Reports from a Document and Deposit Service (e.g., NTIS, ERIC,

etc.) other than U.S. government may take the following form: Tandy, S. (1980). Development of behavioral techniques to control

hyperaggressiveness in young children (CYC Report No. 80-

3562). Washington, DC: Council on Young Children. (NTIS No. P880-14322).

Gottfredson, L. S. (1980). How valid are occupational reinforcer pattern

scores? (Report No. CSOS-R-292). Baltimore, MD: Johns

Hopkins University. Center for Social Organization of Schools. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 182 465)

2.7. ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Electronic correspondences, such as e-mail or discussions on bulletin boards or discussion groups, is regarded by APA style as personal communication (like phone conversations or memos), because it is not recoverable by others. Such instances of personal communication are cited only within the text and not on the reference page. For citing personal communications in the text, give the initials and surname of the author and provide as exact a date as possible. Take this example:

Example 1: R.W. Runyon (personal communication, April 18, 1993) Example 2: (M. Kohel, personal communication, June 28, 1993)

However, if the information is, in fact, retrievable, the following elements are necessary for the reference page:

Author, I. (date). Title of article. Name of periodical : (On-line), xx.available: specify path

The date should be the year of publication or the most recent update. If the date of the source cannot be determined, provide the exact date of your search. Take the following example:

Sosteric, M. (1996). Electronic journals: The grand information future?

Electronic Journal of Sociology: (On-line), 4 (1). Available:

http://www.sociology.org/content/vol004.001/sosteric.html

The path information should be sufficient for someone else to retrieve the material. For example, specify the method used to find the material: the protocol (Telnet, FTP, Internet, etc.), the directory, and the file name.

Do not end the path statement with a period.

In the following sections, examples of different types of sources, and how they should appear in the reference list, are provided. Please understand that commas, periods, underlined and italicized words, etc. are vital in listing references. So, follow them closely.

Online journals, FTP

Funder, D.C.(1994, March). Judgmental process and content: Commentary on Koehler on base-rate [9 paragraphs] Pscyoloquy [Online serial]. 5(17). Available FTP: Hostname:princeton.edu Directory: pub/harnad/Psycholoquy.94.5.17.base-rate.12.funder

Online articles (WWW)

Klein, Donald F. (1997). Control group in Pharmacoptherapy and psychotherapy evaluations. Treatment, I. Retrieved November 16, 1997 from the World Wide Web: http://www.apa.org/treatment/vol1/97_a1.html

On-line journals, subscriber-based

Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. (1993. October 2). Central vein occlusion study of photocoagulation: Manual of operations [675 paragraphs]. Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials [On-line serial]. Availabe: Doc No. 92

2.8. ABSTRACTS

Abstracts are the short synopses of long research reports that appear in one-paragraph or one-page formats. Very often they can be retrieved from online sources. Some libraries provide CD-ROMs or Microfilms that contain abstracts. Within brackets, identify the source: (e.g., [CD- ROM] or [Microfilm]). Citing reference to abstracts requires specific skills. The following examples will help.

On-line abstract

Meyer, A.S., & Bock, K.. (1992). The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partial activation? [On-line]. Memory & Cognition, 20. 715-726. Abstract from: DIALOG File: PsychINFO Item: 80-16351

Abstract on CD-ROMs

Bower, DL. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics of referring and nonreferring supervisors [CD- ROM]. Abstract from: Proquest File: Dissertation Abstracts Item: 9315947

2.9. PAMPHLETS AND BROCHURES

In reference to pamphlets and brochures, treat pamphlets created by corporate authors in the same way you would treat an entire book written by a corporate author. Do not forget to identify your resource as [Brochure] or [Pamphlet] within brackets. The following example will help you write your references to pamphlets and brochures.

The Writing Center of Capital Community-Technical College. (1997).

Writing: the goal is variety (4th ed.) [Brochure]. Hartford, CT:

2.10. UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

Unpublished materials are usually housed by college and university libraries. The often-referred-to materials of this kind are masters' theses and PhD dissertations.

Dissertations

When you have used the actual dissertation (usually from the shelves of the University where it was written, sometimes obtained through interlibrary loan), the reference will look like:

Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard

Wilbur. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of

Connecticut, Storrs.

Dissertation abstracts

When you have used an abstract of the dissertation found on microfilm in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI), your reference may take the following form:

Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Wilbur. Dissertation Abstracts International, 44(02), 221A. (University Microfilms No. AAD44-8794)

For masters' theses, do the same thing. This time, you will use the phrase "Unpublished masters' thesis" in the reference instead of the phrase "Unpublished doctoral dissertation."

3. BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Bibliographies are alphabetical lists of books and articles dealing with specific subjects or general areas of study; for example, the Cambridge

Bibliography of English Literature. Although they contain no facts

themselves, bibliographies are the most complete references of where to find the facts. Most are annotated with notes about each item to indicate special qualities or usefulness.

You are seldom asked to write bibliographies because the reference list of your research report should normally include only reference to the

items you actually used in your study. However, your supervisor or university may require that you prepare a bibliography in addition to the list of references of your report. If so, notice that the points discussed in sections 2 through 2.10 above must be observed.