sprinting at certain phases of the drills, so we still need to keep all of those in mind and perhaps revisit them if need be.
Now let’s look at the new techniques specific to agility and quickness.
#1‐Proper Deceleration.
It was not until a couple of years ago that I really started to pick up on this quiet and costly error in movement. Deceleration is simply the ability to slow our moving mass. In the context of agility and quickness training, deceleration becomes a natural and essential function of multi‐directional movement since most athletes are not strong and powerful enough to demonstrate a “Step and Cut,” or stopping on a dime. This is where an athlete barely decelerates at all, decelerates very quickly, and maintains an extremely high level of acceleration created in the current
direction as they go to switch course and change direction. The “Step and Cut” is the ultimate goal for any athlete, and is primarily regulated by, not surprisingly,
POWER! The objective with deceleration training is to decelerate only as much as you need to in order to re‐accelerate in a new direction. This way, you will be moving as fast as possible as you change direction. The way to gauge this is by checking to see if the athlete is under‐decelerating or over‐decelerating during a drill.
Under‐deceleration: Not slowing down enough on your turns which leads to a delay and slower movement.
Over‐deceleration: Slowing down too much or completely stopping on your turns, which leads to a delay and slower movement.
The next question that generally emerges is how do you know if you are committing either of these errors or not? Fortunately, I have been able to identify a quick and easy way to assess if you are committing one or the other, and how to fix it. For under‐deceleration, the runner will either take too few stutter or gather steps, and move too fast when they go to change direction. This creates an
inevitable delay and slower movement. If this is the case, the runner should take a couple of extra‐explosive stutter steps and move a bit slower. If this removes the delay, they were under‐decelerating and you removed the error.
For over‐deceleration, the runner will take too many stutter steps or move too slow before attempting to turn the other direction. If this is the case, the runner should take a couple less stutter steps and move faster before they turn. If this removes the delay then obviously the athlete was over‐decelerating and you removed the error.
Ultimately, you have no exact way of knowing whether one or the other is occurring, so you experiment with both to come to a conclusion as a coach. The goal for every athlete, though, is to minimize deceleration as much as possible by taking the fewest amount of stutter or gather steps, but with no delay on the turn.
You should be practicing and looking for “constant movement” in and out of turns as much as you can. The athlete should look like they are literally maintaining speed, as they move in one direction and then the other. The best movers do this very well.
On a final note, power and strength are very important in being able to prevent under‐deceleration from occurring, and if you were to pick an error to occur it would be this one. This mistake creates a source of overload for the athlete which will stimulate strength and power gains in much the same way a barbell or
dumbbell would in the weight room. The difference here is that the resistance takes the form of increased momentum. As long as the athlete knows how to plant and position their body, and they have spent some time practicing the drills, then faster motion can be tolerated and recommended. After they become more powerful they will be able to “switch” their momentum quicker and re‐accelerate faster in the next direction.
Over‐deceleration is usually more of an awareness issue than anything. Tell the athlete they are slowing down too much and they become aware and fix it immediately. Trying to minimize deceleration when attempting to turn in a new direction requires a tremendous amount of strength and power to be able to move against all of the resistance and momentum you created as you head in a new
direction. Again, this all represents the synergy and influence each training skill has on the other.
#2‐45 degree body angle.
The 45‐degree body angle is going to be key in maximizing your acceleration in an agility and quickness exercise. With this angle you build “gravitational
support” versus an upright position. The 45‐degree angle forces your body to move in the intended direction no matter what. Check out Adrian Peterson exemplifying the 45‐degree body angle.
(Photo courtesy of James Foehl )
Adrian Peterson showcasing the 45‐degree body angle here! This body position improves his leverage by lowering his Center of Gravity and maximizing acceleration out of the cut.
#3‐Plant Foot Positioning.
It does not matter the movement scenario, if you examine the plant foot, you will notice that it is the “outside foot” at “90 degrees” from where the body is going to go. Upon observation and analysis, this occurs almost all of the time if the client possesses proper hip mobility. If we want to move to the right, we will plant our left foot and it will be facing forward at 90 degrees from our destination. Try it. The discrete value of this action would be a specific reference for foot repositioning as you move. With this guideline you know exactly where your plant foot needs to be when you change direction each time. Lastly, the plant foot at 90 prevents
unwanted “pivoting” in movement. Too many times athletes do not position their feet properly, rotate too much, or even too little, and risk injury. Aside from basketball, the pivot is VERY dangerous for the involved ankle and knee. Just remember that you will plant or step with the outside foot, or the foot farthest away from where you will be headed a majority of the time. For example, if you are traveling forward and the drill requires, or you or your opponent decide, to move to your right, then you will plant with your left foot and explode to the right.
Biomechanically, planting off the outside foot allows gravity to support you, and you recruit and use muscles (glutes and hamstrings) that are much stronger and
powerful versus planting and driving off the inside foot (groin/adductors), and it creates a better acceleration angle of the body. There are circumstances where you
will drive off the inside foot, but this is pretty rare. Another benefit of this technique is that your body mass will be that much closer to where you are headed.
#4‐Move your feet
Paraphrasing Lee Taft; it’s easier to move the feet under your mass instead of your mass over your feet when moving in a new direction. This is so true if you try it, and it’s due to the fact that it’s easier to move just the feet and lower body rather than the whole body initially when changing direction.
#5‐Hip Turn
If your foot is in the right position (outside foot at 90 degrees) then the next step is to really open up and use your hips as you go to take your first step in the new direction. The hip turn really sets the stage and feeds energy and effort where we want to go. If you look back at the “Joint by Joint Approach” from the strength section, the hip is mobile and was meant to rotate. The hip contains some of the biggest and strongest musculature in the body, and if we use all of this to our advantage and turn the hips then we will naturally be much stronger and powerful.
#6‐Athletic Stance.
Stance is another big factor for agility and quickness. A proper athletic stance is really just proper posture. You don’t want to be imbalanced in any way and have an unstable foundation when attempting to move in a new direction. Your weight should be balanced through your feet; you should be on the balls of your feet, and you want a slight bend in the knees with the hips back, back straight and
shoulders forward from a lateral perspective. From the front, feet are shoulder width, the athlete should look symmetrical and you should be able to draw vertical lines from the front of their feet, up through their kneecaps and front of their pelvis, up to the shoulder.
Minor League Baseball player Erik Underwood is ready to accelerate in any direction with this proper athletic stance posture!
REHEARSED EXERCISES
Rehearsed agility and quickness exercises are where the drill that is being performed is already pre‐meditated and choreographed for the athlete. The athlete knows exactly what movement they need to perform and where they need to go. It’s a great learning environment to build confidence and master specific agility and quickness techniques that were previously discussed so that the techniques become automatic and ingrained in the athlete’s brain or central nervous system. This type of exercise is a great way to test and measure if the athlete is actually getting
quicker since the test is repeatable. Of course it’s not specific to sport, but it definitely helps get the athlete comfortable and acquainted with agility and
quickness training. Cone drills are a great example of this category of exercise. This type of training is also referred to as “Closed Loop Drills” in certain populations. It means the same thing and refers to the ability to change the drill in action or make a decision is closed. It’s done for you since it’s rehearsed.
REACTIVE EXERCISES
The goal here is to simulate the nature of sport in training environments.
Athletes need to be able to quickly respond to some visual stimulus or cue (partner, verbal command, etc.) and act accordingly. They need unpredictable scenarios and reactive‐based exercises to accomplish exactly this. Reactive drills are simply a progression from rehearsed drills. Practice is great, but if you do not perform well