'Large' Irreducible Pure Forecast Errors for Commodity Outputs
Table 33a: Key results for AccStrucSMD
1. Why did the model erroneously give poor prospects to PetNgExplor ?
PetNgExplor had a USAGE error of 42% versus the smaller trend forecast error of 9%; hence it was situated well above the 45 degree line. The key results for this commodity and its main users (NatGas and Crude) are shown in Tables 36a and 36b. These industries use PetNgExplor to create capital to expand future production. The actual outcome for PetNgExplor output (x0dom) was a 43.4% expansion over the 1998‐2005 period. This followed 45.8% growth from 1992‐1998. The extrapolated trend was therefore a further 55% expansion versus the USAGE forecast of an 18.0% contraction. Table 37 shows the main users, cost structure and other information of interest of the 1998 database used in the forecast. The following observations can be made:
Virtually all output was sold to investors (97%) (Section 3 of Table 37).
There were two main buyers; Natural Gas (52.3%) and Crude Petroleum (46.6%) (Section 4b of Table 37).
There were no imports or exports (Section 3 of Table 37).
Labour was by far the main input cost (Section 6b of Table 37).
To understand the key drivers behind the erroneous forecast there must be an examination of the Natural Gas and Crude Petroleum industries’ expected rates of return (lev_eror) and subsequent investment (y). Over the period 1992‐1998 investment in NatGas increased by 139.5%, while investment in Crude rose 47.6% (see Table 33b). This drove the 45.8% rise in PetNgExplor output during that period. In 1998, the capital‐weighted average expected rate of return for all industries was 8.9% – for NatGas and Crude it was 1.8% and 1.1%, respectively. With growth rates of 16.0% predicted for NatGas and ‐9.5% for Crude, USAGE translated the low expected rates of return into a vast slowdown in the pace of investment overall across those two industries for the 1998‐2005 period. In fact, investment was predicted to be negative in the Crude Petroleum industry. This led the model to incorrectly forecast an 18.0% contraction in output for PetNgExplor.
In reality, there was a huge spike in natural gas prices (p0dom increased 317.4%) as the industry was starting to benefit from market deregulation in the early 1990s. This led to stronger than expected investment in NatGas (y rose 75.4%). Crude petroleum prices rose stronger still – up 371.2% – which led to a 65.1% increase in investment as opposed to the predicted contraction of 7.1%.
Table 37: The key attributes of PetNgExplor in 1998
2. Macro perspective
Most of the discussion in the section relating to AccStructSMD applies here, except the focus is on exploration rather than development. As has been discussed, it is not easy to forecast commodity cycles without the expertise of dedicated outlook providers. Again turning to the EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook for 1998 (published December 1997), it is found that total U.S. energy consumption was projected to increase 26 percent by 2020 from its 1996 level.59 Looking at petroleum and natural gas, the EIA was predicting:
“Petroleum: World average crude oil prices rise in the reference case to $22.32 per barrel (1996 dollars) in 2020. Global demand reaches 117 million barrels per day (up from about 71 million barrels per day in 1996). U.S. crude oil production declines 1.1 percent per year to 4.9 million barrels per day in 2020, while demand for petroleum products grows 1.2 percent per year. The share of petroleum consumption met by net imports rises from 46 percent in 1996 to 66 percent in 2020.
Natural gas: The average wellhead price of natural gas rises to $2.54 per thousand cubic feet as demand increases by 1.6 percent per year. Production increases 44 percent to 27 trillion cubic feet and net imports rise more than 80 percent to 4.9 trillion cubic feet in 2020. Consumption by electricity generators more than triples, to over 10 quadrillion Btu in 2020, as does the natural‐gas‐fired share of electricity generation (excluding cogenerators), which reaches 31 percent in 2020.”60
The forecasts were then updated in the Annual Energy Outlook for 1999 (published December 1998):
“The AEO99 reference case projects U.S. average wellhead prices of natural gas to rise 0.8 percent per year on average through 2020, reaching $2.68 per thousand cubic feet ... In this environment of declining or modestly increasing energy prices ... Natural gas consumption rises 1.7 percent per year...with the greatest gains occurring in the electricity generating sector, where the natural gas share expands from 14 percent to 33 percent by 2020. Petroleum consumption increases 1.2 percent per year, led by continued growth in transportation demand.”61
3. Conclusion
The EIA forecasts can hardly be interpreted as being bullish. In addition, Figure 16 shows the trade data for the main users of PetNgExplor. In particular, falling import demand for Natural Gas and Crude Petroleum can be seen. From a trade balance perspective, exports were relatively insignificant for both industries.62 Figure 17 shows that crude oil prices were trending downward throughout 1997 and 1998 and prior to this crude oil had traded within a relatively narrow band. Overall, Figures 16 and 17 indicate that the key users of PetNgExplor were faced with lower prices and weakening demand. It is likely that the modeller would have been satisfied with a weak forecast
59
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/plugs/plaeo98.html, visited 9 September 2009.
60
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/plugs/plaeo98.html, visited 9 September 2009.
61 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/plugs/plaeo99.html, visited 9 September 2009.
for the commodity. Figure 18 shows the sharp reversal in oil prices post‐1998. Overall, it would be unlikely that the modeller could have produced a better forecast.
‐40 ‐20 0 20 40 60 ‐8000 ‐4000 0 4000 8000 12000 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
%
$m
Trade Data ‐Natural Gas
Value of imports Value of exports %chg Imports %chg Exports
‐40 ‐20 0 20 40 60 80 ‐25000 ‐12500 0 12500 25000 37500 50000 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
%
$m
Trade Data ‐Crude Petroleum Imports
Value of imports %chg Imports
Figure 16: 1992‐1998 – U.S. trade by the Natural Gas industry and Crude Petroleum imports
$5.00 $10.00 $15.00 $20.00 $25.00 $30.00 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 West Texas Intermediate ‐Spot, Daily, USD
Figure 17: Crude oil prices from 1 January 1992 to 31 December 1998 via NYMEX
$5.00 $15.00 $25.00 $35.00 $45.00 $55.00 $65.00 $75.00 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 West Texas Intermediate ‐Spot, Daily, USD
Figure 18: Crude oil prices from 1 January 1999 to 31 December 2005 via NYMEX
PetNgDrill → Petroleum & Natural Gas Well Drilling (SIC 138)
138: Oil And Gas Field Services
• 1381 Drilling Oil and Gas Wells – Establishments primarily engaged in drilling wells
for oil or gas field operations for others on a contract or fee basis. This industry
includes contractors that specialize in spudding in, drilling in, redrilling, and
directional drilling.
• 1382 Oil and Gas Field Exploration Services – Establishments primarily engaged in
performing geophysical, geological, and other exploration services for oil and gas on
a contract or fee basis.
• 1389 Oil and Gas Field Services, Not Elsewhere Classified – Establishments primarily
engaged in performing oil and gas field services, not elsewhere classified, for others
on a contract or fee basis.
Table 38a: Key results for PetNgDrill
Table 38b: Key results for NatGas and Crude