BIBLIOGAPHICAL NOTES

Bibliographical notes are made for several purposes: (a) to have the complete bibliographical information available for each reference that may contribute to a research study, (b) to facilitate the relocation of the reference in the library at a later time, (c) to preserve a brief record of the general nature and value of a reference, and (d) to have the information necessary for constructing a formal bibliography or list of references.

For each source, you will write a bibliography card. The bibliography cards will be used when you decide to write the reference(s) list of your research report. Here again, you should use 10 × 15 cm cards. Use hanging/dangling indentation. The bibliographical information that you

write down on the bibliography cards should go by the conventions of APA style presented in foregoing chapters. This will save time and effort when you want to prepare the final report of your research project. Figures 6.1. and 6.2. give you an idea of what the front and back sides of a typical bibliography

Figure 6.1. Schematic representation of the front side of a typical bibliography card

card will look like:

To help you relocate the reference quickly, the following information should be placed on the card: (a) the library call number, (b) the name of the library if you patronize more than one, and (c) the room, department, division, or section that houses the reference—if the library utilizes the open system. It is a good strategy to place the library call number of the source at the upper left corner of the card. The name of the library (and also the section of the library) should be placed at the upper right corner of the card. These pieces of information will save time and effort if you need to retrieve the source from the library at a later time.

Bibliographical note should be written here after APA style.

Call Library name, Section and Number shelf number

After using several references, the research worker may become confused about what information is in the various volumes. Writing very brief notes on the back of the bibliographical card will help you recall what contributions the reference may make to your study.

The notes that you place at the back of a bibliography card will include information of various kinds. They can focus on such topics as:

the nature of the source the scope of the source

the chief strengths of the source special features of the sou

ef weaknesses of the so

e numbers of the most pertinent topics in the source If your supervisor asks you to compile an annotated bibliography, for the final research report, these notes will provide you with much useful information (See figure 6.2.).

the the chi the pag

rce urce

Figure 6.2. Schematic representation of the back side of a typical bibliography card

Specific notes about the source that can be used for Your major note about the source:

Topic 1 Topic 2 Etc.

Page numbers for topic1 Page numbers for topic 2 Etc.

compiling an annotated bibliography entry for the source.

Figures 7.1. and 7.2. are an example of an actual bibliographical note written after the conventions of writing bibliographical notes as

Figure 7.1. Front of bibliography card for a source

Figure 7.2. Back of the same bibliography card

delineated by figures 6.1. and 6.2.

Gives appropriate examples of conditions of threat Cites pertinent bibliography

Provides operational definitions for key terms etc.

Excellent review of literature (1921-1963) on: Conditions of threat

Control

pp. 23-31 pp. 33, 37-39 Pervin, L. A. (1963). The need to predict and

ns of threat. control under conditio

Journal of Personality, 31, 570-587.

913.32 Torqabah University Library J173m Section D, Shelf 24

Some libraries utilize the open system, some others the close system. In an open-system library, you are allowed to walk between the shelves and retrieve the books, journals, etc. yourselves, which can then be checked out of the he close system, by way of contrast, you cannot reach the sources yourselves. You have to write the call numbers of the sources on pieces of paper (that are usually placed near the c ogues by the em to the librarian. The librarian will then retrieve those sources from the shelves and let you check them out. Most Iranian libraries follow the close system.

To economize on time and effort, establish efficient bibliographical note-taking habits. Screen references so as

to avoi ibbling

partial letters,

class notes, or any available scrap of paper. Scattered, fragmentary notes that are written on assorted sizes of paper are easy to lose, difficult to relocate and file, and hard to interpret.

Copying each reference in full, once and for all, on a separate standard- s

ng bibliographical information will not be necessary.

Before compiling your bibliography, investigate the form and content of the entries that you will be required to use in the final report. Different professors, institutions, and publishers establish style standards that vary slightly. If they do not have their own style manual, they require that scholars conform to some other recognized style manual—very often APA style, and sometimes MLA style.

If you form the habit of recording bibliographical notes in conformity with a recommended style manual, you can type the final bibliography directly from these cards without reorganizing the data. This practice eliminates the tedious task of shifting items on cards and avoids the errors that may creep into a bibliography during the recopying process. Always carry sample style cards for a book, periodical, and newspaper

library at the circulation desk. In t

ard catal library staff) and give th

before copying a single item d accumulating many useless cards. Refrain from scr bibliographical information on notebook covers, backs of

ize card or sheet of paper is a prudent practice. Cards are more durable and easier to handle, to sort, and to file than lists of sources on sheets of paper. A 10 × 15 cm card is convenient to carry, but some researchers prefer larger or smaller cards. If you keep a few blank cards in your purse or pocket at all times, recopyi

with you and refer to these samples when you write bibliographical notes. To save time and to eliminate errors, you may prefer to purchase printed bibliographical cards or to m blanks for required items.

If you keep a style manual accessible while working, you can check the correct bibliographical form when special problems arise, such as how to write up the entry when an organization is the author; when a pseudonym or when the article copies from book, or a newspaper. When ble, copy all the essential informat these items in accordance with the approved style before you include them in the formal report.

Before taking a single note from a reference, make out a bibliographical card neatly and legibly in ink. Proc ation for books from t ok. After completing

number. When you are fin notation at the lower right corner of the front of the re 7.1

With this strategy, no doubts concerning the accuracy of the bibliographical cards will arise later. The extra minutes expended in recording bibliographical information accurately is time well invested, for car earching for missing

cards. M on an entry may force you to m e has been checked out by another person, a return trip and more wearisome waiting at the circulation desk will be necessary.

After collecting a number of bibliographical notes, one must organize t betical arrangement by authors' surnames—or the first important word of the title if there is no

imeograph cards that provide

is used; when a translator or editor is noted; an encyclopedia, a chapter of a year you do not have a style manual availa ion from the reference; reorganize

ure the inform he title page rather than from the cover of the bo

the task, check carefully whether you have omitted any necessary data— an item, word, letter, punctuation mark, or number—and check the correctness of the spelling, punctuation marks, and call

ished, make an "OK"

card (as shown in figu . above).

eless errors may later cause you to spend hours s

nd retyping entire bibliographical items, recopying cards, a

erely omitting the pages covered by an article

ake a special trip to the library, and if the volum

hem into some meaningful order. An alpha

author given—proves satisfactory in most studies. Some research workers file their bibliographical cards under subject headings and then sort them alphabetically by authors' surnames. They make out duplicate

or cross-reference cards for a work that is used in more than one section of their final research report, annotating its usefulness for each of section at the back of the cards. In some studies, researchers classify cards under primary and secondary sources; under types of references, such as books, periodicals, and pamphlets; or under the chronological arrangement.

Because elaborate filing systems are cumbersome, experienced writers

s of information for almost instant future access. The

ade available in

when it is not. There are several species of plagiarism.

employ simple systems. Two such systems are (a) mechanical key sort systems, and (b) computer storage.

Mechanical key sort systems can be used to classify extensive notes obtained from reviews of the literature. The key sort system consists of cards with a number of holes in all four margins, a filing cabinet and thin steel rod. When the cards are filed, designated holes are punched out of them indicating specific topics; later when notes relating to a specific topic are needed, the steel rod is pushed through the designated hole of the entire file of cards. Those cards which have the designated hole opened will fall from the stack of cards and the others will be retained. The use of key sort cards eliminates the need to alphabetize or otherwise organize the cards in the file to assure ready access.

With the development of computer storage systems, a means is available to store many item

system has been used for accounting and inventory control purposes. It can provide a means for storing information gathered from very extensive surveys of the literature. Items of information gathered from library research can be coded and fed into a computer. When the information is needed at a later date, certain instructions can be fed into the machine and the desired information can be m

printed form almost immediately.

3. PLAGIARISM

Closely related to library research is the notion of plagiarism. The term plagiarism is used to refer to the act of stealing original ideas of others and presenting them as one's own original ideas without identifying their sources. The plagiarist is the student or scholar who leads readers to believe that what they are reading is the original work of the writer—