Alien plants

ALIEN

PLANTS.

By

the

Eev.

W. W.

Spicee,

M.A., F.R.M.S.

[Bead

Sth

May,

1877.]

The

catalogueaccompanyingthispaperincludesallthose

members

of theTasmanianFlora which

come

under

Hewett

C. Watson's

designation of Aliens. This is a happily conceived title, first instituted

by

thatveteran botanist; anditwasintended

by him

to embrace suchspecies ashave beenintroduced either

by

accident or

design,

and

which have maintainedtheirground

more

orless firmly

in theiradoptedcountry. I also include a few plants which, in Mr. Watson's

more

extendedvocabulary,

would

probablybe

named

by him

waifs, strays,and casuals; but the

number

of these is so

small that I have thought it better to bring

them

allunderthe general designationof Aliens.

Inspeakingofanintroduced plantasanAlienitshould be borne in

mind

thatcultivatedplantsarenot intended,solongastheyremain undercultivation; for the simple reason that they

owe

their

con-tinued existence (nottoanystrugglefor life ontheir part, norto anyspecial adaptabilitythey

may

possessto found a

new

raceina

new

home), buttothe care of the cultivator. Consequently,they cannever,solongastheyareunderhis care,influencethe character

of the nativeflora,or interferewith the progress

and

distribution of

indigenousspecies.

An

alienplant, pure andsimple, isonewhich,

towhatevercauseit

may

owe

itsorigin,haseithernow,orfromits

firstintroduction, ceasedtodepend

upon man, and

hasset

up

onits

own

account.

As

faras Ihave beenable to ascertain, Tasmanianaliens

may

be reckonedat162distinct species,with

some

13varieties,includedin 119genera. Inadopting thesenumbers, Ihavenotbeen guided

by

hearsay evidence,buthaveseen

and

examinedliving specimens of allwiththe exception of 21,which have not

come

under

my

obser-vation, but to which I have attached the initials

N.V.

These,

however,Igiveonthe authorityof

Baron von

Miiller,

Bentham and

Hooker. Ihopetherefore, thatthelistgivenis a tolerably correct one

up

tothe presentdate,and

may

beof benefit ata future day,

when

thedistinctionbetween aliens and natives has been either lostorconsiderablyweakened

by

lapse of time.

Inthe year1860

Hooker

publishedin hisgreat

work

onthe Flora

ofTasmania,alistof plants naturalised inthe Australian Colonies,

chiefly, however, intheneighbourhoodof Melbourne. Ofthese24

onlyarenotedeither as occurring in Tasmania or as ubiquitous, thatisto say,suchasare likely tobe found in every part of the world. 58

more

of Hooker's species can

now

be included in a

catalogue ofouraliens,from whichit

may

beinferred,that80species (oronehalf more)have

made

theirappearance in this island, since

the publicationof Hooker'swork. Of the82

named

by

him, Ihave beenabletoconfirm the presenceof allbut11.

The

same illustrious author observes in the course of

some

introductoryremarks; "It would be interesting to discover the

dateandparticularsunder whichthese plantswereintroduced,

and

withtheir present. Intheearly times of a colony there is

com-parativelylittle difficultyindistinguishing the colonists from the native species.

But

as the surface of the land becomes

artifi-cially disturbed, the habits of all its plants are influenced; the

endemic species are driven from their native places,

and

take refugeinhedgerows,ditches,

and

planted copses, and, from their associatingwith the introducedplants, areapttobeclassed in the

samecategory with

them

; whilstthe introduced

wander

from the cultivated spots,

and

eject the native, ortakingtheir places

by

them

appearlike

them

tobetrulyindigenous"'^.

"

Indeed already,though the colonyis not yet a centuryold, the

difficultyof discriminatingbetween an Alien

and

a native is far

from easy. If

we

find a plant persistently hanging about the

precincts of theKoyal Society's Garden,or, forthematterof that, anyother garden,butnot puttingin an appearance elsewhere,

we

may

safelyconclude thatitcannotclaimcivic rights,butisindebted

for its first establishment in the colonyto thefostering

hand

of

thecultivator; though

now

it

may

havepartiallyescaped from his

grasp.

But

whatif

we

meet with

some

obscure British

weed

inaremote

partoftheisland,where cultivationis almost

unknown

? In

what

category shall it find a place?

Does

it

owe

its origin to an accidentalimportation,which

we

cannot

now

tracebacktoitssource

—

or wereits ancestors in possession of the soillong before the white

man

sethisfootontheisland?

I

am

afraidthatpracticallyit isimpossibletoanswer this

ques-tion satisfactorily.

We

canonlyweighprobabilities,

and

balance the opinionofthose

who

have

had

the best opportunitiesofstudying

the plants insitu.

Zoologists,

and

more

particularly ornithologists, are

wont

to cut the gordianknotina

much

simpler fashion. Instead of taking painstoascertainwhethera bird has aright to thetitle of native or not, an hour's residenceinanygivencountry sufficestoconfer

upon

it all the privileges of domicile.

Hence

it is, that the

catalogueof British Birds is

encumbered

with such

names

asthe

Egyptian Vulture of

North

Africa (Neophron percnopterus), the

Redwinged

Starling of theUnited States(AgelcBusphoeniceios),

and

even our Spinetailed Swift {Acanthylis caudacuta)

—

animals,which haveno

more

claimto be called British, than

would

the

monkeys

ofthe latelyexhibitedmenageriehavetobecalled Tasmanian,

had

they escapedfrom theirconfinementand beenshotinthe bush.

Icannotbutthink that the

method

ofthose

who

studytheFlora of a country, is to be preferred, viz. : to be very jealous of

admitting doubtful species, to investigate carefullythe claims of each,andto rigidly exclude all such asthey are morally certain havenoreal connectionwith the regionunderobservation.

At

the

sametimeitisright,forthebenefit ofthose

who

come

after us,that the

names

of the intrudersshould becarefullypreserved, and, if

possible,thedateof theirintroductionregistered.

I

may

aswellstatethatI

am

unable to

make

anypractical appli-cation of thislastsuggestion. Ihavesearchedour Transactions

and

similarsourcesofinformation,but withlittleefi"ect.

No

oneseems tohave takenthe troubleto placeonrecord thefirstappearanceor

firstintroductionofanyofthe plants

now

naturalisedintheisland.

The

American

Waterweed

appears,from inquiriesIhavemade, notto have beennoticed before the year 1862.

The

seedsofthePrairie Grasswere broughtherein1865.

The

IBathurstBurr wasfirstseen in the neighbourhood of Mel-bourne in 1857;

and

in

New

Zealand in 1863. It

must

have

reachedTasmania,I imagine,atalater datethan that,but when,

Ihaveno

means

ofknowing.

As

may

beimagined,Englandhas supplied us with

by

far the

larger

number

ofourAliens.

With

regard tothosespecieswhich

are not ofBritishorigin, Ihaveplaced the

names

of their proper

locality against

them

;

and

on reverting to the list, it appears that outofthewhole

number

importedintotheisland,nolessthan 138 belongtotheOldCountry, leaving24 only to be looked for

elsewhere.

The

south of

Europe and

the countries bordering on

theMediterranean Sea havegiven 16of these toour catalogue;

of the remaining eight, fourhave

wandered

herefromthe Capeof

Good

Hope,

three from America,

and

one from the

West

Indies. I do not

mean

toimplythat these plantshave travelled direct to Tasmania from the localitiesintimated.

On

the contrary,

many

of

them

have probably reached our island

by

short stages,

taking theirtime on the road,

and

halting in favourable spots. Othersagainhavecrossed the oceantothe Continent of Australia

direct,havesettledthereforawhile,

and

then,inthe truespiritof

emigration,have sent their offspring acrossBass'sStraits,or have

come

roundin ships to Hobart

Town.

For

example, the South American

Xanthium

spinositm

had

obtained an evil notoriety in

Australia under the

name

of "Bathurst burr," long before it Bet foot in the neighbourhood of Launcesfcon.

Some

species

we

know, have been purposely introduced.

A

pretty

yellow oxalis (0. cernua) from South Africa, the wild rocket (Diplotaxis temdfolia) from England, a worthless onion (Nothoscordumfragrans)fromSouth Africa,with

some

others, were originallybroughtas seeds to the garden of the Royal Society.

They

have, however, for

some

time altogether repudiated the gardener's paternal care, and seem quite capable of maintaining themselves.

The

oxalis

and

the rocket are graduallyworkingtheir

way

tothe outerworld; the onion, however, seems loth to leave

the snugquartersprovidedforit; butto

make up

for its

stay-at-home

qualities,it is spreading largely

among

the flower beds,

and

causing

much

trouble

and

annoyance.

Itis scarcelynecessarytosay that most,if notall,of the useful

grasses

and

clovers

owe

their introduction to a spirit of improve-ment,

and

notto accident.

Agajn, the presenceof

many

specieswhich have not been brought

here with auseful orsBstheticobject,

may

be accounted for with

greatcertainty.

Every

bushelof

com

that has been atany time importedfrom England wasalmost sureto contain the seed of the

common

spurrey provided it

had

been

grown

in a sandy soil.

Every

pet canarybird,thatarrivesintheisland,conveysinits

food-tinthe germsof the pretty canarygrass, which

now

abounds

on

ourrubbishheaps

and

roadsides.

The

introductionofthe marigold, the mint, thefennel,the

65

beas easily traced. Given a fine climate and a congenial soil, it is easy to predicate of any chance seed or castaway root, that it willspeedily germinateand attachitselftoits

new

home.

But

it isafar

more

difficulttasktoaccountforthe naturalization

ofsuch plantsasLavaterahispidaorTrifolium tomentosum

—

(I

am

compelledtoemploythe Latin titles, as theyhave not yet

become

common

enoughtohaveacquired the dignityofa alocal

nomencla-ture).

The

formerisalow shruballiedto the

common

mallow of

England;thelatteran insignificant trefoil. That they are aliens inthe true senseoftheword,

we

have the authority of

Baron von

Miiller, and(inthe case ofLavatera)of

Bentham

also, authorities from

whom

it ispure heresy to difi'er on such a subject as the geographical distribution of plants.

Both

species ''hail" (as Americans say) from the sunny regions of South Europe;

and

where have they chosen to fix their abodes? Lavatera in the

islands of Bass' Straits,

and

Trifolium in theneighbourhoodof CircularHead,localitiesill adapted (one would suppose) for the reception of two South

European

plants, conspicuous neither for beauty nor value,

and

which could scarcely therefore

owe

their

introductiontothe

hand

of man.

I confess I

am

quiteunabletoaccountfor such a

phenomenon

;

and Iwillnot waste timeinmereconjectures.

Iremember,

when

Iwasin the UnitedStates,

some

years ago, andwas,as usual,indulging

my

botanical tastes, I used to hear

my

friends declare, that every one of their most noxious weeds

came

originally from Great Britain. There is no denying, that there was

much

truthinthe remark; unquestionably a large pro-portionofthe plants hurtfultopasture

and

corn-field

had

emigrated fromthe

Mother

Country.

Must

we

too, bring alikeaccusation againstour

Alma

Mater? I

am

afraid

we

cannotavoiddoingso. I believe,thatif a sudden blight fell on all the alien weeds of Tasmania,

and

swept

them

away, therewould bescarcelyonevegetable

enemy

leftto interfere

materiallywiththe labours of the agriculturist. Infact,Idonot

know

ofasinglenativespeciesvigorousenoughtooccupy tracts of cultivatedland yearafteryear,ortocause seriousalarm.

Itwould bewell if

we

could say as

much

for our importations

fromthe old country, andthat

we had

nottolament the

introduc-tion ofthe Briarandthe Californian Thistle

—

not to mention the SpearThistleandtheMilkThistle,withitsprettymarbledleaves

—

andahostof lesserplagues, suchasthe Stinging Nettle,and Sheep Sorrel,allofwhichhad

much

betterhave remained athome.

Whether we

have to thank Great Britain or, its true home, NorthAmerica,forthat pest of the

pond

andslowrunning stream

—

theAmerican

Water

Weed

—

I

know

not. SouthAfrica has sent us theCape

weed

(Cryptostemma), and South AmericatheBathurst burr.

The

threelast

named

are atpresentharmlessenough; butI

much

fearthatthedaywill

come

when

thecolonywillhavebittercauseto regret theirimportation.

The

Cape

weed

isnotspecially hurtfulinitself,butasitspreads with great rapidity, it speedily occupies a large area, to the exclusion of grasses and other plants with far

more

valuable

Of the Bathurst burr, it is needless to say anything; its hooked capsules are thedread of the sheep farmer, wherever it flourishesonthe neighbouringcontinent. Itsprogressappearstobe

alowin this island; but itis

among

us,

and

I fear will,

some

day,

make

itsinfluencefelt.

With

regardco the other enemy, the American water

weed

or

water thyme,I have seen the most disastrous eflfects produced

by

it in the old country.

When

once" established, its growth is extraordinarilyrapid, andit quicklyfills

up

whatever

pond

or

atreamitfavourswithitspresence. Everyjoint,howeverminute, takes root and formsa

new

plant, and,as

may

be easilyimagined,

fragments are constantly carried onthe breasts, or legs of water

birds from one point to another. It certainly seems slow to

propagatein thiscountry,from whatcause I

know

not.

But

this is no argument, I fear, against its spread at a future date; for

I have watcheditin'acanalin England, whereforyearsit seemed

onlyto exist in isolated patches, and then, for

some

mysterious reason,its vitalityseemedtobe suddenly awakened, and it almost fiUed thebedofthe stream,so as to interfere with the flow of the water.

What

it cando,under favourable circumstances, I

had

an

opportunityof witnessing lately at Brighton.

A

waterhole in a paddock wasso completelychoked

up

byit,thatitseemedimpossible

tothrust anothersteminbetweenthose alreadygrowingthere.

On

the other

hand

theplants,whichI discoveredtwo years ago

in a quiet nookinthe Jordan, appearto occupy about the

same

aizedarea; I do not think theyhave increasedtheleast. I

may

mention,in passing, thatanypersons

who

wishto see this noxious water weed have only to step into Franklin-square, where it flourishesabundantlyinthecentral basin.

And

what have

we among

our aliensofanuseful

and

ornamental

natureto setagainsttheevH donebythese troublesomeimmigrants1

First

and

foremost,

we

have a

number

of excellent grasses

and

clovers, palatable to cattle,

and

capable of endmring extreme droughtfar betterthanthe native species.

Many

a roadside

and

Bpare corneris

now

clothedwith a green verdure,whichyearsago

was brown and

useless in summer.

Red

andwhiteclover, cocksfoot, fescue,

meadow

grass, rye grass, and

some

dozen other grasses, have escaped from cultivation and set

up

on their

own

account

whereverthey couldfinda suitable spot.

One

only of the intro-puced grasses brings a bad reputation withit. I allude tothe

Darnel (Loliumtemulentum),whichhas alwaysbeenlooked

upon

as

poisonous.

But

there is no doubt that this is a grosscalumny, originating, probably, in the fact of its being apparently

more

liablethanothergrasses to theattacks ofafungus,whichreallyis

poisonous, the well-known Ergot. Darnel is, in fact, closely related tothe Rye-grass, and, wereitnot thatitisusuallydeficient

infoliage,would bequiteasvaluableasafoodplant.

I have found in a few places specimens of the Sainfoin (Onohrychis sativa), one of the most esteemed fodder plants in

England. Sohighlyisitvalued that it is frequently termed the farmer's friendandthe farmer's doctor; for farmerssay, lettheir

sheep be everso sickorsorry theyhaveonlyto turn

them

into a

fieldof Sainfoin

and

they are sure to recover. Unfortunately

we

67

purely a chalk plant;

on

anyotherbut achalkysoil itinevitably

sickensanddies out.

Spurrey(inbotany, Spergulaarvensis),anotherof our aliens, is a plant with a sort oftwo-foldcharacter. In Englanditisdespised

andtreatedas a mere

weed

; whereas in most parts of

Europe

it is held in great favour as food for cattle. Ihaveseen

many

acresdevoted to its culture in France and Germany. Its value

consists in its capability of growing on worthless soil.

It is nowhere

more

at

home

than in a pure sand.

Where

grass and clover are stunted

and

useless, spurrey finds

abundant nourishment, and clothes the ground with its branched

stems

and

white starlike flowers.

The

finest specimens I have

gathered

came

from the fields of almost pure sand, lining the shore at

Kangaroo

Point.

The Germans

distinguishtwo species, one of which under cultivation is said to attain a height of two or threefeet,

and

must

afi"ord a large

amount

of fodder. I

havenever myself seenitabove one foot high.

But

it might be

worththe attentionof agriculturists; asthere

must

be

many

asandy corner, especiallynear thecoast,

now

quite worthless, which

sown

with spurrey,wouldaffordafair

amount

ofsheepfeed.

Among

aliens ofminor importance

may

be notedthefollowing:

—

The

root of the

common

dandelion iswellknown in medicine underthe

name

oftaraxacum,

and

valuedforitsdiuretic qualities.

In Francethe leaves are blanched,

and

form no

mean

addition

to a salad, being crisp

and

slightlybitter.

The opium poppy

(Papaver somniferum)isscarcelyyetestablished, as Ihave foundveryfewplantsin a wild state.

The

properties

ofitsseeds

and

ofthejuice extractedfrom the stemare too

well-known

toneed description.

Anothervaluable

member

of the pharmacopeia

—

though atthe

sametimeanintenslypoisonousone

—

isthe henbane (Hyoscyamus

niger). Itexistssparingly in waste places, but might easily be

brought undercultivation.

The

fruit of the Caper Spurge is often in

Europe

pickled

and usedin lieu of thegenuinecaper; but belonging asit doesto

the familyofEuphorbia,it

must

always belooked

upon

with sus-picion.

The

plantis stilla casual onlyintheisland.

The

chicory{Ckliormmintyhus)Ihave found but once on the

bankofthe railway just

beyond

Glenorchy.

Whether

it could

be turnedto profithere I have no

means

of knowing.

The

root, as you know, has of late years

become

a regular article of

com-merce,forthe purpose ofmingling with cofiee.

I need scarcely say to any

member

present

who

passedhis

boy-hoodinthe old country,

how

welcomethe blackberryistoyouthful

palates,thoughI fearit willnotbesowelcometotheagriculturist, to

whom

itis better

known

as the bramble. It abounds on the northerncoast

and

in the

Ringarooma

district; it isalsospreading widelyinthecountryaboutthe

Huon.

Even

the much-abused briar has its services. Horses are very

fondofitsbrightredfruit,ofwhichitbearsanenormousquantity ;

and a friend lately told

me

that

some

animalsof his,which

had

the run of paddocks full of briars during the latelongdrought, retainedtheirconditionentirelythroughthe nourishing properties

ofthe ** _{hips," which}

Another wide-spread alien is said to have valuable fattening

qualities. I allude to the wire

weed

(Polygonumayiculare). I cannot speak from

my

own

knowledge.

The

plant iscertainly in

more

thansufficient abundance forampleexperimentstobe made. Thereare a

number

of other small aliens,such as chickweed, groundsel, speedwell, and gromwell, which

now

only

cumber

the ground,but which would soon be turnedtoaccount ifourhedges

and

woodlands were filled, as they might be, with singing birds

imported from home. These would gladden our hearts with theircheerful music, and help largely in keeping

down

noxious weeds. It would bealmostworthwhiletointroduce the goldfinch

and giveititsliberty here, to aid inchecking the inroads of the

numerous

thistles. Itsfondnessfor theirseedisawell-knownfact.

Indeed,its scientific

name

ofCarduelisis

meant

to betoken this,

the Latin

name

of athistlebeing Carduus._ InEnglandthey

may

beseen, in open

down

countries, where thistles most abound, in companies of a dozen or so, climbing

among

the stalks,

and

peering into the spiny heads in search of their favourite food.

The

speciesmostfrequented

by them

perhapsisthat which

we

mis-name

"

Californian."

The

Aliens have added butlittle to the ornamentation of our island.

The

Furze (Ulexeuropeus) is

handsome

when

in flower;

and

thereare few weeks in the year,

when

it

may

not be seen. Hatefultooasisthebriar inthe eyes ofthecultivator, no one can

deny, thatitsdelicatepinkflowersgive aloveliness toour paddocks

and

hedge-rows whichthey certainly would not possess, had the detestablebushneverbeenintroduced; itsveryabundance addsto itsvaluefromthispointofview.

The

leaves

and

young

shoots too are deliciously scented, and have earnedforitinEngland(where,

by

theway,it isexceedinglyrare)the fitting

name

of sweet briar.

The

marigoldisconspicuousinwastespots,andthepurple scabious

makes

a

show

ondry banks,or inneglectedplaces.

The

largeblue

flowers ofthe chicory and the periwinkle vnl\probably

some

day

enliven

meadow

or woodland, butatpresent they havenot dared to venture farbeyondthe boundaries of the garden. There is one tiny plant which is always welcome to Englishmen, for none perhaps brings

"home "more

forciblybefore

him;

I

mean

the pink-tipped daisy. This too is

among

our Aliens; but it

appears to be slow in accommodatingitselftoits

new

surround-ings,reluctant to leave cultivated ground, and only occasionally

occurringinpaddocks

mixed

with Englishgrasses.

Strangeto say, Tasmaniaalreadyproducesanative Daisy,

difier-ing indeedboth as to genus and species fromits British

proto-type, but so similar in outward appearance that it requires

apractisedeyetotell

them

apart. Infact,theearliest investigators of Australianbotany were completely deceived,

and

fancied they

saw in the stranger the identicalplant whichwhitens thegrass plots of old Englandwithitsfamiliar flowers.

The

stranger, how-ever, in pointof fact, belongs to a distinct genus {Brachycome),

andisrightly

named

decipiens.

Speaking generally, our Aliens,

when

once they have escaped

fromthetrammelsofcivilization,appearto

make

gooduseof their

freedom, and

may

betracedoverlarge areas ofcountry.

No

doubt,

69

are restricted in theirwanderings

by

the natureof the different

soils whic^ they encounter, and are largely influenced

by

cli-mate andtemperature.

But

the materialsarenot yetcollectedon which

may

befoundeda history of the

movements

of either our

AliensorNatives.

Another cause of the rapid dispersion of certain species

may

befoundinthefactthat useful plants are introducedalmost simul-taneously at widely distant points.

From

these points their

descendants radiate, as from so

many

centres of creation,

and

quicklyoccupythe ground.

Otherspecies again are restricted in an unaccountable

manner

to single spots. Southport alone produces the

commonest

of all

English weeds, theButtercup {Ranunculus hirsutus), where it was found

many

years ago, but from whence,so far asI can learn, it

has never yetstrayed. Southportalsoproduces a

common

English

Grass,

Hordeum

pratense.

At

Circular Head,

and

nowhere else, are associated the British Caucalis nodosa, and the

more

tender Trifolium tomentosimifrom Southern Europe. Inlike

manner

the

hardyChenopodimn murale

and

the tender Lavatera hispida

meet

together in theislands inBass'Straits, andonly in those islands

;

while the Crepis virens of Northern

Europe

appears to confine

itself to Deloraine, from whence it was sent

me

by

our valued

friend, the Rev. J. E. Tenison-

Woods,

whose absence from our

meetings

we must

alldeplore.

The

OrderCompositse,ofwhichthelast-named plantisa

member,

has furnished Tasmania with the greatest

number

of its aliens. Itisbyfarthe largest of all the Natural Orders, embracing not less than 10,000 species,adapted to live inevery climateand on

everysoil. Consequently in every quarter of the globe

we

may

expecttomeetwithanabundantsupplyof naturalised Composites.

Tasmania draws from this source 32 sjDecies, or one-fifth of the

wholeof its alienflora.

The

family of the grasses comes next

;

ofthese

we

count

up

29immigrants.

The

leguminous, or beanlike,

plants furnish uswith 15species; theCruciferce,orcabbagetribe,

with 11; the CaryopJmfllece, or pinks, the Umbelliferce, or carrot

tribe,with 7each.

After these follow 26 Natural Orders of less importance, each contributingtheir2, or3,or4strangers, untilthewhole

number

of

162speciesis

made

up.

It is not, of course,

my

intention to inflict

upon you

the

names

of our

numerous

aliens, ofwhichaclassified list liesonthetable.

On

the table alsoarespecimens, dried

and

mounted, of all the

species which I have been able to secure. These

amount

to138

outofthe 162; whichI beg the Societyto accept,

and

toplace in

LIST

OF

TASMANIAN

ALIENS.

All thespecies

named

inhabitGreatBritain,exceptwhere someother localityisgiven.

n.v.

Not

seenbyme.

* Scarcely, ornotthoroughlyestablished.)

* RanunculusmuricatusL. (S.Europe).

„ hirsutusL. Buttercup, n.v.

* NigelladamascenaL. Fennelflower(S.Europe). * Aquilegiavulgaris L. Columbine, n.v. * Papaver dubium L. Poppy.

*

,, somnifernmL.

Opium

poppy.

Fumaria ofl&cinalisL. Fumitory.

,, ,, pallida.

NasturtiumoflficinaleBr. Watercress. SisymbriumofficinaleL. Hedgemustard.

CapsellabursapastorisMnch. Shepherd'spurse. Lepidiumcampestre Br. Pepperwort.

* ,, sativumL. Landcress.

BrassicasinapistrumBoiss. Charlock.

,, napusL. Eape.

* Diplotaxis tenuifoliaD.C. Rocket.

* PaphanusraphanistrumL. Eadish.

SenebieracoronopusPoir.

Wart

cress.

,, did3miaPers.

Resedaluteola L. Dyers weed.

„ ramosissimaWilld. (Medit. region.)

Saginaapetala L. Pearl wort.

ArenariaserpillifoliaL. Sandwort.

StellariamediaL. Chickweed.

CerastiumglomeratumThu. Mouse-ear chickweed. Gypsophila tubulosaBoiss. (Medit. Region.) n.v.

Silene anglica L. Catchfly.

,, ,, quinquevulueraL. Spottedcatchfly.

Githagosegetum Desf. Corncockle.

Polycarpon tetraphyllumL. Allseed.

Spergulaarvensis L. Spurrey. MalvasilvestrisL. Mallow.

,, rotundifolia L. ,,

Lavaterahispida Desf. n.v.

* HibiscusvesicariusCav. (S. Africa.) OxaliscernuaL. (S.Africa.)

ErodiumcicutariumL. Storksbill.

UlexeuropeusL. Furze.

* _{Spartiumjunceum}L. Spanish broom. (S.Europe.)

71

TrifoliumrepensL. Whiteclover.

„

,, roseum.

„ pratense L.

Red

clover, n.v.

,, tomentosumL. (S.Europe.) n.v,

„ procumbensL,

Hop

trefoil.

,, minusL. Lesserhoptrefoil.

MelUotusparvifloraLam. (Medit. region.)

MedicagosativaL. Purple medick.

„

lupulina L, Black medick.

„ denticulataWilld. Toothedmedick.

,, maculataSibth. Spotted medick.

Vicia sativa L.Vetch.

„ ,. angustifoliaEoth.

* OnobrychissativaLam, Sainfoin.

Rosarubiginosa L. Briar.

* _{Rubusfruticosus L.} Brambleor blackberry.

AlchemillaarvensisL. Ladies mantle. Poterium sanguisorbaL. Saladburnet.

Foeniculum vulgare Gaertn. Fennel.

* _{PastinacasativaL. Parsnip.}

Caucalis infestaCurt. n.v.

,, nodosaScop.

Hedge

parsley, n.v.

Daucuscarota L. Carrot.

,, ,, proliferum.

Scandix pectenvenerisL. Shepherdsneedle, Conium maculatum L. Hemlock.

* _{Hederahelix L. Ivy.}

Sherardia arvensis L. Fieldmadder, n.v. * Centranthusruber,D.C. Spur valerian.

DipsacussilvestrisL. Teazel.

SoabioaaatropurpureaL. Purplescabioui(S.Europe).

„ ,, albiflora.

,, ,, phcenicea.

Erigeroncanadensis L. n.v.

* _{Bellisperennis L. Daisy.}

XanthiumspinosumL. Bathurst burr(S. AmericR).

AnthemisnobilisL. Chamomile.

* Achillea nillefoliumL. Yarrow.

MatricariainodoraL. n.v.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemumL. OxeyeDaisy. * _{TanacetumvulgareL. Tansy.}

GnaphaliumcandidissimumLam. (S.Africa.)

Seneciovulgaris, L. Groundsel.

CalendulaofficinalisL. Marigold(S.Europe).

,, arvensis L. Lessermarigold ( ,, ).

CryptostemmacalendulaceumBr. Capeweed(S.Africn).

Centaureacalcitrapa L. n.v.

SilybummarianumGaertn. Milkthistle. OnopordumacanthiumL. Cottonthistle.

CarduuslaiiceolatusL. Scotchthistle.

,, pratensis L. Marshthistle, n.v. ,, arvensis L, Califomian thistle.

AmoserispiisillaGaertn. n.v. * _{Cichorium intybusL.} Chicory.

Hjrpochcerisradicata L. Cat's-ear.

,, glabra L. ,,

Leontodonhirtus L. Hawkbit,

,, hispidus L. ,,

,, autumnalisL. n.v.

TragopogonporrifoliusL. Salsify.

PicrishieracioidesL. Ox-tongue. Sonchusoleraeeus L.

Sow

thistle. TaraxacumofficinaleWigg. Dandelion.

* Crepis virens L. Hawksbeard.

Anagallis arvensis L. Pimpernel.

,, ,, coeruleaLam. Bluepimpernel.

VincamajorL. Periwinkle.

Convolvulusarvensis L. Bindweed.

Lithospermumarvense L. Gromwell.

* _{Borragoofficinalis}L. Borage.

EchiumviolaceumL. (Medit. region.) n.v. * Hyoscyamusniger L. Henbane.

* Solanum marginatumL, (Medit. region.) LinariacymbalariaMill. Toadflax.

Veronicahederoefolia L. Ivy leavedspeedwell.

,, agrestis L. Fieldsj)eedwell.

,, peregrina L. (America.) n.v.

VerbascumthapsusL. Mullein. Menthaviridis L. Mint.

Stachysarvensis L. Woundwort. Marrubiumvulgare L. Horehound.

* Plantago lagopusL. Hare'sfoot plaintain(S.Europe),

,, major L. Plantain.

,, lanceolata L. ,,

,, eoronopusL. Stagshomplantain.

Polygonumaviculare L. Wireweedor knotgrass.

,, ,, littoraleLink.

,, convolvulusL. Black bindweed, n.v,

Rumex

crispus L.

,, acetosella L. Sheep'sSorrel.

Chenopodium albumL.

,, muraleL, n.v,

73

Urticaurens L. Stingingnettle.

„ dioicaL. ,, ,, n.v.

Euphorbiahelioscopia L. Sunspurge.

„ peplus L. Spurge.

„ lathyrisL. Caperspurge.

ElodeacanadensisMich. Americanwater weed. Asparagus officinalisL. Asparagus.

NothoscordumfragransKnth. (W.Indies.)

AlopecuruspratensisL.

,, geniculatus L. n.v.

Phalaris canariensis L. Canarygrass.

Holcuslanatus L. Soft grass orYorkshirefog. * _{Piptatherum thomasi}Pal. (Medit. region.)

Agrostis vulgarisWith. Bentgrass.

Polypogonmonspeliensis Desf.

,

* _{C)modondactylon}Pers.

Doub

or fingergrass. Anthoxanthum odoratumL. Sweet vernalgrasi.

gracile.

Airacaryophyllea L. Silvergrass. ArrhenatherumavenaceumPal. Oatgraii. * _{AvenasativaL. Oats.}

Poa annuaL. Annual

meadow

grass« Briza

maxima

L. (S.Europe.)

„ minorL. Quakinggrass. DactylisglomerataL. Cocksfoot.

FestucamyurusL. Mousetailfescue.

,, ovinaL. Sheep'sfescue. ,, pratensisHuds. Fescuegrass.

BromusunioloidesHmbt. Prairiegrass (CentralAmerica).

,, sterilisL.

,, mollis L.

„ racemosusL.

LoliumtemulentumL, Darnel.

,, perenneL.

Eye

grass.

,, ,, aristatum.

,, ,, ramosum.

Triticumrepens L. Couchgrass.

Hordeum murinum

L.

Way

bent.

,, pratenseHuds. n.v,

LepturusfiliformisTrin.

„ ,, incurvatusTrin.

SUMMAPvY.

Genera ... ... ... ... ...

U9

Species ... ... ... ... ... 162

u