2.4. WELLBEING 92
2.4.6. Measuring Wellbeing in Developing Countries 105
Development interventions seldom attempt to measure subjective wellbeing and to link outcomes from the intervention to changes in perceived quality of life. A key question however, embedded in the act of intervening to improve quality of life, is the extent to which an intervention to increase objective wellbeing will impact the happiness of members of the community involved in the intervention. The dominant logic appears to assume there will be a positive correlation, or at the very least the intervention will not undermine the subjective wellbeing of the community.
There have been few significant studies of subjective and objective wellbeing in rural communities in developing countries. The most comprehensive study undertaken to date of wellbeing in developing countries which has focused on rural communities, is the series of
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studies currently being undertaken by the ESRC Research Group30 at the University of Bath ‘Wellbeing in Developing Countries’. The research program encompasses a range of studies of poverty, inequality and quality of life in poor countries and has completed several qualitative studies examining happiness. The program is grounded in Doyal and Gough’s Theory of
Human Need (1991), which is related to, but separate from, the Capability Approach. The Theory of Human Need seeks to provide a ‘universalisable’ conception of needs within an explicit critique of cultural relativism (Gough, McGregor, & Camfield, 2007, p. 13). The theory is a thorough working through of the basic needs approach and has a significant normative and prescriptive component.
Reports from studies published to date (Camfield, Choudhury, & Devine, 2006; Jongudomkarn & Camfield, 2005; Royo & Velazco, 2006) indicate that, whilst respondents evidence strong subjective wellbeing, this is primarily associated with family relationships, strong social lives and health, rather than income. In Thailand, the perceived economic position of the household relative to other households is also associated with higher subjective well‐being (Royo & Velazco, 2006). Camfield, Choudhury and Devine (Camfield et al., 2006), report similar findings from Bangladesh. The Bangladesh findings are particularly important as they highlight that the tenuous relationship between household income and subjective wellbeing extends to monetising rural communities in developing countries. Despite widespread chronic poverty, Bangladeshi respondents report high levels of subjective wellbeing. It is questionable whether adaptation alone can account for this. However the most important influences on quality of life have also been found to be family relations, health, money, occupation and housing (Jongudomkarn & Camfield, 2005). In Bangladesh (Camfield et al., 2006) respondents associated the absence of sufficient money to meet needs as reducing subjective wellbeing. These studies underscore the importance of a local focus.
Studies of wellbeing in developing communities must account for poverty. The economic perspective suggests increasing utility should be associated with increasing life satisfaction. The adaptive set‐point model suggests that, so long as basic needs are met, people are likely evidence positive life satisfaction. In line with other cross‐sectional studies, Moller and Saris (2001), examining subjective wellbeing and domain satisfaction of urban and rural black communities, the coloured community and the white community in South Africa, found evidence to suggest differences in subjective wellbeing can occur as a consequence of
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differences in living conditions. Biswas‐Diener and Diener (2001), found slum dwellers in Calcutta reported lower subjective wellbeing than more affluent comparison groups. It is likely the basic needs of these groups are not being met. However, as Gough, McGregor and Camfield (2007, p. 3) note, any study of the wellbeing of poor communities must ‘acknowledge the fully rounded humanity of poor men, women and children in developing countries; recognising they are not completely defined by their poverty, nor can they be fully understood in its terms alone’.
Poor people strive to achieve wellbeing in the same way and with the same objectives as do members of more affluent communities. It is important not to infer wellbeing from available resources to sustain or increase wellbeing. This is particularly important given the shift in the focus of international development from economic growth to wellbeing. Sen’s argument is of great importance in this context. The focus of international development is not on increasing the wellbeing of the poor. The evidence is quite clear that poor communities are just as capable of achieving wellbeing as are affluent communities. The focus of international development is to increase the range of freedoms available to people from which agency can be exercised. In this context, Diener is perhaps correct in arguing that the distinction between objective and subjective wellbeing is to some extent arbitrary. International development may not be about intervening to make people happier by making them wealthier; rather it may be about identifying and supporting the expansion of capabilities required that enable people to sustainably engage in activities which will assist them is achieving and sustaining a level of wellbeing they consider appropriate. The greater imperative may therefore be to allow people to enunciate what it is they need to be able to ‘do’ in order to live the life they want to live (Sabina Alkire, 2007, p. 97). ‘Doing’ in this context encompasses a range of objective and subjective inputs and related measures.