Chapter 34 and 35_WWII_ppt_APUS

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_{Early Foreign Policy}

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_{1930’s Pre-War Aggression}

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_{Germany’s Early Successes}

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_{Neutrality Evolving to Interventionism}

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_{US Enters the War}

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_{Immediate Actions}

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_{Home front Activity}

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_{Island Hopping Campaign}

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_{War in Europe/N. Africa}

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_{War in the Pacific}

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_{War Legacy}

Period 7: Chapter 34 & 35 – World War II

Yesterday, December seventh, 1941, a date which will live in infamy, the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces

1930’s – What Going On Globally???

Japan:

• _{Has been imperializing and for}

decades…remember the Russo-Japanese War?

• _{Japan invaded China in 1931…}

League of Nations does nothing! Italy:

• _{Benito Mussolini is named}

Chancellor by King Victor Emmanuel out of fear.

• _{Italy established Fascism}

(extreme nationalism, militarism, and full control of society).

1930’s – What Going On Globally???

Germany:

• _{Extreme Depression – the German}

currency is worth nothing!

• _{1932 – Hitler becomes Chancellor and}

becomes head of the Nazi Nationalist party.

• _{Nazi Party – fascists (extreme}

Nationalism and militarism).

• _{1936 – Rome-Berlin Axis Agreement -}

Italy and Germany alliance. Soviet Union:

• _{Stalin defines Soviet Communism –}

promoting industrialization and mechanization of Russia.

• _{Eventual goal – promote the growth of}

Early 1930’s Foreign Policy –

Isolationism and Alliances

• 1930’s – US shows itself to be Isolationists

• _{US Withdrawal from the London Economic} Conference – US not interested in Europe Economics.

• _{US promises Philippines freedom (pull out of}

the Pacific arena).

• _{Johnson Debt Default Act – US no longer}

loans money to “debt-dodging” nations.

• _{1930’s – US wants to promote good alliances}

with Latin America

• _{Caribbean Sea – reduced military presence.} • _{Mexico – Good Neighbor Policy (peace to}

promote trade).

• _{Reciprocal Trade Agreement Acts passed}

Foreign Policy – Neutrality??

At First…

• _{Passed Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936, 1937) -}

outlawed arms sales to warring nations). Then…

• _{Spanish Civil War - Loyalists (supporters of}

the republic) vs. Nationalists (supporters of the revolutionists and Francisco Franco) – Germany and Italy send arms to Franco and GB and France stayed neutral.

• American Lincoln Brigade – 3K

volunteers went to right on the side of the Loyalists.

• _{FDR sends Chinese arms to deal with Japan}

– wants to stand against aggression

Germany – Early Aggression

Anschluss (union)– had rich land (justified it by saying that Germans needed Lebensraum – “living space”).

• _{Czechoslovakia – wanted to}

Sudetenland – region in CZ. Germany agreed that was its last expansion.

• _{Signed the Munich Pact and got}

the land - Known as an

appeasement of Germany.

• _{Kept peace but dishonorable (soon}

after, he took all of Czechoslovakia).

• _{Hitler and Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet} Pact pledging not to attack one

WWII Begins – Germany’s Early

Successes

• _{Sept. 1, 1939 – Germany invades Poland – two days later GB}

and France declare war on Germany. The war has started!!!

• _{Germany used “blitzkrieg” or lightening war (start with}

air attack and used tanks and transports came in). Poland falls quickly.

• _{Germany takes Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. Russia takes}

Finland. Germany turns West – Takes Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands

• _{By June 1940 – France falls to Germany!}

• _{In less than a year, Hitler now controls most of Western}

Europe.

• Tokyo-Rome-Berlin Axis Agreement signed after the fall of France.

• _{Battle of Britain - Only one nation left – Great Britain!}

• _{Germany attacks Southern England with air bombings for}

two months. Started to concentrate on London.

• _{Royal Air Force held them back and was blitz was called}

off.

Holocaust Foreshadowed

• _{Persecutions Start – Holocaust – systematic}

murder of 11M Europeans (half are Jews).

• _{Anti- Semitism – hatred for Jews – blamed}

for economic problems in Germany.

• _{Nuremburg Laws stripped their rights and}

had to wear the Star of David.

• _{Kristallnacht – Nov 9-10, 1938 – raid on all}

Jewish homes and shops across Germany.

• _{Refugees – Jews leave Germany – who wants}

them???

• _{US admitted very little – Ex: St. Louis –}

German ocean liner not allowed into US (sent back to Western Europe).

• _{By 1942 – rumors of concentration camps and}

genocide.

• _{US created the War Refugee Board – tried to}

help some Jews (only 150K of 6M killed).

US…Still “Neutral”???

can buy US arms – pro Allies support.

• _{During the Battle of Britain – US is divided…}

• _{Interventionists – “Britain is Fighting Our Fight!”}

• _{Isolationists – “America First” and “The Yanks Are Not Coming.”}

***FDR wins third election! - First president with more than two terms!***

• _{March 1941 – passed the Lend-Lease Act – lease arms and supplies}

to countries whose defense is vital to the US – became “an arsenal of democracy.”

• _{Increase defense spending and instated a military draft in peace}

time – Selective Service Act.

• _{Churchill and FDR wrote and signed the Atlantic Charter}

• _{Goals: stop Nazi tyranny, support the right of the people, and}

give world security.

• _{Became the foundation for the United Nations.}

The Attack on Pearl Harbor

• _{By 1939, they continued to take land in SE Asia (natural}

resources).

• _{US banned exports (to deter aggression) – Japan needs our}

oil!

• _{Emperor Hirohito wanted peace, but Hideki Tojo}

(military commander) prepared for attack - peace talks started but stalled.

• _{Ordered an attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii (Dec. 7,}

1941).

• _{180 Japanese warplanes killed 2,887 and wounded}

1,178, sunk/damaged 21 ships, and destroyed 300 aircrafts.

• _{Dec. 11, 1941 – US declares war on Japan, Germany, and}

Italy.

• _{Isolationists that had pushed against FDR from the start}

Now

Wh

• _{Step 1 – Get Germany first (then use Allied}

forces in Europe to go after Japan).

• _{Men volunteer! – 5M volunteer and 10M}

are drafted – all were trained quickly.

• _{Step 2 – We need to mobilize for the war (this}

will be harder than it sounds)!

• _{Government will need promote and assist}

in the mechanization of the war support.

• _{Step 3 – eliminate “enemies among us.”}

• _{Most immigrant populations “melted” and}

were assimilated into the pro war effort.

• _{Except for Japanese Americans – passed}

the Executive Order No.9066 (forcibly moved Japanese Americans into

concentration camps – mostly in the Rockies).

• _{HUGE limitation of Civil Liberties!}

• _A.

• _{Pre-War – Anti-Japanese sentiment}

is very prevalent in the US (it is not a far jump to internment).

• _{1942 –110K Japanese-Americans}

into internment or confinement camps – due to fear and prejudice.

• _{Internment sites were in CA, ID,}

WY, AK, CO, UT (example: Heart Mountain, CO and Minidoka, ID).

• _{1944 – Japanese-Americans wanted}

justice – Korematsu v. US said US was justified b/c of military

necessity.

• _{Were eventually paid reparations}

for these actions.

• _{Created the War Production Board} (WPB) – companies converted

from peacetime to wartime products and called for the

collection of iron, tin cans, paper to help the war.

• _{Gov’t used propaganda to gain}

support – newsreels in movies,

pamphlets and war posters to encourage support!

• _{Created the Office of Price}

Administration – freezing prices to fight inflation and rationed food and goods.

• _{Rationing of scarce items such}

as meat, shoes, sugar, coffee, gas to keep prices down.

• _{Business boomed! - Unemployment to}

1.2% and pay rose 10% (workers

invested in war bonds as savings), food production rose 50%, women were

35% of work force (more job opportunities).

• _{Depression is officially over -}

Middle class emerges due to jobs.

• _{National War Labor Board – imposed}

ceilings on pay raises (Unions angered and strike!).

• _{Strikes were not tolerated – passed}

The Smith Connally Anti-Strike Act

(strikes were illegal – needed to support the war effort!).

• _{George Marshall (Army Chief of Staff General)}

called for the formation of a Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps. (WAAC’s) – they needed more

support!

• _{Other women’s war organizations:}

• _{WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer}

Emergency Services.

• _{SPARS (US Coast Guard Women’s}

Reserve).

• _{Worked as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio}

operators, electricians, and pilots – no direct combat (were eventually given full Army

benefits).

• _{Who is working in the factories???}

• _{6M were women (Rosie the Riveter) and 2M}

were minorities (both were paid much less and weren’t allowed to do certain jobs).

• _{By 1945 – 2/3}rd _{left the workforce…but will}

they be happy back at home?

• _{Mexican Americans, African Americans, Asian}

Americans, and Native Americans all

volunteered despite discrimination in the

military – Received discrimination at home too! Mexican Americans

• _{Bracero Program allowed Mexicans to work in}

farms and factories during the war (most ended up staying in the US).

• _{Riots in Los Angeles – Zoot-suit riot led by}

Mexican-American youth over prejudice. American Indians

• _{Left reservations and worked in factories to}

support the war.

• _{Code Talkers – Navajo and Comanche Tribes –}

used native language for moving information (undecipherable by Axis Forces).

• _{African American volunteered in large numbers – some}

not allowed to fight (mostly held support roles).

• _{Early 1940’s - People move from rural areas to California}

and to the North (Afams move from south to north for job opportunities – Northern Migration).

• _{African American – not well received in the cities.} • _{Phillip Randolph – protested and marched on}

Washington against discrimination in the military and industry.

• _{Roosevelt calls on all employers to let Afams do all}

jobs available without discrimination.

• _{Discrimination in the North was high due to the influx of}

Afams into the cities – James Farmer created the

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to end unfair treatment.

• _{Foreshadowing for the organization and violence to}

come with the Civil Right Mov’t.

• _{Japanese had taken a majority of SE Asia}

– Hong Kong, Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand, part of China, East Indies,

Guam, Wake Island, and Solomon Islands.

• _{Douglas MacArthur commanded this}

area - pulled out to eventually return (the Battle of Bataan/Death March).

• _{Doolittle’s Raid (Raid on Tokyo) and the}

Battle of Coral Sea heightened spirits and stopped advancement.

• _{Battle of Midway – intercepted code}

speaking of this attack – island defended by commander Chester Nimitz (Japanese lost four carriers and 250 planes).

• _{Started Island Hopping Campaign}

(taking islands moving close to Japan).

• _{Late 1941 – Hitler invades Russia (heads to} Moscow and Leningrad).

• _{Russians are pushed back - use the} Scorched-Earth Strategy (burn everything and leave nothing for the enemy to use.

• _{Siege of Leningrad – Sept 1941 started a 2.5 yr}

siege – 2.5 million cut off in the city with no food and supplies (1m civilians died).

• _{Battle of Stalingrad – Germans won most of the}

city until winter – closed around the Germans in the city until they surrendered Jan.

• _{1943 – lost 1M in just this battle (Turning point}

- started pushing the Germans west).

• _{North Africa – Allies planned Operation Torch, an}

attack on Axis controlled areas led by Dwight Eisenhower – pushed the Axis out.

• _{Crucial Battle of El Alamein in Egypt.}

• _{N. Africa is won…Allies met in Casablanca to discuss}

strategy – first go into Sicily and up Southern Italy (Italians overthrew Mussolini) but Germans stopped Allies in Italy.

• _{Germany now on three fronts!}

• _{Tuskegee Airmen (99th Pursuit Squadron)}

significantly helped win the campaign in Italy – Afam pilots who preformed amazing strikes on the Luftwaffe (German air force).

• _{Operation Overlord (D-Day) - liberate German}

occupied France (Canadian, US, British alliance).

• _{Eisenhower dropped paratroops behind enemy}

lines, then landed 170K soldiers along the

Northern coast (largest air/land/sea operation in army history)!

• _{Pushed into France and eventually liberated Paris}

with the help of George Patton.

• _{By Sept 1944, freed France, Belgium, and Luxembourg}

– FDR elected a 4th time!

• _{Won mostly because the war was going well.}

The Allies Liberate Rome: June 5, 1944

• _{Battle of the Bulge – bitter battle in Germany –}

Hitler lost little land, but lost 120k troops, 1600

planes, and 600 tanks – had to retreat due to losses.

• _{Yalta Conference (Feb 1945) – Stalin, FDR, and}

Churchill meet – agreed to temporary division of Germany, Poland would get free elections, Russia would join against Japan, and would participate in an int’l conference to start the UN.

• _{Soviets entered Poland and found the concentration}

camps and freed prisoners.

• _{The full extent of the Holocaust is discovered!} • _{April 12, 1945 – FDR dies from a stroke – Harry}

Truman is now president!

• _{Berlin stormed by Soviets April 25, 1945 - Hitler}

committed suicide.

• _{(May 8, 1945) Eisenhower accepted the}

unconditional surrender of Germany (V-E Day).

• _{Japanese started using Kamikazes (suicide}

pilots) to stop the Allies.

• _{After taking the Philippines – MacArthur}

attacked Iwo Jima (heavily armed by Japan and strategically important to an attack on Japan).

• _{6k marines died and only 200 Japanese}

lived out of 27k.

• _{One island left until Japan – Okinawa – faced}

Kamikaze attacks sinking 30 ships and killing 5k navy.

• _{On land, 110k Japanese died and 7k}

marines – generals committed suicide.

• _{Now we need to mount a land attack on}

Japan…

• _{This will cost many lives, dollars, and will}

take a lot of time!

• _{Scientists improved technology during the}

war…

• _{Radar and sonar created – used to}

detect planes and subs.

• _{Advisory Committee (led by Robert}

Oppenheimer) did research known as the Manhattan Project.

• _{Created the first atomic bomb –}

tested in New Mexico (in mid July).

• _{Trying to end the war quickly, Truman uses}

the bombs.

• _{Aug 6 bombed Hiroshima and Aug 9}

bombed Nagasaki – over 200k deaths by the end of the year due to bombs.

• _{Sept 2 – formal surrender of Japanese (V-J}

Day).

• _{War is officially over!}

• _{Europe is a mess! – need to rebuild…} • _{Holocaust crimes must be addressed.} • _{Japan is destroyed – will become a}

forced ally of the US.

• _{China continues a civil war over}

government type (Republic vs Communism).

• _{US and USSR are the undisputed}

powers of the World.

• _{US for use of technology – and}

role in the Pacific.

• _{USSR for use of manpower – and}

role against Germany.

• _{Become enemies within two}

years of the end of the war!

Outcomes of the War

Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of operations

Casualties in the East

Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of

7 Future American Presidents Served in

World War II