~
⓪V⓪V(㦒)චG╖⪲චG╖⪲~⓪/(㦒)ච ╖⪲ means “as soon as” or “in accordance with.” It is the combination of the noun-modifying ending ~⓪ (for a verb stem) or ~(㦒) ච (for an adjective stem) and the noun ╖⪲ “according to/the same/just as.”
㰧㠦 ☚㹿䞮⓪G ╖⪲ 㩚䢪䞮㎎㣪. “Give (me) a call as soon as (you) arrive home.”
㔲䋺⓪G ╖⪲ 䞮Ỷ㠊㣪? “Will (you) do according to (what I) ask (you to do)?”
⋶㝾Ṗ 㫡㞚㰖⓪G╖⪲ 㔲㧧䞿㔲┺. “(Let us) begin as soon as the weather becomes better.”
㭒⓪G╖⪲Gⲏ㠞㠊㣪. “(I) ate whatever (she) gave (me).”
⋶㧊G ⓪G ╖⪲G ⟶⋶ Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will leave as soon as the dawn breaks.”
䞮ἶG㕌㦖G╖⪲G䞮㎎㣪. “Do as (you) like to do.”
ⲏἶG 㕌㦖G ╖⪲G ⲏ㦚 㑮 㧞㠊㣪. “(You) can eat as much as (you) like to eat.”
~(
㦒)චG䤚㠦චG䤚㠦~(㦒)ච 䤚㠦 means “afterward” or “later.” It is the combination of the noun-modifying ending ~(㦒)ච, the noun 䤚 “after,” and the particle 㠦.
㞚䂾㦚 ⲏ㦖G 䤚㠦 ⽊䐋 䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㎪㣪. “(I) usually drink coffee after having breakfast.”
㰧㠦 ☢㞚㡾G 䤚㠦 ㌺㤢⯒ 䟞㠊㣪. “(He) took a shower after coming back home.”
㞚䕢䔎⪲ 㧊㌂⯒G 䞲G 䤚㠦 ㌞ ㏢䕢⯒ ㌖㠊㣪. “(We) bought new sofas after moving in to the apartment.”
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~⓪VO㦒PචG 㻯V㼊䞮┺
㏦┮㧊 ☢㞚ṚG 䤚㠦 ㍺Ệ㰖⯒ 䞶 Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will do the dishes after guests return.”
㑯㩲⯒ ┺ 䞲G䤚㠦 㤊☯䞶 Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will exercise after doing all (my) homework.”
The use of noun, such as ┺㦢 “next” or ⛺ “behind” (instead of 䤚), indicates a similar meaning, as shown below:
Z ὒ⯒ 㧓㦖G ┺㦢㠦 [ ὒ⯒ Ὃ䞮㕃㔲㡺. “After reading chapter 3, study chapter 4.”
㤊☯㦚G䞲G┺㦢㠦G⽊䐋G㌺㤢⯒G䟊㣪. “After exercising, (I) usually take a shower.”
㡗䢪⯒G⽎G⛺㠦GṦ㌗ⶎ㦚G㝆㎎㣪. “After seeing the movie, write a reac-tion paper.”
~⓪V
⓪V(㦒)චG㻯V㼊䞮┺චG㻯V㼊䞮┺~⓪/(㦒)ච 㻯/㼊䞮┺ means “pretend.” It is the combination of the noun-modifying ending ~⓪ (for verbs in the present meaning) or ~(㦒)ච (for verbs in the past meaning; for adjectives/copulas in the present meaning), the noun 㻯(or 㼊) “pretence,” and the verb 䞮┺ “do.”
~⓪G㻯V㼊䞮┺
⁎⎖ṖG⋮⯒G⳾⯊⓪G㻯䞿┞┺. “She pretends that (she) does not know me.”
㠚ⰞṖ ☢㞚㡺Ⳋ 㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ䞮⓪G 㻯䞶G Ệ㡞㣪. “When (my) mom returns, (I) will pretend that (I) study hard.”
ἶ₆Ⱒ ⲏ⓪G 㻯䞶G Ệ㡞㣪? “Will (you) pretend that (you) eat only meat?”
㩖⯒ 㞚⓪G㼊䞮㰖GⰞ㎎㣪. “Do not pretend that (you) know me.”
㏢䕢㠦㍲ 㧦⓪G 㻯䞮㕃㔲㡺. “Pretend that (you) are asleep on the sofa.”
ⰻ㭒⯒ ⴑG Ⱎ㔲⓪G 㻯䞿㔲┺. “(Let us) pretend that (we) cannot drink beer.”
~O㦒PචG㻯V㼊䞮┺
㡊㕂䧞 Ὃ䞲G㻯䟊㣪. “(He) pretends that (he) studied hard.”
䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㔶G㻯䞿㔲┺. “(Let us) pretend that (we) drank coffee.”
㡗䢪⯒ 㞞 ⽎G 㻯䞶G Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will pretend that (I) did not see the movie.”
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⁎ ⓪ ⓮ 䟟⽋䞲G㻯䟊㣪. “As for that couple, (they) always pretend to be happy.”
䂲ῂ✺㦚G Ⱒ⋮ⳊG 㔂䝞G 㻯䞮㎎㣪. “When (you) meet (your) friends, pretend that (you) are sad.”
⳿㧊G㞚䝞G㻯䟞㠊㣪. “(I) pretended that (my) throat was sore.”
ἶⰞ㤊G㻯䞶GỆ㡞㣪. “(We) will pretend that (we) are grateful.”
㰖⩆䞲G㻯䞶GỆ㡞㣪? “Will (you) pretend that (you) are diligent?”
㑮㧪㧊G 䃦⋮┺G ㌂⧢㧎G 㻯䟊㣪. “Susan pretends that (she) is a Canadian.”
~⓪G⧢㠦
⓪G⧢㠦~⓪ ⧢㠦 is the combination of the noun-modifying ending ~⓪, the noun
⧢ “wind,” and the particle 㠦. It means “as a result of/because of,”
and the effects for which ~⓪ ⧢㠦 is used are generally negative and incidental. Consider the following example:
⓼Ợ 㧒㠊⋮⓪G ⧢㠦G 䞯ᾦ㠦 ⴑ Ṫ㠊㣪. “(I) could not go to school because of getting up late.”
Notice that ~⓪ ⧢㠦 indicates the cause (e.g., getting up late) for the negative or unpleasant consequence of the main clause (e.g., could not go to school). Here are more examples:
㰧㦚 ㌂⓪G ⧢㠦 ☞㧊 㠜㠊㣪. “(I) do not have money as a result of buying the house.”
゚Ṗ Ⱔ㧊 㡺⓪G⧢㠦 ⼧㤦㠦 ⴑ Ṫ㠊㣪. “(I) could not go to the hos-pital because (it) rained a lot.”
㍲⚦⯊⓪G⧢㠦 㹾 ㌂ἶṖ ⌂㠊㣪. “(I) had a car accident because (I) hurried up.”
㡊㐶⯒ 㧙㠊G ⻚Ⰲ⓪G ⧢㠦 㟓㏣㦚 ⴑ 㰖䆆㠊㣪. “(I) could not keep the promise because (I) lost the key.”
~
⓪V⓪V(㦒)චGộ㧊┺චGộ㧊┺~⓪/(㦒)ච ộ㧊┺ is used to give an account of events or states of affairs.
It can be translated as “the fact is,” or “what happened is that.” This form is the combination of the noun-modifying ending ~⓪ (for verbs in the present meaning) or ~(㦒)ච (for verbs in the past meaning or for adjec-tives/copulas in the present meaning), the dependent noun ộ (or Ệ for colloquial usage) “fact/thing,” and the copula 㧊┺.
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~O㦒PඥG ㄪ䟞┺
~⓪Gộ㧊┺
㞺✲⮮ṖG 㧊㓺G ₆䌖⯒G 䂮⓪G Ệ㡞㣪. “The fact is that Andrew plays the base guitar.”
㧊㩲䎆 ⰺ㧒 ⥆⓪G Ệ㡞㣪. “The fact is that (we will) run everyday from now on.”
~O㦒PචGộ㧊┺
㠮Ⰲ㧦㓺ṖG 䞒㞚⏎⯒G 䂲G Ệ㡞㣪. “The fact is that Elizabeth played the piano.”
㡺⓮G ⋶㝾ṖG ➆⦑䞲G Ệ㠦㣪. “The fact is that today’s weather is warm.”
㧻⹎ṖG㞚⯚┺㤊GỆ㡞㣪U “The fact is that roses are beautiful.”
◆┞㠮㧊G䞲ῃG㌂⧢㧎GỆ㡞㣪. “The fact is that Daniel is a Korean.”
~(㦒)ඥGㄪ䟞┺
ඥGㄪ䟞┺~(㦒)ඥG ㄪ䟞┺ is the combination of the noun-modifying ending ~(㦒) ඥ, the noun ㄪ “almost/about to,” and the verb 䟞┺ “did.” ~(㦒)ඥ ㄪ䟞
┺ indicates that some events almost happened. It corresponds to “almost”
or “to be nearly” in English.
⋶㝾ṖG㿪㤢㍲GṦ₆㠦GỎⰊGㄪ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) almost caught a cold, since the weather was cold.”
Ὃ䟃㠦G⓼ỢG☚㹿䟊㍲G゚䟟₆⯒G⏩䂶Gㄪ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) almost missed the flight, since (I) arrived in the airport late.”
㠊㩲G₎㠦㍲G㑮㧪䞮ἶGⰞ㭒䂶Gㄪ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) almost ran into Susan on the street yesterday.”
䞒Ἲ䟊㍲G 㞚䂾㠦G ⴑG 㧒㠊⋶G ㄪ䟞㠊㣪. “(I) almost could not get up in the morning for (I) was tired.”
~(
㦒)ඥG➢ඥG➢~(㦒)ඥ ➢ means “when.” It is the combination of the noun-modifying ending ~(㦒)ඥ and the noun ➢ “time/occasion.”
㔲䃊ἶ⪲ ⟶⋶G➢ 㹾⪲ Ṟ Ệ㡞㣪. “(We) will go by car, when (we) leave for Chicago.”
⺆Ṗ 㞚䝢G➢ 㧊 㟓㦚 ⲏ㠊㣪? “Do (you) take this medicine, when (your) stomach aches?”
⪲㎮㦚G㠦G⋮ṞG➢G㠒Ὴ㠦G⯊㕃㔲㡺. “Apply the lotion on (your) face, when (you) go outside.”
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㔲Ṛ 㧞㦚G ➢ 㡆⧓䞿㔲┺. “(Let us) contact (them) when (we) have time.”
⋶㝾Ṗ 㫡㦚G ➢ Ὃ㤦㠦 Ṗ㎎㣪. “Go to the park, when the weather is good.”
⋶㝾Ṗ ➆⦑䞶G➢ ╍Ṗ㠦㍲ 㑮㡗䞿㔲┺. “When the weather is warm, (let us) swim at the beach.”
㕇⁖㧒G ➢G 㡂䟟㦚G Ⱔ㧊G 䞮ἶG 㕌㠊㣪. “While (I) am a single, (I) want to travel a lot.”
㞚㰗G 䞯㌳㧒G ➢G Ⱔ㧊G ⺆㤆㕃㔲㡺. “Learn a lot when (you) are still a student.”
There are two things to remember when using ~(㦒)ඥ ➢ with verbs in the past tense. When only the main clause is conjugated for the past tense, the action of the ➢Gclause co-occurred with that of the main clause.
Consider the following example:
Ⓤ㣫㔲㠦G ṞG ➢G ⻚㓺⯒G 䌪㠊㣪. “Going to New York City, (I) took a bus.”
Notice in the example above that the action of the first clause “going”
co-occurred with the action of the main clause “taking the bus,” and the tense is marked only in the main clause. However, when both clauses are conjugated for the past tense, the actions of both clauses do not co-occur:
The action of the first clause happened prior to that of the main clause.
Consider the following example:
Ⓤ㣫㔲㠦GṪ㦚G➢G㑮㧪㦚G㻮㦢GⰢ⌂㠊㣪. “When (I) went to New York City, (I) met Susan for the first time.”
Notice that the first clause “going to New York City” happened prior to the action of the main clause “meeting Susan.” Here are more examples:
㧒⽎㧎 䂲ῂ䞮ἶ ╖䢪䞶G ➢ 㧒⽎㠊⯒ 䟞㠊㣪. “Conversing with (my) Japanese friend, (I) talked in Japanese.”
☚㍲ὖ㠦 ṞG ➢ 㰖䞮㻶㦚 䌪㠊㣪. “Going to the library, (I) took a subway.”
㧒㦚 ⊳⌒G➢ 㩚䢪䟞㠊㣪. “Finishing (my) work, (I) called (her).”
䕢Ⰲ㠦 Ṫ㦚G➢ ⋶㝾Ṗ 㿪㤶㠊㣪. “When (I) went to Paris, the weather was cold.”
゚䟟₆Ṗ Ὃ䟃㠦 ☚㹿䟞㦚G➢ 㧊⹎ ㌞⼓㧊㠞㠊㣪. “When the airplane arrived in the airport, (it) was already dawn.”
䞮㢖㧊㠦GṪ㦚G➢G㠊ⓦG䢎䎪㠦G㧞㠞㠊㣪? “When (you) went to Hawaii, at which hotel did (you) stay?”
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