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~
㠊V㞚㍲㠊V㞚㍲Functions
The clausal conjunctive ~㠊/㞚㍲ expresses two things. First, it indicates a cause-and-effect relation between two actions or states, equivalent to “so”
or “because/since” in English. In other words, it is used when the action and/or state of the first clause provides a cause or reason for the action and/or state of the main clause. Consider the following example:
⍞ⶊG ₆ㄦ㍲G ⲪⰂ䞲䎢G 㩚䢪䞮ἶG 㧞㠊㣪. “(I) am so glad, so (I) am making a phone call to Mary.”
The state of the first clause ₆㊮┺ “glad” gives a reason for the action of the main clause 㩚䢪䞮┺ “make a phone call.” Consider another example:
㣪㯞㦢G㌞⼓㠦G㫆ₛ㦚G䟊㍲G㞚䂾㠦Gザ㣪. “(I) jog at dawn nowadays, so (I) am busy in the morning.”
Notice that the action of the first clause (e.g., 㫆ₛ㦚G 䞮┺ “jog”) is the reason for the state of the main clause (e.g., ㊮┺ “busy”). Here are more examples:
Ṗỿ㧊G⍞ⶊG゚㕎㍲GⴑG㌂㣪. “The price is too expensive, so (I) cannot buy (it).”
┺㦢G㭒㠦G㔲䠮㧊G㧞㠊㍲Gザ㣪. “(I) have a test next week, so (I) am busy.”
Second, ~㠊/㞚㍲ links two chronologically ordered actions or events without implying any cause-and-effect relation between them. Its English translation is equivalent to “and then.”
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Clausal conjunctives (reasons and cause)
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䞯ᾦ㠦G Ṗ㍲G ㍶㌳┮㦚G Ⱒ⋶G Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will go to school and then meet the teacher.”
In the example above, ~㠊/㞚㍲ indicates that the action of the first clause Ṗ┺ “go” occurrs before the action of the main clause Ⱒ⋮┺
“meet.” Here are more examples:
⺇䢪㩦㠦G Ṗ㍲G ㌳㧒G 䃊✲⯒G ㌊G Ệ㡞㣪? “Will (you) go to the depart-ment store and then buy a birthday card?”
㌂ὒ⯒G₣㞚㍲Gⲏ㦒㕃㔲㡺. “Eat the apple after peeling (it).”
㡺⓮G 䞒䎆G 㰧㠦G Ṗ㍲G 㩖⎗㦚G ⲏ㦣㔲┺. “Today, (let us) go to Peter’s house and then eat dinner (there).”
Forms
~㠊/㞚㍲ is a two-form ending: ~㞚㍲ is used after a predicate stem that ends in 㞚 or 㡺, whereas ~㠊㍲ is used after a predicate stem that ends in all other vowels.
Verb ~㠊V㞚㍲㠊V㞚㍲
Ṗ┺ “go” Ṗ㍲ (contracted from ṖG+G㞚㍲)
㺔┺ “find” 㺔㞚㍲
Ṗ⯊䂮┺ “teach” Ṗ⯊㼦㍲ (contracted from Ṗ⯊䂮G+G㠊㍲)
⹕┺ “believe” ⹕㠊㍲
Adjective ~㠊V㞚㍲㠊V㞚㍲
㫡┺ “good” 㫡㞚㍲
₆㊮┺ “happy” ₆ㄦ㍲ (₆㊮G+G㠊㍲) Copula ~㠊V㞚㍲㠊V㞚㍲
㧊┺ “to be” 㧊㠊㍲V(㧊)⧒㍲
㞚┞┺ “not be” 㞚┞㠊㍲V㞚┞⧒㍲
Notice that the combination of ~㠊/㞚㍲ with the copula 㧊┺ has two forms: 㧊㠊㍲ and (㧊)⧒㍲. The negative copula, 㞚┞┺, also has two forms: 㞚┞㠊㍲ and 㞚┞⧒㍲. The use of (㧊)⧒㍲/㞚┞⧒㍲ is more common than that of 㧊㠊㍲/㞚┞㠊㍲.
䞲ῃG㌂⧢㧊⧒㍲/㧊㠊㍲ “since (I) am a Korean”
㏢ἶ₆⧒㍲/㡂㍲ “since (it) is beef”
䞲ῃG㌂⧢㧊 㞚┞⧒㍲/㞚┞㠊㍲ “because (I) am not a Korean”
㏢ἶ₆ṖG㞚┞⧒㍲/㞚┞㠊㍲ “because (it) is not beef”
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~㠊V㞚㍲
Restrictions
~㠊/㞚㍲ is subject to two restrictions. First, it is not conjugated for the tense. Consider the following example:
㩖⎗㦚 㞞 ⲏ㠊㍲ ⺆ἶ䕶㠊㣪. “(I) did not eat dinner, so (I) was hungry.”
Notice that the past tense is not marked in the first clause (e.g., 㞞 ⲏ㠊
㍲) but in the main clause (e.g., ⺆ἶ䕶㠊㣪). Here are more examples:
Ὃ⯒ Ⱔ㧊 䟊㍲ h ⯒ 㞮㠊㣪. “(I) studied a lot, so (I) received an A.”
ザ㍲ 㰧㠦 ⴑ Ṫ㠊㣪. “(I) was busy, so (I) could not go home.”
㟓ῃ㠦G ✺⩂㍲G 㞚㓺䞒Ⰶ㦚G ㌖㠊㣪. “(I) bought aspirin after stopping at the pharmacy.”
⌊㧒㧊G㞚⻚㰖G㌳㔶㧊⧒㍲ Ἵ 㰧㠦 ☢㞚㢂 Ệ㡞㣪. “Tomorrow is (her) father’s birthday, so (she) will return home soon.”
☞㧊 㠜㠊㍲ 䕢䕆㠦G 㞞G ṞG Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) do not have money, so (I) will not go to the party.”
Second, when ~㠊/㞚㍲ indicates a cause-and-effect relation, it can-not be used for the imperative and/or propositive sentences, as shown below:
OvP ⲎⰂṖG 㞚䕢㍲G 㟓㦚G ⲏ㔋┞┺. “(My) head aches, so (I) take medicines.”
OvP ⲎⰂṖG 㞚䕢㍲G 㟓㦚G ⲏ㔋┞₢? “Do (you) take medicines, since (your) head aches?”
OP ⲎⰂṖG 㞚䕢㍲G 㟓㦚G ⲏ㦒㕃㔲㡺. “Take medicines, since (your) head aches.”
OP ⲎⰂṖG㞚䕢㍲G㟓㦚Gⲏ㦣㔲┺. “(Let us) take medicines, since (our) heads ache.”
However, when ~㠊/㞚㍲ is used to link two chronological actions or states, it can be used for any sentence type, as shown below:
ⰾ䞮䎊㠦G Ṗ㍲G ぢ⪲✲㤾㧊G ⷺ㰖䅂㦚G ⽒G Ệ㡞㣪. “(We) will go to Manhattan and then see Broadway musicals.”
㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩㠦G Ṗ㍲G ㌊G Ệ㡞㣪? “Will (you) go to the supermarket and then buy (it)?”
㡺⩢㰖⯒G㞑㠊㍲Gⲏ㦒㕃㔲㡺. “Wash the orange and then eat (it).”
㰧㠦GṖ㍲G㧊㟒₆䞿㔲┺. “(Let us) go home and then talk.”
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The clausal conjunctive ~(㦒)┞₢Gis used to specify a reason for the main clause, and it can be translated as “since,” “so,” and “because” in English.
~(㦒)┞₢ is a two-form ending: ~㦒┞₢ is used after a predicate stem that ends in a consonant, and ~┞₢ is used after a predicate stem that ends in a vowel.
The function of ~(㦒)┞₢ is similar to that of ~㠊/㞚㍲G since both provide a cause or reason for the action and/or state of the main clause.
However, there are three differences between these two conjunctives.
First, the reason and/or cause provided by ~(㦒)┞₢ sounds more specific than those given by ~㠊/㞚㍲. Second, while ~㠊/㞚㍲ “because/
since/so” must be used only for declarative and interrogative sentences,
~(㦒)┞₢ may be used for any sentence type, as shown below:
OvP 䄺䞒Ṗ ⥾Ệ㤢㍲ 㻲㻲䧞 Ⱎ㕃┞┺. “Since the coffee is hot, (I) drink (it) slowly.”
OvP 䄺䞒Ṗ ⥾Ệ㤢㍲ 㻲㻲䧞 Ⱎ㕃┞₢? “Do (you) drink the coffee slowly because (it) is hot?”
OP 䄺䞒Ṗ ⥾Ệ㤢㍲ 㻲㻲䧞 Ⱎ㔲㕃㔲㡺. “Since the coffee is hot, drink (it) slowly.”
OP 䄺䞒Ṗ ⥾Ệ㤢㍲ 㻲㻲䧞 Ⱎ㕃㔲┺. “Since the coffee is hot, (let us) drink (it) slowly.”
OvP 䄺䞒Ṗ ⥾Ệ㤆┞₢ 㻲㻲䧞 Ⱎ㕃┞┺. “Since the coffee is hot, (I) drink (it) slowly.”
OvP 䄺䞒Ṗ ⥾Ệ㤆┞₢ 㻲㻲䧞 Ⱎ㕃┞₢? “Do (you) drink the coffee slowly because (it) is hot?”
OvP 䄺䞒Ṗ ⥾Ệ㤆┞₢ 㻲㻲䧞 Ⱎ㔲㕃㔲㡺. “Since the coffee is hot, drink (it) slowly.”
OvP 䄺䞒Ṗ ⥾Ệ㤆┞₢ 㻲㻲䧞 Ⱎ㕃㔲┺. “Since the coffee is hot, (let us) drink (it) slowly.”
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~ⓦ⧒ἶ
Third, ~(㦒)┞₢ is conjugated for the tense, while ~㠊/㞚㍲ is not, as shown below:
OvP 㠊㩲G ⌊ṖG ㍺Ệ㰖 䟞㦒┞₢ 㡺⓮G ⍺ṖG 䟊. “Since I washed dishes yesterday, you do (it) today.”
OP 㠊㩲G ⌊ṖG ㍺Ệ㰖G 䟞㠊㍲G 㡺⓮G ⍺ṖG 䟊. “Since I washed dishes yesterday, you do (it) today.”
OvP ⌊㧒G 㞚䂾G 㧒㹣G ⽊㓺䏺㦒⪲G ⟶⋶G Ệ┞₢G 㧒㹣G 㧷㔲┺. “(Let us) sleep early, since (we) will leave for Boston tomorrow early morning.”
OP ⌊㧒G 㞚䂾G 㧒㹣G ⽊㓺䏺㦒⪲G ⟶⋶G Ệ㠊㍲G 㧒㹣G 㧷㔲┺. “(Let us) sleep early, since (we) will leave for Boston tomorrow early morning.”
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ⓦ⧒ἶⓦ⧒ἶThe clausal conjunctive ~ⓦ⧒ἶ is a one-form ending, and it means “as a result of/because of.” Similar to ~㠊/㞚㍲ and ~(㦒)┞₢, ~ⓦ⧒ἶ expresses that the action of the first clause is the reason or cause for the main clause.
However, there is a subtle meaning difference between ~ⓦ⧒ἶ and
~㠊/㞚㍲ (or ~(㦒)┞₢). The clause with ~ⓦ⧒ἶ generates a negative implication that the action of the main clause is performed at the expense of the action of the first clause. In other words, it indicates that the action of the first clause leads to the undesirable action of the main clause.
Consider the following example:
G㌞G䅊䜾䎆GỢ㧚㦚G䞮ⓦ⧒ἶG䞯ᾦ㠦 ⴑ Ṫ㠊㣪. “(I) could not go to school because of playing computer games all night.”
Notice that the action of the first clause with ~ⓦ⧒ἶ contributes to the undesirable action of the main clause (e.g., could not go to school).
~ⓦ⧒ἶ is subject to more restrictions than ~㠊/㞚㍲ and ~(㦒)┞₢.
First ~ⓦ⧒ἶGcannot be used for imperative and/or propositive sentences.
Second, it must be used only with verbs. Third, it is not conjugated for the tense. Finally, the subject of the ~ⓦ⧒ἶ clause must be the same with that of the main clause.
⓼Ợ 㧒㠊⋮ⓦ⧒ἶ 㞚䂾㦚 ⴑ ⲏ㠊㣪. “(I) cannot eat breakfast because of getting up late.”
䎪⩞゚㩚㦚G⽊ⓦ⧒ἶG㩚䢪Gⴑ 䟞㠊㣪. “(I) could not make a phone call, because of watching TV.”
⍞ⶊ ゾⰂ ọⓦ⧒ἶ 㰖ṧ㦚 ⟾㠊⥾⪎㠊㣪. “(I) dropped (my) wallet because of walking too fast.”
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