OLYMPIC LIFTING FOR AN EXPLOSIVE START
SPRINT START SETUP
#5‐Many athletes will be tested and measured in a 3‐ or 4‐point stance at some point in their athletic career.
SPRINT START SETUP
Pro baseball player Scott Underwood demonstrating a perfect 3-point start setup!
After studying the science and art of the start setup for years, I’ve identified that you can simplify the setup process and tune in to 7 functions to optimize positioning for a better start. These functions are arm support, hip height, neutral spine, stance width, stance length, knee angles, and distance from the starting line.
With these techniques you can mentally create a checklist in your head each time you set up to start before a run. After you have addressed each technique, you will know you are in the best position to accelerate off the start.
Arm support is the first technique we will review. I like to work from the head back to the feet, addressing each technique in between along the way. Also these specific rules will apply to both a 4‐point (track start) and 3‐point (football start) stance if you are curious. Which one you choose is up to you, and based off preference or what your sport requires. There are 3 potential positions or progressions for arm support, and it’s ultimately based off the power level of the athlete. Weak athletes will have a “negative” arm ratio where the shoulder is positioned slightly behind the hand or hands. Average athletes will have the shoulder directly above the hand, and very strong athletes can really lean out and have the shoulder slightly in front of the support hand creating a “positive” arm ratio. Ideally, we are trying to get every single athlete who sprints in the third advanced arm support setting. This position places our COG (Center of Gravity) way
out in front of us, making balance much harder as we transition into our first step out of the start. It’s definitely a Catch‐22, though. The same thing that can cause us to lose balance also prompts greater reaction and power from the body. You will never come out of the start as fast as you can without this technique. It’s just very hard to master. Stumbling, standing up too soon, and lateral compensation steps are very common errors here that serve as signs as to whether the current progression of arm support is too advanced or not. Lateral compensation step is a fancy term for side stepping. This cheat technique enables the foot to touch down quicker, so we can maintain our balance and keep from face‐planting on the running surface. Let’s discuss the 4‐point stance briefly. If you are operating out of a 3‐point stance, then do not concern yourself with what I’m about to say. But for a 4‐point, the distance between your hands is important. There is progression for these as well. At level 1 the hands are directly below the shoulders, and level 2 the hands are slightly outside the shoulders. Level 2 lowers your mass and enables a lot more potential
momentum and velocity to be created from the knees, hips, and spine.
Hip height is the next essential characteristic to create a more effective sprint start setup. To keep things simple, you want your hips just above the level of your shoulders. 9 out of 10 athletes will place their hips parallel and even below the knees when they first set up to sprint. I’m guessing that this is due to weaker hips, quad dominance, and a more comfortable position. We often seek the path of least resistance and low hips provide just that. The last thing that we should be in our starting setup is comfortable. This does not promote as much of a power response or launch off the start, which we want. Research suggests that placing your hips 6‐
12 cm above your shoulders is ideal. 89
Neutral spine is imperative in your setup to be able to recruit all of the power muscles of your lower body and torso. These are the glutes, hamstrings, and spinal erectors mostly. If the back is round, not only does this strain our back more and predispose us to various injuries, but it removes all of the stored energy and tension in the glutes and hamstrings, decreasing our drive out of the start. You saw the effects of proper posture in the sprinting technique section, and the same thing applies here. A simple and effective cue for setting the spine is “butt and chest out.”
This should straighten the spine at all segments and remove all risk.
Stance width is pretty simple, and regulates the “Direction of Force
Application” out of the start. If our feet are positioned at the width of our shoulders creating vertical lines through our shoulders, hips, knees, and ankles then we will produce all of our effort back and down, which is the ideal combination of force (vertical and horizontal) type to accelerate us forward the fastest. If your feet are wider or narrower than shoulder width, then part of the force will be expressed in a direction that does not support forward motion. This should be an easy technique to achieve.
Stance length or feet spacing is a specific technique we need to become proficient at in order to be more successful. Many reports indicate that a “medium start” is the best. Basically, there are 3 variations of stance length on the start:
bullet, medium, and elongated start. The difference between each start type is the longitudinal distance between the toes. This is referred to as the “toe‐to‐toe distance.” 90
The bullet start crams the feet together and creates a quicker but less forceful response from our muscles. With this start, the front heel is directly even with the toes of the back foot. The toe‐to‐toe distance is 25‐30cm. 90 Although the athlete exits the start quicker, he will not experience as much drive potential from the legs in comparison to the other 2 stance types, resulting in poorer acceleration response.
The elongated start removes a lot of the production of the rear foot since it’s so far behind the front foot, with the toe‐to‐toe distance 60‐75cm. 90 There is not as much collective effort from both feet on the pushoff. Furthermore, the back foot is not only inhibited some, but it’s farther back than the other two types and it will take longer for that first step to occur. Both of these factors result in poorer acceleration. For a proper elongated start, the knee of the rear leg needs to even with the heel of the front foot.
The medium start then becomes the victor by default. It provides the proper amount of leg drive and stance length which allows for faster acceleration, and removes the disadvantages associated with the first two stance types. The proper cue for this start is to bring the knee of the rear leg even with the middle of the front foot. Toe‐to‐toe distance is 40‐55cm. 90 Below is a chart that was created from a study in 1963 that showed the greatest number of fast starts originated from a medium start style. 91 You may question the fact that the study was conducted exactly 50 years ago, but there were other studies since then that confirm the original findings. 92 93
Table 2: Number of Fastest Sprints Made from Three Starts
Yards Sprinted Bunch Start Medium Start Elongated Start
10 5 17 6
20 7 16 5
30 11.5 10 6.5
40 9 13.5 5.5
50 12.5 13.5 2
Totals 45 70 25
Adapted from Sigerseth and Grinaker (1963)
Proper knee angle is the next technique. According to the research, ideal front knee angle is approximately 100 degrees, and ideal rear knee angle is 135 degrees. 93 94
The last remaining technique is the Distance from Start Line. This is a method referred to as WSM Method (Winkler, Seagrave, and Mann) Method. With this approach you place the toes of the front foot 2 feet from the starting line, and the toes of the rear foot 3 feet from the starting line. This approach may place you in a medium start and lock in proper foot positioning for maximal acceleration out of the start, but not in every case. Try it, but if the knee of the rear leg is not even with the middle of the lead foot, readjust yourself until you get there.
On a final note, I would like to share one more study from Mero in 1983 that was conducted on a series of male sprinters with times ranging from 10.8 sec + or – 3 tenths of a second in the 100‐meter dash. 95 In the table below you will see the spectrum of various joint angles recorded in the study that showcase how each should be positioned for maximal acceleration out of the start. Please note that I randomly selected 3 of my trainees and had them set up in the start according to the general guidelines listed earlier and measured each joint with a goniometer. All 3 of the trainees satisfied the ranges below except for the front ankle angle. This table is pretty impractical and thankfully runs parallel with the previously mentioned start position recommendations.
Table 3: Values of the Best Sprinters in "Set" Position
Measures Values *(Mero et al, 1983)
Front Ankle Angle (q1) 115 ± 9°
Rear Ankle Angle (q4) 106 ± 8°
Front Knee Angle (q2) 111 ± 9°
Rear Knee Angle (q5) 134 ± 14°
Front Hip Angle (q3) 41 ± 14°
Rear Hip Angle (q6) 80 ± 13°
Angle of the Trunk (q7) 29 ± 9°
Angle of the Arms(q8) 106 ± 7°
Height of the Centre of Gravity (h) 0.605 ± 0.037m Horizontal distance of Centre of Gravity (f) 0.189 ± 0.089m