OLYMPIC LIFTING FOR AN EXPLOSIVE START
HIGH FREQUENCY PLYOMETRICS: LOW FREQUENCY PLYOMETRICS:
performed afterwards (i.e. speed, agility, strength, and power). I use this with my athletes and constantly report greater results than if we omitted this segment.
Next we will broadly examine all of the different plyometric drills you can use to increase speed and power, and then format all of them by listing them into one of two categories. These categories are High Frequency and Low Frequency Plyometrics.
HIGH FREQUENCY PLYOMETRICS: LOW FREQUENCY PLYOMETRICS:
Ankling or stutter step drills Box jump variations
Ladder drills Vertical and horizontal jump tests Lower hurdle/box drills Bounding variations
Jumproping Sprinting Skipping Cone drills‐agility
Hopping Tuck jumps Plyomat drills Drop jumps‐shock plyo Low height pogo jumps High height pogo jumps Lateral barrier jumps Depth jumps‐shock plyo
Two things I want to mention before proceeding. First, this is a list of all available plyometrics that we use, but not every single one of these will be supplied in the exercise index. Consider all of the other types of training, and I could publish a hundred‐plus‐page manual on just the exercise menu alone. I will give you enough to keep you busy for a while and make great gains, and then update the index by inserting more of these drills into my website either via articles or in the video section of the site. In The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research in 2013, Hudgins and his team of researchers performed a study on sprinters, middle distance runners, and long distance runners, and tried to find relationships with their performance and difference jump variations. Their results showed that the vertical jump correlated very well with sprint performance, and the drop jump even more so. Depth jumps and rebounding‐type jumps that are listed in each category I provided you also affected different aspects of sprint performance such as stride length and ground contact time. 62 There is another study from Mero and Komi in 1994. They found that bounding exercises shared a strong relationship to sprinting due to its high power output, short ground contact time and other relevant speed outcome factors. 67
Secondly, all of the plyometrics listed here are very explosive and frequent, but the High Frequency ones get you into absolute “hyper” mode. High Frequency Plyos involve multiple smaller efforts performed as fast as humanly possible, while Low Frequency Plyos consist of a single or multiple higher efforts peformed as fast as possible. They are without a doubt frequent, but their responses are not as
frequent as the HF Plyos. What I’ve found is that HF Plyos focus on the velocity side of the Force‐Velocity Curve as these are “pure” speed based techniques. LF Plyos focus more on the other side of the Force‐Velocity Curve, and incorporate more of a strength component which helps convert the strength you build in the weight room into power. However, both are primary methods for developing high levels of speed relative to all of the strength and power exercises that were covered earlier in the manual. Another reason why I break the plyos down into categories is because it provides a way for me to really manage the collective program better, since there are so many training categories and exercises. The final reason why I feel it is imperative to categorize plyometrics is because each style of plyometric enhances the stretch reflex which I discussed. According to The National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM), there are 3 regulators of how well our reflex will respond when we perform a plyometric. Below are the 3 regulators.
#1‐Time: The less time we take to stretch, the greater the reflex and our speed!
#2‐Magnitude of Stretch: The greater the “amount” of stretch the greater the reflex and our speed!
#3‐Velocity of Stretch: The greater the “speed” of our stretch the greater the reflex and our speed!
If we consider the 2 categories of plyometrics and the 3 regulators, then we have all our bases covered, and we will then get the absolute most out of the stretch reflex that contributes to acceleration and speed. High frequency drills naturally require us to increase the rate or velocity of our stretch. Let’s take jumping rope as an example. As soon as the feet leave the ground into the air they are almost
immediately right back down on the ground again. This enables the potential for a ridiculously high number of foot contacts, and nothing can stretch the target muscle groups with a faster effort or more frequently than HF Plyos. So this category satisfies one of the 3 essential elements that manage our stretch reflex and speed.
Low frequency Plyos satisfy the other end of the spectrum and increase the magnitude of the stretch. Let’s take sprinting as an example here. After we
complete the propulsion phase (aka takeoff ), our body mass picks up momentum and we eventually arrive back down on the track or field again. When impact occurs there is going to be far more magnitude or effort, as we bend our joints and stretch our muscles again in preparation for the next takeoff. This increased magnitude places more effort into the stretch resulting in a faster stretch, and satisfies the second element of the reflex. The third element of time is implied in both of these, as the only way to reduce time is to stretch our muscles faster and harder. So the take home message here is that if you truly want to maximize the potential of your stretch reflex then you had better perform an equal blend of exercises within these
two categories on a regular basis over the long term. The results will be greater acceleration and speed across all movements!
With a majority of the attention being placed on the lower body thus far, I figured we could switch gears for a moment and concentrate some more attention on the upper body. The upper body is of course secondary in priority when it comes to speed training, but still very important nonetheless, as was discussed earlier. A popular contemporary method of upper body plyometrics is “Medicine Ball
Training.” Below are 5 key functions of med ball work.
#1‐Medicine ball training will help promote greater arm drive through increased speed and upper body power.
#2‐Medicine ball training will help convert our upper body strength into usable speed and power in sprinting and other plyometric activities.
#3‐Medicine ball training is safe and very easy to teach to athletes.
#4‐Medicine ball training helps develop a lot of unique speed and power in all areas of our core.
#5‐Medicine ball training will help prevent energy leaks and deceleration from occurring during sprinting.
I will address all of the specifics of proper arm drive in the “sprinting
technique” section of this book, but for now all I will say is that by performing heavy medicine ball throws you will skyrocket your upper body speed and power levels.
Moreover, all of the strength you built in exercises like the bench press, chinup, row variations, military press and hang clean will now be showcased in medicine ball drills. These drills will also do a great job in making sure that as much of your strength as possible is being imparted when the time comes to sprint. In a study conducted by Ignjatovic in 2012 in The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, he found that upper body power levels and strength both improved in young female handball players who participated in medicine ball training. 68. And the last study comes from Szymanski in 2007 from The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 69 He and several other researchers selected 49 high school baseball players and put them into two separate groups. Group 1 was resistance training only, while group 2 performed resistance training and medicine ball
training. Dominant and non‐dominant torso rotational strength and sequential hip‐
torso‐arm strength were measured pre‐ and post‐testing. The second group scored better on all tests, indicating the need for medicine ball training to enhance function
in these areas. There areas are also key for sprinting performance, so medicine ball training should be a part of anyone’s collective speed program.
One of the things I like most about this form of training is that it’s relatively very easy to teach to clients. You really just need a turf, concrete wall or hard surface to throw against, durable med balls, perhaps some pent‐up aggression and then unleash it on the ball! Clients normally love it for this reason. It’s a lot like hitting a punching bag and it has merit on speed development. And we all know how empowering and good that feels sometimes.
Building speed and power in the entire core is actually quite difficult, and medicine ball training does a great job in accomplishing this unique training objective. There are a few areas where we can go wrong in terms of sprinting technique if aspects of our core are weak, so med ball work is a primary way in preventing this problem from happening. This is what I am referring to with the prior statement of energy leaks and resultant deceleration, two things that definitely work against us and makes attaining high speed a much more difficult task. If we have a strong core, it will shine, and we will be much more effective at transferring energy to and from the ground, back and forth through our body as we run.
Ironically, this is the primary role of the core in gross human movement based on its design. More on this later.
SPRINTING
Now I’m quite confident and certain that this is the primary reason that a majority of folks would be reading this book. Soon we will explore all of the
techniques and principles that make you an effective sprinter, provide you an edge against competitors in your respective sport, or just get you faster from a
recreational or fitness standpoint.