Other Spectroscopic Techniques

Other spectroscopic techniques have shown to be useful to determine the uptake of MNMs by plants. For example, Khodakovskaya et al. (2011) developed a pho-tothermal and photoacoustic scanning cytometry platform to observe MWCNTs in tomato plants. The device works“on the basis of an invert microscope, a spectrally tunable optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with increased pulse rate of up to 100 Hz, and automated.” With the photothermal and photoacustic amplifier, authors detected the CNTs through nanobubbles produced by laser overheating.

With this technique, Khodakovskaya et al. (2011) detected CNTs in leaves and tomato fruits. In addition, Khodakovskaya et al. (2013) used Raman spectroscopy to detect CNTs inflowers of tomato plants grown in soil amended with MWCNTs at 50 and 200µg/L. They found a peak at 1587 cm⁻¹in the surface offlowers from the CNT-exposed plants, which is characteristic of the MWCNTs.

In summary, several microscopy and spectroscopy methods have proven to be useful for the detection, and quantification of the uptake, translocation, and accu-mulation of MNMs in plants. These include microscopy (light, scanning probe, and electron microscopes) and spectroscopic techniques (atomic spectroscopy, syn-chrotron radiation, µ-particle-induced X-ray emission, Raman, and photothermal/photoacustic techniques). However, the literature has shown that a combination of techniques provides a more complete panorama of the interaction of MNMs with plants.

Acknowledgments This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation and the Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Agreement Number DBI-0830117. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or the Environmental Protection Agency. This work has not been subjected to EPA review, and no official endorsement should be inferred. This work was also supported by Grant 2G12MD007592 from the National Institutes on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Authors also acknowledge the USDA grant number 2011-38422-30835 and the NSF Grants # CHE-0840525 and DBI 1429708. Partial funding was provided by the NSF ERC on Nanotechnology-Enable Water Treatment (EEC-1449500). J. L. Gardea-Torresdey acknowledges the Dudley family for the Endowed Research Professorship, the Academy of Applied Science/US Army Research Office, Research and Engineering Apprenticeship program (REAP) at UTEP, grant # W11NF-10-2-0076, sub-grant 13-7, and STARs programs of the University of Texas System. N. Zuverza-Mena and I.A. Medina-Velo thank the support of Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia of Mexico (CONACyT).

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