FOOTNOTES TO CHAPTER EIGHT

1, The Imperial Animal, page 240,

2, For a detailed study of the residents' perception of city neigh­ bourhoods, see Kevin Lynch, The Image of the City,

3, On this point, see the treatment in Tiger & Fox, The Imperial Ani­ mal, chapter 5 ^

4, For example, the flightless cormorant cited by Eibl-Eibesfeldt in Ethology, For other examples of gift-giving in modern societies, see Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Ethology, chapter 20; for gift-giving with respect to mating in human societies, see Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Love and Hate, For other examples of gift-giving in animals with respect to mating, see Tinbergen, The Herring Gull's World,

5, Further explanation of this point is contained in Morris The Naked Ape", Ardrey^The Social Contract and Tiger & Fox, The Imperial Ani­

mal,

6, For a devastating review of inequalities in modern China, see Rob­ ert Schuettinger's (1976) article in Feulner, China - The Turning Point,

7, Eibl-Eibesfledt, Love and Hate; for a similar theme, see Lionel Tiger, Men in Groups.

8, Duverger, The Political Role of Women, 9, Quoted in Tiger, Men in Groups.

10, It is also interesting to note that as of the time of writing there has never been a female member of the Soviet Politburo, a woman

President of the United States, or female Prime Minister of the Un­ ited Kingdom.

11, On this subject, see N.T.Dodge, Women in the Soviet Economy, 12, Mugdock (1937).

13, Margaret Mead and Francis Kaplan, Report of the President's Commis- slon on the Status of Women.

14, Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, quoted by Goase (1976),

15, Hume, Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, section 4,

1 6, 'Manhood' is correct. Initiation ceremonies are much more frequent as marks of male commencement of adulthood, or of male membership in clubs and societies,

1 7, A certain part of human knowledge, like the skills which Oakeshott calls 'irrational knowledge' in his Rationalism in Politics, cannot be transmitted from one person to the next. See also chapter 12.

18, For example, in Asche (1956), For a more detailed review .-of this work, see Brown, Social Psychology. Also interesting in this con­ nection is the work of Milgram (1967) showing the remarkable tend­ ency of human beings to follow authority,

19. Waddington argues forcefully that evolutionary selection has left children as eager orthodoxy-accepters in The Ethical Animal «» 20. See Spitz (I968),

21. John Bowlhy, Attachment and Boss : Attachment, page 28,

22. One exception is the armed forces of Israel; in this case, however, certain of the enemy have religious proscriptions against killing females. It is interesting how the natural tendency not to haxm females, which is of functional value to a group, becomes dysfunc­ tional under these circumstances,

23. Hirschfeldt, The Sexual History of the World Warp At the time of writing, women have only just qualified as pilots in the U.S. Air Force, Even so, they are forbidden from active combat duty,

24. One notable exception is that of animals in zoos or enclosures where retreat is impossible.

25. One can imagine that the pilot of a bomber plane would probably find himself unable to kill the same number killed by his cargo if he had to do it with his bare hands or at close range. The natural inhib­ itions upon such actions are, as Hume says, "so rooted in our con­

stitution and temper, that without entirely confounding the human mind by disease or madness, *tis impossible to extirpate and des­ troy them." (Treatise, Book III Part I, Section II). '

26. For an excellent account of the limitations of the human mind in military matters (which, it is argued, results from this rift be­ tween our technology and our natural inhibitions), see Dixon, On The Psychology of Military Incompetence.

27. See Harding (1972),

28. Where territory belongs to the group in a primitive society, com­ munal dwelling may indeed be the case. The crowded conditions of

eskimo. houses, however, are forced on them because of the cold con­ ditions, where close living helps to conserve body heat. Where communal dwelling is found under other conditions, it is usually discovered that each family has its own particular 'space* within the dwelling-hut and that the boundaries between them are respected. (See, for example, Lévi-Strauss, 1944),

29. See, for example, Hobhouse's description of a number of different |

peoples (1966). I

30. G .D ,Darlington, The Evolution of Man and Society, chapter 3#

31. See Murdock, Social Structure, and Fox, Kinship and Marriage, chapter 2,

32. On the importance of kinship terminology on incest-avoidance, see Condominas (1973)•

33. For this view see Slater (1959) 1 Sussman (1972).

34. Persuasive evidence on this is contained in Wolf (1966,1970),

35. The classical exposition of the Westermark hypothesis is stated in

160

Westermarck, The History of Human Marriage. Freud's view is con­ tained in Totem and Taboo,

360 See below, chapter 11,

37. Cf. Rapeport & Ghammah, Prisoner's Dilemma.

38, For example, the many studies in Macaulay & Berko wits, Altruism and Helping Behaviour. Cf. also references cited in Wright, The Psychology of Moral Behaviourq

39. See discussion in Trivers (l97l). 40. Morris, The Naked Ape.

41. Eibl-Eibesfeldt reviews such inhibition mechanisms in chapter 20 of his book Ethology. The 'lovable' characteristics of small children are also shared by other small mammals, which may explain their attractiveness to us.

• y.

Chapter 9