• No results found

Detecting and diagnosing faults in dynamic stochastic distributions using a rational b-splines approximation to output PDFs

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2019

Share "Detecting and diagnosing faults in dynamic stochastic distributions using a rational b-splines approximation to output PDFs"

Copied!
6
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

“刀更

。。尸

。刀

即翻“如 !

丫 , ,

!

日 ,

,

印 〕,

二石 , 。

司 ,

幼, 旧 ,

!

!

钾 自

,

泊 中

!

二 七

比 〔

云 刁

!

! ! 住 云

!

罗 即扣 】 云 P erfo m le d fo r th e erro r〔

幼切1

二 。ed fro m th efaultde tection an d diaglosis Phas e alld an aP

cabili ty stu

御on t

h

e de teetion an d clia 罗05 15 ofthe tlneXpeete d cha llgo in th e ZD g诩刀I1 1age di str ibutions in a Pa Pe r fo m U 11g P ro e e s

s is inc l

u d

e d

.

旋yw

ords : Fa ultdeteetion an d diagn o

。 ; O bs erve rdeS

; Pa penl

‘Ik i

嗯 ; St

o ehas ti

e

哪t

enls

1

In t

r o d u e t

i o n

For an 11llP

r

o

v

e

d

r

e

l

i a

b i

l

i t

y of Prac ti

eal sto chas tie contro l

s

y

s t

e

m

s

, t

he res

e arc

h in to fa u lt d

e t e eti on

an d di ag l o sis fo r

s to ch as ti e

d y

n 刀1五e

娜 t

e

m

s

ha

s long been re eo

乡1】z e d as o n e o f th e ”llP o

r t a n

t a r

e as in

e o n t r

o l

e n乡Ilee

r

m g [ l

.

M

田 ly m eth ods h

a v e

b e e n de v e l o

P e d in th e P as t 。刀 0 d e e a d e s .

I n

罗 n eral , th

os e aP P ro

a e hes e

an b e e

比si

l

i ed into th e fo llow

-ing tw o

ups:1) Iden

eadon based falllt deteetion an d

d

i ag los

i

s f

o r dyllanlie sys t

~

w hose

m

o d

e l

s are un

拓10认1 1

2 ]: 2) U n

eetedehan

罗 deteet

ion fo r stoehas dC 51

3 ]

.

T

h

e first

叩p r

o a

c h u se

s an A R M A X

m

o

d el to rev re

-sent th e

邓tem alld apply P

~

ter identifieation

teeh-n

i que

s

, s ue

h as le as t s q u are

a

即 r

i th

i l

” o r s t o c h as ti e

脚d

i ent

a

P pr

o a

c hes

,

to es t ulu te th e

~

冲e

c t

e d eh anges in tha sys

-t

e m

.

A

s f

o r the

un e即eete d ehan

罗 d

e t

e et

i o n fo r sto c

h

a

s

t

i c

51

助a

l

s

,

fo eu s

h as b een

larg e

ly

瓦d on eit

h er t

h e de tectio n

of unexP eeted eh

田1

笋 i

n

t

h

e m

e a

n val ue

肚ld th e

~ a

n e e

of th e e on

s ide red r田 ld o m 51子1

止 [3 ]

,

or on th e de

te eti o n

o f

u n

e x

Pe c t ed Pa

~ t e r

ch an ge s

fo r stat i e

Pr o b

ab ili ty de ns i

-ty 凡n e ti o ns o f th e r田 ld o m sig lal

.

In

5 eas e

,

th e re q ul r e d

。u lt de tec tio n 肚ld di a g

n os i

s a r

e no

n l

叮 p

e rfo

~

d

场 a

P

-Pl

如ng the th

eory of s

t

a

t

i

s

t

i eal de eision

,

w he re a li k e

lih o o

d

ra ti o 15 e val u ate d b e

tw e

e n th

e h yP

o

th es es on th e

h e

al th y P 二

~ t

e rs an d O tllty p

~ t e” us

i n

g the kn

o w

n prob ab ili ty

d e n

s ity fu n c ti o n

. A

s a res ul t

,

th e 丘ul ty P

~

te巧 can be

e

s tlllu te d

饰 o

p t

lllllzlllg this lik eli hood o tio

.

I

n

5 co

n-rext

, s

ta ti e m e ans

th a t th e

P r o bab ili ty d ens i ty 丘u lcti o n o f

t

h e co ns id ere d 51乡1习 do es n o t i n v o lve

ally

邓t

em dyll

田 1五cs

ar all . F o r ex田1甲le ,

w h e n th e di s ere ti s ed s t oeh as ti e sys

t en ”

a r e

e ons id e re d, th

e cu rre

nt pro b ab ili ty d ens i ty fu n c

ti o n of

th e

ran do m

5

1

罗a

l sho ul d no t be re late d to its prob ab ili ty

d

e n

s it

y f

o llct

ions at th e p

r

e

v

i

ous ti

m

e

s

t

e

P

s.

A

l

s

o

,

in 1 1

切ly

eas es it 15 as s

u

m

e

d t

h at t

h e ran do m

519

司 o b

a

G

a u

s

s ia

n

钾p e o f dis tti bu ti o n. H ow eve r,

th e

as s ul nP ti o n th a t pro b ab ili ty de ns i ty fijn

e

-ti o ns are

o

f

罗ner

a

l

sta tic no tili ne ar fo rm 15 stri ct fo r n训ly

Po et

iea

l sys te ms

.

卫x田 11P leS are m

o st o f th e we t e n d e o ntro l s

y s t

~ i

n p aP em lak illg ,

w h

e re th

e fib

re le x igt h d is t ri b

u

-ti o n ,

t ll e

P o re s

峨 d

i st

r

i but

ion an d th e flo eeul ation s

让e di s

-t r

i bu tio n in th e re lated w a t

er

娜t

e ms are all subj ected to dy~

n

~

eal eh

田lg es in th e

邺tem [4

, 5

] .

T o des cri

b e

th es e

tyP

es o f

te

r

n

s

,

a n

ew gr

o

of sto e

h

a

s

t

i e

m

o d

e l

s h

a

v

e

been eoo idere d

,

w ll ere th e

sys t e l l l s

tu di e

d are

s u b j

e e t e d t o

a s e t o f e

ris P

uts but

t

h

e

outP uts eons ide red are the me

a-su

份b le P ro b ab ili ty d ens ity fu n e ti o ns o f

t h

e sys te m o u tP u t

,

r at h

er t h

an th

e sys

t e m

o u tP

u t al on e .

F or s ueh sys

t el l”, th

e

lin e

ar E sP lin

e a PP ro

x ul拍 ti ons

h av e be en us ed to

r e

P res en t

t

h e o u中u t p r o

b ab ili 钾 de nsi钾 丘m Cti o ns and

元c

P art is e

即 reSS

ed

a set of di ffe re ntial e

ati ons w hich

五11k t

h e w

e igh ts o f th eB-- splin e e

x

P ans io ns to th e eo n tro l

ut

[6

一 9 ]

.

W i th su e h an

抑r

e

s

s i

on

, an

o b s e

rve r

bas ed o t

il t

de t e c6 on

[ 1 0 ] h as b

e e n d e

vel o

p ed fo

r 山e fa ul t de te eti o n

o f th e sto ch as tie sys tell”. In P

r a c ti e e

, th

e re

are s

eve

司 dis

advan ta ges in us

吨 l

i

n ea

r

丸 Pl

ine

s

.

For eX

刃 n p le,

w lle n th e n u r l七er o f

t h e b as is

自 n eti o ns are no t hi gh ,

th e eal eul ate d o utP u t Pro b ab ili ty

d e ns

ity 丘ulctio ns Ilu y be co me n e罗tive du e to we ak mi

-m

e ric al ro b us tn es s .

A

s a res ul t, a n ew no rili

n e ar aP p

~

-1 -1 u o o n

m o

d e l

nee d

s to b e d eve

l o

Pe d 5 0

as t o el

th 田le e th e

T h i

s w

o rk was s叩ported by th e LJK Levhre l山11e T ru st田 ld th e C h i

(2)

体滩刀‘ et 以./ Jo

司 of co 心rol ”l已

口户

叩Z

沁ns l ( 2 (X) 3 ) 53 一 5 8

n

~ r i

c 滋 ro b us tn ess

. T llis fo

~ th e ~

P

u rp os e of the eu

r r

e n t p

叩er w h er

e in p a

r al lel to [6

, 8

] ,

an ob s e

rv e r b as ed

几til t d eteeti on al go ri thi li w i且 b e d e v

e loP ed al ong wi th a n ol

面iea

r E sP lin es aP Prox

”l u t 10 n

t

o th e

m e

a s u r e

d o utP u t

p ro b ab ili ty d e ns ity fu n e ti o n s

.

I n

5 eont

e

X

t

, 5

1咨1

击 av a

i

l

-a

b le t

o the

o bse

r

v

e

r

a

r

e

the eontr01 inP ut an d th e me as ure d

o u tP ut Pro bab ility dens ity fi

山eti o ns o f th e Sys te m

. A s sh o

w

n in F ig .

1, th

e i

n P

u t v ari ab l

es a且已ct d”lan 五call y th e

sh aP e o f th e P ro b ab ili ty de ns ity fo n eti o ns o f th e sys tem o u t-P u t,

an d th e tas k of fa ult d e

t e e ti o n

an d di

a乡10 5七 15 to u se

t

h e

邓t

e m inpu

匕 u

(t) an d th e m e

a

s u re d p ro b ab ili 钾 de ns i钾

etions of the svs tem outPut z(z

, u

( t

) ,

F

) to dete e t

a l l

d di ag 1 0s e th e

un e xP e c t ed

c h

an

笋 m F

.

~

c sys tem

, th e

w e

i gh

ts are

re lat ed dyn an 五c

a l l v to the In P ut . In t坛 5 cas e,

we de fi ne V ( t ) = (、 1(t

)

, w Z

( r

) ,

, w

( r

)) T

〕民n (5 )

a

s th e stat e v eeto r, an d an

o

th e r 。刀0 ve eto 巧

C (少) 二 ( B I(y)

, B Z ( y )

,

,

召。 (

y ) )

T

〕民n, ( 6 )

占。 = ( b l

, b

Z ,

,

b

) T

任 R

n ; J 〔 [a

, b

,

( 7 )

th e n s uch a

dyl l肚1五c rel ati o z巧hi P ean be r e

P res e n te d as

犷(t) = A V (r)

了( 了, u

( r ) ,

尸 )

+ B u ( r) + E F C『

r

( y

) V (

r )

b g

V (

‘ )

( 8 )

T h e f au lt 卢’

{

TTT he sy s

te mmm

Fig .

1 C o

ns i de

re d s

toe ha

s tic

Sys t

en i

.

2 M

o d

e l

re P

r e s e

n ta ti

on

D en o

te 。

(t)

s

y

s t

em an d as su

m

e

[

a

, b

that 「a

a

s th e outP u t of th e stoehas tie

b 」15

,

(t ) 15 a C o n ti n u o us

ran d o m v

ari ab 1a

1 e

k

n o w l l in te ry 习 an d at tu lle t fo r V t

[0

, +

aO )

.

T h

e n th

e

re e范sts a p ro b ab ili ty d

e n

s ity fu n cti o n o f :(t

) su eh tha t

厂夸

p ( a ‘ y < ; ) = {

。 y

( y

, u

)d y ,

V u ,

( l )

w h

e re p

(

a 毛 了 <

芬) rev re

sents th e oceurre nce of

山 e eve n t

t h

a t}a 鉴 少 <

杏} and

“ = u ( t) 15 di e

utto th e

s

y

s t

em . For sueh a Probab ility density fu nction

, t h e

fo l

-汕

ere }A

, B

, E

} are th e

k l l o

朝1 he

t h

y p

a r a m e

ter m a 由ees

w hi ch h a v

e aP P r0 P ti ate d in lens io n s in aeeo rd allce

俪t

h t

h e

ut

田 ld t h e we igh

t

s ve c to r V(t )

, F 15

an a

d d i tive

t e rm

reP r

es e no l lg th e

fa

u t in th e sys t

e m

.

F o r

5

m

o d

e

l

, th

e

血tequ ati on Pres ents age ne

司 l

inea

r 由

阳肚1五cal relati o ns h i P b e

t w e

en V(t), u

( t

) an d F ,

w l宙st

t h

e se eo n d e

ati on

s

t

a

n d

s f

o r t

h e

m

o

dif

ied B-- sP

五n e e

冲 ress i

on of th e Pro bab ili

-t

y den

s it

y f

u nct

i on of

t

h

e

娜 tenl

outP ut.

3

F a

l

目t d e te eti o n

In

5 seetion

, th

e ob

s e

rve

r- b as ed fa u

l t d e t e

c

ti on

俪 11 be

d

i

s

eussed

,

w here th e 几td ts o f th e Sys te m are re

子rd ed a

s

田ly

u n

e xP e e te d e h a llg es of an ad di t i v e

t e r m in th

e s t a

t e sP ac e e

明ation (8)

.

In o

r

d

e

: to de te et sueh a fatllt

, le t us e on

-s tru

e t th

e fo ll

ow i

n g obs

e rv

e r

公(t)

=

亡(t) +

召u ( t) + 天( t )。 (t)

,

u )

(少)( 了(少

, u

( r) ,

F )

了(了, u

( r

) ))d 少 ,

C T

( 了)

亡( t)

!

一 一

6

食(t)

t

)y

了 .、了r、 C入 7

l o

~ 9

a P pro

~ t i o

n 15

a P Pli

e d t o gi

ve

w ‘

( u

)B ‘( y ) y

( 了

, u )

=

产乙 V

y

任 [

a

, b

, (2 )

i

=

l

二‘

(u ) b、 w

h e re B ‘

(了) ) 0 are th e p re- sp eeifi e d b as is fu n cti o ns

,

肛e th e

t o th e

t i o】1 5.

I t e al l

w e

i g

h ts of

t h

e aP

p p o x l n la t l o

n w h ic h are

o r i l

v re h ted

c o n ti D I

utu(r)

, n

15 th e n u ll l

b e r o

f b as is

肋Ic

-In th is aP Pro

习Ilu o o n, i t h as b

e e n d e

n o

ted th a t

B

( , ) d少 > O

, i 二 1

,,

二, n

.

( 3)

人 甘 a 户

!

一 一 .

百 Ž . O

b e se en

th at

5 aP P

r

o

r

m

t

i on fo nc tion au to ll

祖ti c al -sa tlsfi es

, ( , ,

) d :

=

{

二 *

(。)丑

(, )

dy=(4)

(9)

w

her

eK(l)15ana

比甲ti v e g刃 n to b e d e

s i

罗ed fo r th e ob

-se

r

v

e

r

a

n

d

。(少)

任 R

, 1 5 。 p r e

- sp e e i五ed we igh tin g v ect o r

d

e fin ed o n

a

, b

.

们le Co n

s tru

etion of a

“ C

玩siea

l

” o b

-S·

r v

一u

l

d ha

v

· le d to 一 ( !) = { :

(, ( , , ·( :)

, ;

)

-夕((y

,

( :) ) ) dy

. H

o w e v e

r, ,

( :) c

an n o

: bus

比 in

s e

留 e as b o th 了( 少, u

( :

) ,

F )

an

a

夕(

了,

(‘) ) are

p ro b ab ili ty de ns ity fo n e ti o ns an d th e ir d ir e c t in te

脚t

ions are

习w ays e

明a

l t

o

1

.

0

.

T llis

m

e a

n

s

t

h a

t o t(z) = o fo r

a

n

v

F

·

As suc

h

, ,

( ‘) 15 not a p ro pe rre si

印a

l 51

, al for

F DI

〔11

一 1 4

〕a

n d the inv

olvelrlentof a

(y) 尹 1 15 n ec

-e ss

娜 h

ere .By defining

(t)

=

愈( t)

一 F (r)

,

( 1 0 )

an d u s

in g eq

ua t i

on s

( 8

)

明d (9 )

,

it e

an be fo n们Lu la t

e d t

h at

w

(u ) b‘

‘ =

食( r) +

丑u ( r) + ‘( r )。 (t) 一

A V (t) 一 Bu (t) 一 E 尸

. 内

l ‘

( 11 )

A p r e l i

l l lln a r

y stu

勿 ha-s

sh

o

w

n

t

h at sueh a bound ed

叩p r

o

x-irna d on ean be used to mo d

el th e ou tP ut Pro bab ili ty de ns ity

凡 ned o ns to a d es ire d ac eu ra

「10 」

.

In t

e

r

T

n

s

of th e

d

y

-Since it can be

。 (t)

sho w n =

t

ha

t

少) Crr(了) (b

(3)

环”押‘ et 以./ Jo um创 of G川名ro l ”记。。矛叩之必以如ns l ( 2 00 3) 5

3 一

5 8

、/,

、产飞

2 内、 † 旧 . 1 1 .1 了 .、了

哎、 =

{

by de n

oti ng

(

,

, C

·

‘:

, d

,

,

=

{

(

, ) e ·

(, ) d ,

。 : !二

,

几。一

11 PL b

百1! > o

(

抖 )

a

r

e

satisfi ed

, t he n

w ll e n F = 0 ,

w e

h ave

li m 。( t

) =

0 .

T h is m

e ans th

a

t th e fa ul t e

a

n be de te e te d t hi 旧u gh th e

i

t c an be fu d h e r o b taj由ed th at fo n ov

月 n g

( 2 5 )

:

(t) = 乏(

气婴

场 f

( r )

·

V (

,

,

·

( 14

) w h

e

re 久

n le ch江n l s m

11 :

( t) }} > 几 ~ a fa u lthas

o eeu r r e d > 0 15 a Pre- sP eeifi ed th resh o ld.

B y su b sti tu tin g

5 fo rm of re sidu al sign al in to the erm r

d

y

n

a

n

u

es in

叫uation (11)

, it

e an be

s h

o认叽 th at

e

(r) = A。( t) + K (r)艺

e (t) 6

+

、 ( : )、(

)

一 : ; . ( 1 5 ) b 6 V b 6 f

s讯 ee 6

俞1

5 a se al er num be r

,

b y

us

i

此 f

o llow i

adaPtive gai n

4

F a u

l t d

i

笋05 15

o nee

山e fa tllt 15 d eteete d tllro u gh ( 25 ),

th e 丘u lt di

nosis needs to be ear

口e d o以 in o rd er to es o n u te th e s止e o f th e fa u lt. F o r th is P u rP o se,

le t us e o

n s tru

e t t h e fo llo wi

n g

a daP

tiv e o

b s e

rv e r

气 (:)

=

珠 ( :) +

刀。

(‘) + 天 (‘)。(‘) +

,

天 ( : ) =

俞(

,

) ( 1 6 )

it Can be fu rth er ob tai ned th at

夕(J

,

) a

( 少) (了( 了

, u

( r ) ,

C T

( 了) Vnz ( r )

b

珠 (

‘ )

r )一

于()

,

( ‘) ) ) d少

, 

! †

一 一

、、 了 . 口 了 了 t

、 C

(26 )

(r) = (A + L 艺 )。( t) + L 乏V ( l w h ere

11缸1llCS

户 15 t

h e e

s tu

们 以 te of F .

I

n t h is c as e

, th

e

~ r

d

y-be e o nl e s 7

刃 r r

少了 . 、

叮 r 乙 X

S 了 0

一 O T奋L

一下

口-.

T

o

沐rfO

皿 the

ulred fau it de teC tion

, ‘ =

晓 + L

乏V ( l 一 t

h at t h e

e r r o r

d yn a m i c

s r

e p re s e n ted b y eq uati on ( 1 7 ) 1 5 s

t a b l

e w h e n n o fa u lt o c c u rs ( 1

. e.,

F = 0 ) .

T llis m e an

s

)

)+

君 (

尸 ), (

灯 )

山at w e n以刃 to esta b lish c ert ain e o nd lti o n s un d er w h iCh ( 18 )

W h ere e =

一 V

.

扮 s

e l

e ctin g the fo llo

俪119 Lya

P un ov

f

u nct

ion

lim

e

(t)

= 0

f

o r F = 0

.

F

o

r

5 PuIT

幻se , let us

L 艺

即d t

h a

t th ere exist a m atri x

f

u nc tion

(}) su ch th at G 15 s ta b le .

丽s

t

七刀0 p

o si ti ve de finite m at五e es, as

~

山a t ‘ = A + w

h ere

=

F , L an d

th e we

i gh tin g de r

d e

n vati v e o f 二 is

:

+

T

,

2

,

then it ean be showi l th

吐 th e fi巧t o

r-T h is 1lle a lls th a t th e re

P an d Q , s uc

h th at

一 *

一P

L

·

,

‘T p 十 尸‘ = 一 Q

·

In thi

s co

n te

x t

, let

u s se

leC t

th e fo l low l ng

ti o n

( 1 9 )

L y aP

u n o

v fu nc

-(20 )

+

T o

re

止z

e

汀 感 0 ,

山le

eT

, +

T

.

w

e

s

e

l

e

et th e fo llo彻ng

(29 )

sirl

毕 le a山甲tiv e

二 =

“ TPe

T 】le n, i t e

an be s

ho 认叽 th at

=

川 V

n

z (

“ (‘

,

(30 )

/

= 一 。 T

。一 。‘

·

(

).

(21)

口 U ,

L 七n o te

=

久mi n

( Q) as the

~

e i

g en val ue of ma

-t r

i x Q an d as su rne th at o < a ( 少) < l,

V 丁

a

,

b

,

(22 )

山 en the fo llow ln g in

闪ua

l lty can be obta in ed

[几Q 一 }} PL

峪 } j

l

l

已 {

2.

(

2 3)

A s

a r

e su lt

,

th e

fo l lo w in g th co re m c an be re ad l l y es tab

-h sh ed

.

T h eo n ”n i ( M a in res ul t ) S u p p o se th a t l

) the we igh t

-吨 v

e et

o r

(少)

任 R

,

, th

e

m

a

比 L and C(

少) h av e b een

seleete d 50 th at

¹ G = A + L 乏贻 s

比l

e:

º the re are po sitive de

肠t

e rna tric es

尸T = 尸

a n

d

二 Q s u eh

t h a

t e

明a

t

i on (19 )

如d t

h e f

o l

lowi llg in equ

碰ty

w h ere P > = E T P 一 汀 = 一

0 15 a P r e

- sP e e ifi e d le an l ll l g

v e e t o r

.

D eno te P Z

, t hen

i t e an b

e fo m

l u l

at e d t hat

: o

P

L

·

,

+

T

鉴一

又。

-二T,

T ,

飞 V

一 户’

”6“

e n U . 6 e 厂 +

{} F

}} PL

峪 }l

{ }}

户 !} +

、 , 尹 、产,

、、产 , 1 2 ,, „

内 J 内凡 † 丹、 „ 矛 r

浮 吸、了、了

矛 吸、 = 一

占1 11。 11

2 +

占: 11

户 }} 11

w h e re

a , =

}

P L

峪 1

1

,

占: = }1

户 !! + 11

尸 {{ }} b。 }}

. A

s s

u m e tha

t t

h e

叩p

er bound of th e

丘u lt s止e is M ( 1

. e,

) ,

an d th a t th e adap tive rul

e (30 )

h as

b een M

(4)

环河刀C et 以./ Jo 诬

对 of

“ro l

乃忍00 a n d

.

切Z

交以 必ns l (2 00 3) 53 一

5 8

s ele c t e d s u e h th a t

t

h e

t ll a t

, th en it C

an

占l( 11。 11

aZM 、 2

}, 一

’ 十

b e s e e n

( 3 4 )

z 。 \ 、,

夕一 l 7 (,

, ,, ,

月)

=

! 兰 1

丁下又e一 y月/l

, v y

任 [

。, 。]

\, l 气户 /

w h en }}e

占2

对(

占, +

护瓦)

妻 2母- T hi s le ad s to th e fo

l-( 3 6 ) w

h ere y

a

,

, a

an d b

are the mi n i

~ an d

~

-m u

m d e

n s i ty

,

res P ee

ti ve ly

.

In P rac

ti ee

,

a 七 ld b e an

b e d e -te

m u

n e d

e

n

m

e

nt

a

l

l

y [5

」a

n d

厂 (

召)

stan ds fo r th e w ell

h lov

门 I G ;u l刀 l u fu n e ti o n .

0 <

抽 场 l入 O

口 卜‘

一 4

一名

lo w i

n g th

e o r e x, 1

.

T h e

F JJ orem

Z ( e o n ve rse

l l c y p ro p e

巾e

s )

S

u p p o se th at

, th

e n th

e a d

a P ti ve tu ni n

g M

2

感 " F d a n M

2

r

u le (30 ) ean

即 aran

tee

t

h

a

t th e ob serva tion erro r satisfies

5

)i

n

(

3a

S

。_ 11 , 日 _

士丫

皿2

‘’ 一 ”

又 2

S

A

]

叩1leab il lty

s加dy

The w et end of a PaP er tna ehine ean be ske tched

Fig.2

.

T hi spart ofp

叩 er

e

址n es co ns ists o f h eadb o x

-Pro ach sys ten

巧, h

ea d b

ox an d

俪r

e tab

】e .

T h e fo

r m i n

g

P ro e

takes Pla ee in th e

诚r

e seet

ion

,

w ll ere th e

dil u

te d

fi bre s an d

ot he r addi

tiv es

( 5 p e

rc e nt s o

li di an d 95 perc e n t

w a

t e r )

are

i nj e ete d an d t h

e

p

叩er we b 1

5 fo m

二d du ring th e

d r面n a罗 P ro ees s on th e

俪r

e

.

1

〕u ri n g th e fo r m m

g P h ase, b on ds b e tw e e一1

f i

b r e s a n d o th e r a d di ti v es

a r e f

o n l l e d an d th e

b es t P e

n

n

a

n

c

e re

明ir

e d 15 to aehi ev e

, as u ni fo

rm

as Po s

-s i ble

, a

to tal s o

li d di stn bu ti o n .

凡 diseussed in [5

, a

up ofehemi eals

, k n

ow n

as re t en ti

o n ai ds

, c

an h e

l p t o

eo nt ro l s u eh

a s o li d

d js

t ri b uti o n

. T hi

s

n le ans

th at

th e

1 l l Pu t

to th e sys t em 15 th e flo w ra tes

o

f th es e eh

~

c

亦 axid t

h e

outP ut 15 a ZD pro bab ili ty de ns ity fi

川 eti o n o f th e soli ds di s -m b u ti o n .

场 a

s

s tlllllllg a singl e fib re as a ro d

,

th en

w h en a

lar

罗 Po P u

l at

i o n o f sueh

t

y

P

e o f fibres are Proj eete d onto

t

h e wi re tab le

,

th ey

卫 form

a r a

n do m Z D fib re ne two rk a

s sh o w n

i

n Fig. 3 S in ee t h e fib re

n e t

w o rk 15 口n d o n U y

f o rm e d , t

h e s o

li di de ns i ty 1 5 als o

ran do m

a x l d s

h o

t ll d o b cy

a

s to

e

has ti e dis m b

u ti on

.

F i g .

3 T he Z D s ol i ds di s

tn b u

ti ons o n

th e

~ tab l

e

·

r e s ul ts

I n o

rd er

to th o

w th e a

P P li e

ab ility

o f

the me th

o d P ro

-p os ed

in t

h i s

p aP

er

, let us

c

~ i

d e r

th e foll

~ 9

sys t

em

了(丁, u

( t

) )

= 召1(少) w

, + B Z ( 了) w

: + B 3(了) * 3 b 1 W I + b Z

+ b3码

(37)

ere a an d

乙 are set to b e 一3

a

n d + 2 ( 1 0

一 ’ r n n 1

)

, re

-sP e c

ti ve ly

, an d

刀,

( 了) =

了2 + 6 少+ 9 ] 1.+[一少2一3, 一 11 12 +

了2 ]13 ,

召2( 少) =

少2 + 4少+ 4 ] 12 + [了2

l ) + l

〕1

3

+ [

了2一 2 ) + l] 14 ,

B 3 (J )

[J Z + 2少 + l] 13 + [

少2 + l y + l ] 14 +

[ 少2 一 4 少 + 4 ] 15

.

(3 5 )

F o r thi s sys te m , 1 1

are th e

in t e ry 习 丘m cti o ns an d de山led as

f o Uo认产

s

H ead bo x

l 了

〔 [

几‘

,

入‘+ 1 )

,

几‘= i 一 4 (i = l

, 2

, 3

, 4

, 5 )

,

(39 )

0 elsew h ere . r...

亡.‘.‘

一 一

、‘产

y 了 了 几、 乙 r

a

n d

t h e

d y n ~

c p

a l

t 15 reP res en te d

0

.

9

2 0

. 1

0

1

「0 飞 「 1 1

0 }V+}o

·

5 }

u +

} o

· 3

I F

· (40

)

一 3 J L 1 J L 一 0.Z J 1

1

门, ” Ž· 0

工 n „ r e s s e e s e s e s e s J

一 一

·

V

R d e

m i on

F l

g .

2 A Pa P

er n u

c l山le

w

e t e n d

.

E

即enm

entall y

,

i t h as b ee n fo u nd th at th e lo eal

d e ns

ity c

an be aP p r o x l l l l a t

ed

饰 the fo n~ ng trU

d

i

S

‘ b u ti o n

4 〕

.

neated

In

5 ease

, F

s

tan d i fo

r th

e

u n e

冲 eet

e d ch an ges of th e

shear fo rc es e

a

u

s

ed by th e flu id dy nan

五cs in

t h

e h e ad b o x

叩p r

o aeh

娜 tem

· As

su c h

,

F = 0 re P res

e nts a h

eal th y we

t

en d op e

rati o n

fo r th e w e

b fo rn U

n g P ro c

ess .

In Fi g .

4 ,

t he

s ele

c t ed bas is 伪 n eti o ns

a r

e g v en an d th e n绍 P o ns e o f th e

几u lt is F = 1.0

沂er 2

.

s s

.

1lle resul t of th e 3D nies h

Plo t of th e outP ut Pro bab ili ty de ns ity

丘In eti o ns 15 sbo wn in F ig.5 an d th e re h te d res idu al 51乡lal 七 sh

o w n

i

(5)

-环摊刀‘以./ Jo urT 司 of 〔b瓜ro l乃祀。 月子酮Z比以 如ns l (2

田3 ) 5

3

一 5

8 5 7

巴p o n d illg to

t i m e

se al e [ 0, 5

] s

) .

In F ig

. 5

, th e 3D

m es

h P lo t al o

嗯 t

lnle

5 is n

拍 d e

俪t

h an in ere as ed s

a

m

-P

】in g o f o.1 se eo nd 50 as to sh

o

w th e suffic ient ti llle sP an f

o r t h

e res Po ns e an d in th e re al sim u lati o n

, th

e s an

1 P

lin g

in t erv al 15 s eleete d as o

,

0 1 5

.

F ro m th es

e fi

gu res it e

an b

e eo n e l

u

de d th a

t

des i

re d fa u 】t

d

e te eti o n res ul ts h a v

e b een ob tam ed .

T

h e 6 tllt di ag lo sis r

e

s ul ts are sh ~

i n F

.

7

,

w here F 15 plo tte d fo

r a lo n

ge r

tim e mte

ry 习

o

,

1 2 0 0 ] (

e o

rr es p on di ng to [0

, 1 2

] 5

in re al

tu n e

) in o

rd e

r to

s e e th

e e o

n

ve

粤n

c e res ul t

.

/

一~ 、

0 .

8

/ 了 i

沪 卜

// . ‘

U月 斗

: 0 八 I j

了 z/

/ / /

2.5 eeZ1.5 一 l0 0 0 万 1.5 2 0 0

L 几 . .

! ‘

, j Z C

一 0

.5

T

h

e3D res pons e of

了( 了,u ( r)

, F )

.

421C6/04,乙 -.

1

1

o

n

”

0

0

Fl

g.4Theseleetedbasisfuxl

由ons B I,

B Zand B 3

0刀0 5 l

e e

,一

\\\

一 0.0 0 5

/

一 0

0 1

/ /

一 0.0 1 5

一 0

02

\

一 0

025 0 卜一

.

--一

一 0

0 3

s

e

一-i

Flg

0.2

1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0 3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 5 0 0

6 飞

,

I le r

es p

ons e

of 。

(t)

.

0 2 0 0

F笔.7

4 0 0 6 0 0 80 0 1 0 00 12 0 0

T h e res p o ns e o f户( r).

7 D i s

c uss io n

p l

u s

r e s

l d 川

纽 e n t

r 0 P y

J

( 户) =

{:

、 (·,

,

,

,

‘·

、 (

一 ‘(

,

,

, , d

·

I n t ll is P aP e r a fa u lt d e te e ti o n a n d di 叫歹10 515 al g o n thi li h as

b een P res en ted fo r

罗ner

a

l

sto ehas ti e sys te rns w hose outP ut

pro bab ili ty dens ity

etion 15eon

比l

a erisp

ut

·

Th e

ra ti o

nal mo

del o

f th e s

ys te

m 1 5

us e

d an d

the 几u lt aP P ears i n

t h e d犯l

a n

u c part o fthe

娜t

e m

.

U llder eer

t

田tl e o n di ti o n s,

、v e

h av e 51 10

姻1 that t

h e f

a tllt 1

5 de te c

份 b le an d its es 口Ilu ti o n

15 e onv e

誉ntin the sense tha tth eres idu al siglals are

习w ays b o u nd ed .F u tu re wo rk sho ul d b e eon een tr ate d o n the ge n

‘一 “

,

户’d一

w her

e

山e

阮tt

e rm 15 th e res idu al en tropy [15

(42)

16

.

T his

el

, al

P li ei t s t o e

h as ti e

t r a」。 m

d yn an 五c

邓t

e

r

n

s

w h ich are subj eeted to ex

-川p u t

少* = f ( 少*

一 l,

, J*

一 。,

u * ,

, u 、_ m , F

,

)

, (4 1)

w here 田* 15 a kn

o w

n arb

i

的r

y bounde d 动idom mP

u t

田ld F 15 th e fau lt

.

F o r s u e h a

t

e

m

, th

e res

i d u al

5 1

罗a

l

h

a

s

a

p

r

o

t

i

正钾 d ens i钾凡 n ed o n 入 (x ,

笋(k )

,

户)

,

w h

e

re

协(

人)

=

少*一 1 ,

, y* _

。, u* ,

, “ * _ 二

] .

x n

、 。as e , 山e b es t

15 sllr甲ly be e a

u se tha t a

od fa ult esO ll

祖ti o n sh o u】d h av e a v

e ry sn

创1me an

vall le of its res idu al

,

an d at th e s

~

。n l e t

h e unc

e d 江1llty o f th e r e

s i d u al s l g n al s h o ul d b e xl扮d e as sn仙卫 as p os sib le . Sin ce th e en tro Py is a

~ re

罗n

e

司 me

a-s

u

r

e

t

h

舰1 j us t van an e e o f u n

c e rt 田Ilty (

朋d

o

m

n

e

s s) for

non-- Gaus sian dis tributions

,

i t 15 us ed h ere fo r t h e sel e eti o n

o f

th e

es

~

te d fa t llt .

r

m

r

u

n

u

z

e J(

户)

, 。 n 。 C

a

n 5 111甲 ly

u

s e th e fo ll o

119

『adi ent le arm n g rtil e

么, , 、 , , , 、 。 J J ,

F ( k ) =

F ( k

l ) 一 厂

牛 l;

二户(、_ t ) .

( 4 3 ) ! 、’,‘ ‘ 、‘“ ‘’ 一

刁F ’r 二 矛、‘ 一”’ 、 ’

一了

Sin 川 ar fo n liulati o ns e

狙 a

l

s o be ob

钧 LU le d fo r e o n tlllu o u

s-。n le s y s t

~ reP res e

n t

e d b y th e

f

o Uow u lg Ito di

玉 r

e nt

i a

l

e

s t

l

l lu t

ion F at s

田11P le ins t a n

e e

k sh o

u l

d b e solv e d

r

m

r

u

-~ m

g

t

h e me an

v

习tles of th e re si du al an d its en tro py

eq u

功on

X

w her

e x i

s a

=

f (

x

, u ,

F ) d

r + 。(x ,

u , F )d w

,

(

料 )

(6)

环摊八召以 以./ Jo 理

价司 of Co 瓜ro之刀让。

叩之交以 动。 1 (2 (X) 3 ) 53 一 5 8

【l] P.E冶b o re, e o们 tr o】fo r a

H .W aJ lg, D eS l

gn of 6 ult山窖五 ”沾队二欲】d 丘ult tole

t

S

y

s ten

”,

了E 百E 7’r。ns .

o

n Aut 。傲“ic

R ·

J .

pa tto

n , p ·

F ,

R ·

C坛k ,

凡“众 刀泛曳孙山15 in 马加c s

x

s terns :刀记 o ry “r明l

i c a t

,

P比 nti ce- H al] , E

ew

以刘 C li压 ,

呵, 1 98 9

.

o f nonh

ne a l ,

R ob us tnl团e】

e sb as

出丘己 t di

伽is : 山e sta te o f th e art , , ..

J,J.. 乃.. J

飞 „

41

1 ”

‘ .1. .1 ‘卫

人 f Ž r..L r ‘ . Œ

Co nl ro l

, V ol

d翻

的, N o

. 11

,

即.180 5一1 8, 2

(X

) 1 94

, E巾OO

, R司明d

, 1 99 4

.

仁2 〕 R.I s e t m a n n

, P B

ane ,

Tre

the

聊h~

n

d

似t

ionand di

闪歹15of te e

肠c

a

l Proc ~

, C

o n

gre‘‘,

毯evi er Sc len ce, ( ) 伍〕rd

,

pp .

l 一

ofn l司e{ b”记 丘d t

o

f th e l矛’A C

M j

血泊l u m e n tI O Py co n匕 。l f o r

~

Ga妞岛ian d厂切1五e s权K一

尸了。 c o

1 2,l侧灭i

了E 石召升“ns .

o

n A以。m 口止ic co 时ro l V ol

. 4

7 ,

N o .

2

【3」 1.N加场 ro v, M

.

S比0

ccki

, B

. v o

zel ,

D u ali

ty of

七 lal y ti

redllll-山n cy an d sta o s口

c a

l aP P

~

h in 6tilt di agn o sis,

乃。 c. o

f the l声讨C W

o rld Co 了够re“,

E七e“er Sc iellce ,

。刘岛记,

p p lg

一 2

4 ,1 1刹魏,

.

【4 〕 M .Deng , c

. T

.

J .

D。山on , 尸哪招卜

A

n EI 堵滋舰ered sto ch as tic

“ re ,

TaP P i pr eS S ,

Ad赶 1. ,

C A ,

l望科 .

〔5] G.A.Sm ook ,

刀乞产

以6 00k fo ;

如and 几卿r Te chnD log”‘。,

A n即s

W ild e l〕u b lic汤。ons ,

V a ne ou v

er ,

l卯2 .

仁6] H .w 叨g, w

.

L in

,

彻pl

如I唱。h记rV e r b怨ed

F

D l tec hn iq uo to dcte ct

。tdts m d vl迎1血 却 d b o u nd ed sto ch留成 dis颐b uti ons , In t

.

Jo

Z

o f

G 初 ‘ro l, v o

l .

7 3 ,

N o

.

巧,

p p .

1 4 24 一14 36 ,2(X X) .

〔7] H.w七堪,

R ob us teo t l tr olof th e

o u中ut p r山abili

由nsl 钾

山ons for

m l日ti v翻日be stoeh as d e 邓ten倾 th g lar日1lte司 stab ili ty ,

了召E 忍 了h Z似. o

n Au to

l n a

t ic co 心rol

, v ol

.

4 4 ,

N o

.

H ,

p p .

2 1 03

一 2

1 07

, l

.

[

8

」 H.w 如g,

B o ul

配d

场7汉 蕊 ~

s t o cha 3 tic

D i

s tri bu

t i

:

乃夕仪花lli ng and

。明‘

r o l

,

印ril延罗r- ve ria g (L o lld on)

, L o

l l‘10 1 1,

N 肠r c h Z以X) .

[9」 H.w an g,

M 司 el r e f

e re nee ads ptive eontrol f to h。 。 u中u t sto e

t

i

。山s

-t r i b

u

如 ns for tu止泪 ~

l i

n ear stoc has

。。 s y s

te n巧,

In ‘

.

加“ r 7 z a

l of

t

翻 s

c

~

,

物1

.

3

0

,

N o

,

7 ,

p p .

7 0’7 一71 5,1望熟〕

.

〔ro ] H.w ang , H

.

Y u

。, A o

tio 耐 sPline m od d aPP

~

二 t i

o n and c

~ l

o f o u tP u t Pr o b a b i」jty de nsl ty fon cti

o n

s fo r d y

n ;

助ic、to eh韶 ti e 、外tell”,

升。ns .

o f th

o I n s tit 砚

。 o f M 已a、

~ t a

n d Co 刀£

r o l

, vol

.

2 5 ,

N o .

2 ,

pp .

93

l

肠, 2‘X )2

.

【11] P.M .F曲Ik,

。11~lin e且ult

d e

t ec由n in unc e比山 1 no l习illear s杯tell”

u s i

n g d iag l仍ticobs crve o a su n℃y

,

. J.

~ Sc

i, v ol

.

25 ,

N O.

6 ,

p p

.

Z 1 2 9

一 2

1 54 ,1 994

[1 2] P .

M .

R 二u水 ,

o et

~

。6。n

耐 i

n

e

a

r

01

〕Se rVe r‘1璐ed

脚roac

he

s to

反ul t山卿10 5。 : a s

u r

y 即

, Col ltr0

1E l

匆11eerin g Iha etice, Vol

.

5 ,

N o .

4 ,

即,

肠 3一6 7 0,

1卯7 .

[16 ] ,

M i

~ en

tr o py cl ) ntlo

lof c

k‘ e d

. l以

〕 p

拓 ng

st‘又」

瑙tic p p

S y s t巴1”, .

11 8 一122

了忍忍百乃口. on A 哪,已ic

2 (X) 3

”匕

叭俏入G rec

v e d the Ph

·

D ·

dq歹e。 丘伽11 H u aZ h ong U n iv哪ity of 防enc o a们d Te c

h

-n o l

o g y ,

W u

h an ,

P R C hli u in 1 98 7 .

Fro n l1 988

1卯Z he

~ th e rese ar ch fe Uow of Sa】丘 〕,

B ru n

el a nd So ut

nPton U niv

二t

ie

s . He Join

记 U l五

~ t y o f州比】c

h e

s ter l

帅t

u t

e ofsc ienee al

d

Tec hi l o场留 ( U M IsT ) 。 1卯Z and 贻 ~

t

h。

R 。丘箔 or in P ro e哪 Con尔」山ld the 以recto r of

t h

e U入”

灯 C

泊1l tr o 1 Sy sten万C e n。℃. H

e has pub

-bsh ed 4 boo ks a nd 50 I O te n拍 ti。耐 jonn过 p

i n

t h e

~ o

f stoc h a sti c d jst ri b u tion c o n tr o l, 场u】t detec ti on an d di日91s,

胡d

n

e u动】l e。 rksn l ode伍ng an( 1 co n t r

o l

.

E匕

昭 V U E r

e c

e ived her B

.

E

.

却d M , E

.

d e

es

乎ee丘o 几 Be iji ng Un iv

姗 t

y of C hen

五C 习 Te chn o 】

-。 g

y in 19喇〕田记 1叨 3, 朋 d Ph

.

D d

卿e

e i

n l

n

-dus

币al Au ton拍。。n fro n lE as t C hi na U n iv e戊 ty of

S d en ce 山 ld T e c hn。群 in 19.

s

h e dlen 」ni n己 t

h

e Ins ti tu te of Au to llu tion , C hi n

ese 八cad o n y of

反亏e lle es. H er ~

h in te r es七 a r

e m 司 ellj ng ,

co ntlo

l aJld oP On刀Za ti

o

n of e o n甲lex P toc

~ . D

r .

Y ue is ~

n dy o th the C o n。。1 S yst e m S

C e xltr e at

t h e

U niv e“lty of M an eh es

t e

r 11酉 幻 tU te of

S d e

n c e

& T e C h n ol。,

fo r th e EPSR C a

刀‘1th e L e v er h ul m eT n” t p

References

Related documents

Stochastic approximation with decreasing gain: convergence and asymptotic

use the simplest form of the New Keynesian model with sticky prices to examine the relationship between the cross sectional moments of output and the aggregate economy and then to

In this work, a numerical solution of the modified regularized long wave (MRLW) equation is obtained by the method based on collocation of quintic B-splines over the finite elements..

Impact of mathematical correlations on the statistic of the congruency test case study: B-splines surface approximation from bridge observations.. Kermarrec Gaël 1 , Alkhatib Hamza 1

This paper proposes an analytical dynamic queueing model that yields queue length distributions, accounts for spillback, captures the backward wave in congested conditions, and

The impact of fiscal shock through the negative relationship between the increase in production, and inflation and the growth of the monetary base, affected the growth

In [18], the representation of geodetic in- tegral formulas by bicubic spline functions was shown using splines constructed from ordinary cubic polynomials, see [18] (p.

An otherwise standard New Keynesian model with Calvo pricing, where the only form of heterogeneity lies in whether or not a firm changes its prices, has the interesting property that