This is a repository copy of
A moving mesh finite element algorithm for fluid flow problems
with moving boundaries
.
White Rose Research Online URL for this paper:
http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/1762/
Article:
Baines, M.J., Hubbard, M.E. and Jimack, P.K. (2005) A moving mesh finite element
algorithm for fluid flow problems with moving boundaries. International Journal for
Numerical Methods in Fluids, 47 (10-11). pp. 1077-1083. ISSN 0271-2091
https://doi.org/10.1002/fld.860
[email protected]
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/
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White Rose Repository URL for this paper:
http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/1762/
Published paper
Baines, M.J., Hubbard, M.E. and Jimack, P.K. (2005) A moving mesh finite
element algorithm for fluid flow problems with moving boundaries. International
Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 47 (10-11). pp. 1077-1083.
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