This is a repository copy of
Optimal eigenvalue and asymtotic large-time approximations
using the moving finite-element method
.
White Rose Research Online URL for this paper:
http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/1658/
Article:
Jimack, P.K. (1996) Optimal eigenvalue and asymtotic large-time approximations using the
moving finite-element method. IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis, 16 (3). pp. 381-398.
ISSN 0272-4979
https://doi.org/10.1093/imanum/16.3.381
[email protected]
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/
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This is an author produced version of a chapter published in IMA Journal of
Numerical Analysis.
White Rose Repository URL for this paper:
http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/1658/
Published as
Jimack, P.K. (1996) Optimal eigenvalue and asymtotic large-time approximations
using the moving finite-element method. IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis, 16
(3). pp. 381-398.
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