3 THE CAE QUESTIONNAIRE 1 INTRODUCTION
3.5 HYPOTHESIS 3: THERE IS A CULTURAL BIAS IN THE ACCEPTANCE OF OPENLY ACKNOWLEDGED ADAPTIVE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
3.6.2.9 QUESTION 19: “I WOULD PREFER TO BE EDUCATED IN MY OWN LANGUAGE”
Question 19 focuses upon the issue of language and determines if there is a cultural preference that creates a barrier to learning for different countries.
In Table 3.58 below a “CEI score” is assigned, based on the response compared with Hypothesis 2, which states that a learner desires to be taught in the manner they are used to. Hence a high CEI score indicates a lack of willingness or desire to be exposed to other cultures. In the case of this question responses that agree with the statement should be assigned a high CEI score:
Strongly Agree 100 points
Agree 75 points
Neither 50 points Disagree 25 points Strongly Disagree 0 points
Country Mean StDev Median Interpretation CEI score
Austria (AUT) 2.667 0.516 3 Neither 50
China (CHN) 3.143 0.69 3 Neither 50
France (FRA) 3 0.894 3 Neither 50
Germany (DEU) 2.5 1.225 3 Neither 50
Greece (GRC) 2.833 1.329 2 Agree 75
India (IND) 2.917 1.24 3 Neither 50
Ireland (IRL) 1.391 0.499 1 Strongly Agree 100 Netherlands (NLD) 3.833 0.408 4 Disagree 25
Romania (ROU) 3.622 0.794 4 Disagree 25
Saudi Arabia (SAU) 2.8 1.304 3 Neither 50
United Kingdom (GBR) 1.552 0.736 1 Strongly Agree 100
Table 3.58: median scores and interpretation for Q19
As can be seen from Table 3.58, the data for the UK and Ireland tend towards strongly agreeing to the statement “I would prefer to be educated in my own language”. With all other countries either being ambivalent or disagreeing with this.
Table 3.59: significant differences between countries for Q19, as determined by a Mann Whitney U pairwise comparison (p<0.05){Sig = non adjusted values, Adj Sig = Bonferroni corrected)
Austria China France Germany Greece India Ireland Netherlands Romania Saudi Arabia UK Austria China France Germany Greece India
Ireland Sig Adj Sig Sig Sig Sig Adj Sig
Netherlands Adj Sig
Romania Sig Adj Sig Sig
Saudi Arabia Sig
UK Sig Sig Sig Sig Sig Adj Sig Adj Sig Sig
Q19 Mann-Whitney U Comparison
Table 3.59 shows that these two countries (Ireland and the UK) countries are highly significantly
different to all of the other countries in the study. This question has the greatest number of adjusted significance results of the entire survey, indicating that even with the Bonferroni correction applied, this is statistically a major issue for these two countries. The only small exception to this is that Germany is not significantly different from the UK.
At the opposite end of the spectrum, students from the Netherlands tend to disagree with the statement, with two adjusted significant results between the Netherlands and both Ireland and the UK. Table 3.60: results of the homogenous subset comparison analysis for Q19 (p<0.05) Hence it seems safe to conclude (even with our small sample size) that UK and Irish students do not wish to learn new languages to study abroad (in fact they are actively against this), whilst students from the Netherlands would wish to be taught in another language rather than their own (they are the only non overlapping country in subset 4), although students from Romania are a close second in this regard. For the remaining countries, the language of choice for teaching is a more fluid choice. The Dutch situation is confirmed by the fact that in many universities in the Netherlands, Dutch students ask to be taught in English, even if the main teaching language is Dutch, and that they often write their thesis in English. 3.6.2.10 QUESTION 20: “GIVEN THE CHANCE, I WOULD PREFER TO BE EDUCATED IN ANOTHER COUNTRY” Question 20 was designed to determine if there is a difference between cultures in their desire to be taught outside of the ‘comfort zone’ of their own surroundings. It should be noted that respondents to the CAE questionnaire consist of students who are already studying abroad (n=65) but are also (and always have been) studying from their home countries (n=114). An additional Kruskal Wallis test was performed between those students that responded to the CAE questionnaire and have studied
abroad, and those students who have stayed at home, there is no statistical difference between the two groups (p=0.199), the details are shown in Table 3.61.
Home vs. abroad n Mean StDev Interpretation
Abroad 65 2.262 1.004 Agree Home 114 2.456 1.040 Agree Table 3.61: scores and interpretation for home students vs. those who have studied in more than one country, for Q20 A further study of home vs. abroad students for specific cultures will be shown in Chapter 8. In Table 3.62 below, a “CEI score” is assigned, established by the response of the students and the fact that a high CEI score should indicate a lack of willingness or desire to be exposed to other cultures. In the case of this question responses that disagree with the statement should be assigned a high CEI score:
Strongly Agree 0 points
Agree 25 points
Neither 50 points Disagree 75 points Strongly Disagree 100 points
Country Mean StDev Median Interpretation CEI score
Austria (AUT) 2.333 0.816 2 Agree 25
China (CHN) 2.429 0.976 2 Agree 25
France (FRA) 2.333 0.816 2 Agree 25
Germany (DEU) 2.333 1.033 2 Agree 25
Greece (GRC) 2.333 1.506 2 Agree 25
India (IND) 2 0.603 2 Agree 25
Ireland (IRL) 2.783 0.902 3 Neither 50
Netherlands (NLD) 2.333 1.033 2 Agree 25
Romania (ROU) 1.919 0.924 2 Agree 25
Saudi Arabia (SAU) 2 0 2 Agree 25
United Kingdom (GBR) 3.724 0.591 4 Disagree 75
Table 3.62: median scores and interpretation for Q20
Table 3.62 shows that of the eleven countries studied, only the British are against being educated in
another country to their home. The Irish are neither for nor against it, whilst all of the remaining countries agree with the statement and would prefer to be educated in another country.
Table 3.63: significant differences between countries for Q20, as determined by a Mann Whitney U pairwise comparison (p<0.05){Sig = non adjusted values, Adj Sig = Bonferroni corrected)
These differences are highly significant (Table 3.63) in the case of the UK and shows they are significantly (including three adjusted significant differences) more likely to consider language an issue when choosing a university. Indeed, the UK students are significantly different from all other countries, including the Irish. Table 3.64 is the only homogenous subset comparison that has no overlap between the countries in any subset. In responding to this question, the UK students differ from everyone else.
Austria China France Germany Greece India Ireland Netherlands Romania Saudi Arabia UK Austria China France Germany Greece India Ireland Sig Netherlands
Romania Adj Sig
Saudi Arabia
UK Sig Sig Sig Sig Sig Adj Sig Sig Sig Adj Sig Adj Sig
Q20 Mann-Whitney U Comparison
Table 3.64: results of the homogenous subset comparison analysis for Q20 (p<0.05)
At the bottom of Subset 1, the Irish are significantly different to learners from India (non adjusted) and Romania (adjusted), backing up the results in Table 3.62 that they are clearly neither in agreement of disagreement with this statement.
All of the remaining countries all have a median of 2 (i.e. they agree with the statement), showing that there are more open and desiring for an education in another country.
3.6.2.11 QUESTION 21: “IN CHOOSING A UNIVERSITY, THE ABILITY TO PRACTICE