An Evaluation of METAL: the LRC Machine Translation System

A n Evaluation of METAL: the LRC Machine T r a n s l a t i o n S y s t e m

Jonathan S l o c u m

Microelectronics and C o ~ u t e r T e c h n o l o g y Corp. W i n f i e l d S. Bennett

L e s l e y W h l f f i n E d d a N o r c r o s s

Siemens Co~mmmllcation Syst~-~q, Inc.

A b s t r a C t

T h e Linguistics R e s e a r c h Center (LRC) at the U n i v e r s i t y of Texas at A u s t i n is

c u r r e n t l y developing METAL, a

fully-automatlc h i g h quality m a c h i n e

translation system, for m a r k e t introduction

in 1985. This p a p e r will describe the

current stat~s of

METAL,

results of the m o s t recent post-edltors'

evaluation, a n d will b r i e f l y indicate some

future directions for the system. A 6-page

G e r m a n original tex~ and a raw (unedIt~3d,

b u t automatically reformatted) METAL

translation of that text into English are included as appendices.

Introductlon

The Linguistics R e s e a r c h Center (LRC) at the U n i v e r s i t y of Texas at A u s t i n is

currently d e v e l o p i n g METAL, a

fully-automatic h i g h quality m a c h i n e

translation system, for m a r k e t introduction

in 1985. This p a p e r wlll describe the

curren~ statn/s o f METAL, including the

results of the m o s t recent evaluation, and

will b r i e f l y indicate some fur%Ire directions

for the system. Exhibits A and B (attached)

are, respectively, a German original text

and a raw (unedlted, b u t automatically

reformatted) METAL translation of that into English.

H i s t o r y and Status

Machine translation research at the University of Texas b e g a n in 1956: the LRC

was founded in 1961. Eor m u c h o f the

h i ~ c o r y of. this project, funding was

p r o v i d e d b y the U.S. Air Force's R o m e A i r Development Center and other U.S. gove~,m~nt agencies. In 1979, Siemens A G b e g a n funding the development p h a s e of the METAL m a c h i n e

translation sy~cez, at w h i c h p o i n t

i ~ l e m e n t a t l o n of the current system was initiated. A p r o t o t y p e has recently b e e n delivered to the sponsor for m a r k e t testing.

T h e current system is a unidirectional G e r m a n - E n g l i s h system, although w o r k to add ot/%er target languages, as well as c r e a t i n g

an English-German M T system, is n o w

underway. T h e p r e s e n t staff for the METAL p r o j e c t consists of seven full-ti~e and five h a l f - t l m e personnel.

A p p l i c a t i o n Environment

Software h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d to h a n d l e the formatting p r o b l e m s associated w i t h

technical manuals. This software, w r i t t e n

in SNOBOL, a u t o m a t i c a l l y m a r k s and p r e p a r e s texts for the M E T A L translation s y s t e m

[Slocum a n d Bennett, 1982; Slocum eu al. 0

1984]. T h e only h u m a n intervention p r i o r to translation is c h e c k i n g and c o r r e c t i n g the

results o f t_he automatic formatting

routines. P o s t e d i t i n g is e x p e c t e d for the output t ~ . T h e s y s t e m does n o t expect (or p r o v i d e for) h u m a n intervention d u r i n g the actual t r a n s l a t i o n phase.

P r e - p r o c e s s i n g a n d p o s t - e d l t i n g are p r e s a n t l y done on a DEC-2060; the actual translation, on a Symbolics Lisp machine. T h e "proch/ction ~ " design envisions a

Lisp M a c h i n e as the translation u n i t

c o , necked to 4-6 ~ranslator workstations,

from w h i c h t,he p r e p a r e d ~ will b e sent to the t r a n s l a t i o n u n i t and on w h i c h t h e output texts will b e postedlted.

M E T A L uses a transfer a p p r o a c h for translation. T h e entire p r o c e s s consists of

four p h a s e s : analysis, integration,

transfer, a n d generation (synthesis). T h e

integration p h a s e works w i t h whole p a r s e

tree st-ruc~ures, following analysis and

p r e c e d i n g transfer. Until recently,

transfer and generation w e r e e s s e n t i a l l y a single phase, b u t w o r k is c u r r e n t l y u n d e r w a y to separate this single p h a s e into ~wo, w i t h a m u c h m o r e p o w e r f u l generation phase.

L l n g u l s K i c Component

T h e curren~ M E T A L lexicon consists of over 20,000 G e r m a n and E n g l i s h m o n o l i n g u a l

entTies, c o r ~ i ~ c l n g of morphological,

syntactic, and s ~ n t l c features and values,

and an a p p r o p r i a t e l y large number of transfer entries. T h e featnlres and v a l u e s

in monollngual lexlcal entries s u p p l y

n e c e s s a r y information for the analysis

and/or synthesis of these it~m~ d u r i n g the

m a c h / x ~ translation process. Most entries

are r e a s o n a b l y s 4 ~ l e , b u t entries for v e r b

st~m~ are significantly m o r e complex.

Inflected adjectives, nouns, and verbs are

E a c h t-Fans fer l e x i c a l e n t r y is a

s t r u c t u r e e q u a t i n g t h e s o u r c e l a n g u a g e

c a n o n i c a l form w i t h a n a p p r o p r i a t e t a r g e t

l a n g u a g e c a n o n i c a l form. C e r t a i n

s i g n i f i c a n t i n f o r m a t i o n (i. e., l e x i c a l

category, s u b j e c t area, a n d p r e f e r e n c e ) is

c o d e d i n t h e e n t r y to g u i d e t h e s y s t e m in

s e l e c t i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t r a n s l a t i o n .

F u r t h e r m o r e , t e s t s a n d o p e r a t i o n s ( i n c l u d i n g

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s ) m a y b e i n c l u d e d w i t h i n

t r a n s f e r en~rles.

T h e g r ~ r for M E T A L c o n s i s t s o f o v e r

600 a u g m e n t e d p h r a s e s ~ r u c t u r e rules, e a c h

of w h i c h is u s e d in b o t h a n a l y s i s a n d

trans f e r / g e n e r a t l o n . METAL' s g r ~ - ~ - r r u l e s

are u s e d in t h e p a r s i n g o f all l e v e l s o f

s t r u c t u r e from t h e w o r d level to t h e

s e n t e n c e level, i n c l u d i n g p h r a s e s a n d

clauses. A M E T A L g r a m m a r r u l e c o n s i s t s o f

five a n a l y s i s sections, p l u s a n a d d i t i o n a l

s e c t i o n for e a c h t a r g e t language: a t o p l l n e

d e s c r i b i n g t h e p h r a s e s t r u c t u r e (with a n

o p t i o n a l e n u m e r a t i o n o f e a c h c o n s t i t u e n t ) ; a

s e r i e s o f r e s t r i c t i o n s , w h i c h t e s t t h e

a p p r o p r i a t e n e s s o f i n d i v i d u a l c o n s t i t u e n t s

on t h e r i g h t - h a n d s i d e o f t h e rule; TESTs,

w h i c h e n f o r c e a g r e e m e n t a m o n g t h e r i g h t - h a n d

c o n s t i t u e n t s ; a C O N S T R section, w h i c h

c o n s t r u c t s t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e p h r a s e ; a n

I N T E C ~ section, w h i c h is e x e c u t e d (once a

c o m p l e t e a n a l y s i s o f t h e s e n t e n c e is

achieved) i n o r d e r to, e.g., r e s o l v e

a n a p h o r i c r e f e r e n c e s ; a n d o n e or m o r e

t a r g e t - l a n g u a g e - d e p e n d e n t T r a n s f e r sections,

w h i c h c o n t r o l l e x l c a l a n d structn/ral

t r a n s l a t i o n into t h e t a r g e t language.

H o m o g r a p h r e s o l u t i o n a n d d i s ~ m h i g u a t l o n

a r e h a n d l e d u n i f o r m l y (i.e., w i t h o u t s p e c i a l

passes) , in v a r i o u s w a y s : b y o r t h o g r a p h i c

tests, s u c h as t_he t e s t to e n s u r e t h a t a

w o r d t h a t l o o k s l l k e a G e r m a n n o u n is n o t

ali l o w e r case; b y p o s i t i o n a l c o n s t r a i n t s ,

w h i c h d i s a l l o w c o - o c c u r r e n c e o f - m h l g u o u s

s t r i n g s in t h e s a m e c l a u s e location; and,

m o s t e s p e c i a l ly, b y t h e c a s e f r a m e

m e c h a n i s m .

T h e c a s e (valency) frame m e c h a n i s m is

v i t a l in M E T A L ' s a n a l y s i s o f G e r m a n s o u r c e

l a n g u a g e s e n t e n c e s . T h i s m e c h a n i s m is

i n v o k e d in c l a u s e - l e v e l r u l e s a n d u s e s

f e a t u r e s on t h e v e r b s t e m to d e f i n e t h e

f u n c t i o n s o f t h e v a r i o u s c e n t r a l a r ~ J m e n t s

to t h e p r e d i c a t e . In additlon, t h e c a s e

frame m e c h a n i s m is u s e d to t e s t for s u c h

t/llngs as s u b j e c t - v e r b a g r e e m e n t .

T h e METAL gramm=ar m a k e s e x t e n s i v e u s e

of t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s to m o d i f y s t r u c t u r e or

p e r f o r m c e r t a i n tests. T r a n s f o r m a t i o n s m a y

b e u s e d in t h e TEST, CONSTR, I N T E r , a n d

T r a n s f e r p h a s e s o f t h e rules,

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s m a y a l s o b e u s e d in t r a n s f e r

l e x l c a l entries. A t r a n s f o r m a t i o n m a y b e

w r i t t e n as p a r t o f a r u l e or c a l l e d b y name.

C o m p u t a t i o n a l C o m p o n e n t

T h e l e x i c o n for M E T A L is m a i n t a i n e d v i a

a D B M S w r i t t e n in LISP. I n p u t o f l e x i c a l

e n t r i e s is f a c i l i t a t e d b y a n INTERCODER, a

m e n u - d r l v e n s y s t e m w h l c h a s k s t h e u s e r for

i n f o r m a t i o n i n E n g l i s h a n d e n c o d e s t h e

a n s w e r s i n t o t h e i n t e r n a l form u s e d b y t h e

system. A n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e I N T E R C O D E R

is t h e " l e x i c a l d e f a u l t " p r o g r a m w h i c h

accepts" m i n l m ~ l i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e

• p a r t i c u l a r e n t r y (root f o r m a n d l e x i c a l

category) a n d e n c o d e s m o s t o f t h e r e m a i n i n g

n e c e s s a r y f e a t u r e s a n d v a l u e s . E n t r i e s m a y

a l s o b e c r e a t e d u s i n g a n y t e x t editor,

w i t h o u t t h e a i d o f t h e I N T E R C 0 D E R or l e x i c a l d e f a u l t e r .

I n t e r f a c i n g w i t h t h e l e x i c a l d a t a b a s e

is d o n e b y m e a n s o f a n u m b e r o f m e n u - d r i v e n

f u n c t i o n s w h i c h p e r m l t t h e u s e r to access,

edit, copy, a n d / o r d e l e t e e n t r i e s

i n d i v i d u a l l y , i n g r o u p s (using s p e c i f i c

features), or e n t i r e l y . In o r d e r to a s s u r e

a h i g h d e g r e e o f l e x i c o n i n t e g r i t y t h e M E T A L

s y s t e m i n c l u d e s v a l i d a t i o n p r o g r ~ m ~ w h i c h

i d e n t i f y e r r o r s in f o r m a t a n d / o r syntax.

T h e v a l i d a t l o n p r o c e s s is a u t o m a t i c a l l y u s e d

to c h e c k l e x l c a l i t ~ m ~ w h i c h h a v e b e e n

edited, t o e n s u r e t h a t n o e r r o r s h a v e b e e n

i n t r o d u c e d d u r i n g e d i t i n g .

T h e g r a m m a r is a l s o in a d a t a b a s e a n d

m a y b e - a c c e s s e d a n d / o r e d i t e d in m u c h t h e

s a m e w a y as t h e lexicon. S y s t e m s o f t w a r e

a n d n a m e d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s a r e s t o r e d in

i n d i v i d u a l s o u r c e files.

M E T A L ' s p a r s e r is a " s o m e - p a t h s ,

p a r a l l e l , b o t t o m - u p p a r s e r " [Slocum e t al.,

1984] . It m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e

" s o m e - p a t h s " b e c a u s e t h e g r a m m a r r u l e s a r e

g r o u p e d i n t o n u m e r i c a l l y i n d e x e d " l e v e l s "

a n d t h e p a r s e r a l w a y s a p p l i e s r u l e s at a

l o w e r level b e f o r e a p p l y i n g r u l e s at a

h i g h e r level. O n c e t h e p a r s e r h a s

s u c c e s s f u l l y b u i l t o n e or m o r e Ss at a g i v e n

level, it w i l l halt; u n t i l it d i s c o v e r s o n e

or m o r e S r e a d i n g s , t h e p a r s e r w i l l c o n t i n u e

to a p p l y r u l e s in e a c h s u c c e s s i v e level.

E x t e n s i v e e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n w i t h t h e s y s t e m

h a s f o u n d t h a t t h e p r e s e n t p a r s e r

c o n f i g u r a t i o n is t h e m o s t e f f i c i e n t o n e for

M E T A L [Slocum e t al., 1984].

P o s t - E d l t o r s ' E v a l u a t i o n

In June, 1984, t h e M E T A L s y s t e m w a s

u s e d to t r a n s l a t e 8 2 . 6 p a g e s o f t e x t i n t o

English; t h e m a t e r i a l v a r i e d from a s a l e s

p r o s p e c t u s (for a s p e e c h r e c o g n i t i o n system)

t h r o u g h v a r i o u s g e n e r a l h a r d w a r e a n d

s o f t w a r e s y s t e ~ d e s c r i p t i o n s to h i g h l y

t e c h n i c a l d o c u m e n t a t i o n . T h e o u t p u t w a s

t h e n e d i t e d b y ~ w o S i e m e n s r e v i s o r s (one a

m ~ m h e r o f t h e M E T A L p r o j e c t , o n e not) . T h i s

s e c t i o n d e s c r i b e s t h e r e v i s o r s ' o b J e c t i v e

p e r f o r m a n c e a n d s u b j e c t i v e r e a c t i o n s

( i n c l u d i n g c o m p a r i s o n w i t h e a r l i e r v e r s i o n s

o f METAL) d u r i n g t h i s e x p e r i e n c e .

P o s t - E d i t o r ist p a s s 2 n d p a s s 3 r d p a s s M i n / P g P g s / H r . P g s / D a y

#i 9hr 1 0 m l n 3hr 4 0 m i n 2br 1 0 m i n 1 0 . 9 5.5 4 4 . 1

#2 13hr 4 0 m i n 3hr 5 5 m i n 1 2 . 8 4 . 7 37.6

(N.B. T h e n u m b e r o f p a g e s o f t e x t w a s c o m p u t e d a u t o m a t i c a l l y o n t h e b a s i s o f " S i e m e n s s t a n d a r d p a g e s " : 26 l i n e s x 55 c h a r a c t e r s = 1430 c h a r a c t e r s / p g . )

T h e t a b l e a b o v e s u m m a r i z e s t h e editors'

r e v i s i o n times. T h e y e m p l o y e d r a t h e r

d l f f e r e n t e d i t i n g t e c h n i q u e s (editor #i

w o r k i n g in t h r e e passes, #2 i n J u s t two),

b u t t h e i r t i m e s a r e r e l a t i v e l y close.

C o m m e n t s b y E d i t o r #i :

~ h e 3rd Pass] t e n d s to b e c o n c e r n e d

w i t h s T y l i s t i c i ~ p r o v e m e n t s , f o r m a t t i n g

c h a n g e s a n d t~2plng errors. T h e l a s t p a r t o f

t h i s s t a g e i n v o l v e s r u n n i n g t h e s p e l l i n g

c h e c k e r o n t h e file t o e l i m i n a t e r e m a i n i n g

t y p i n g errors.

T h e ~ m p r e s s i o n o f p o s t - e d i t i n g w a s t h a t

t h e r e h a v e b e e n m a n y i m p r o v e m e n t s o v e r

p r e v i o u s t e s t runs. T h i s w a s e v i d e n c e d b y

t h e fact t h a t o n t/lls p o s t - e d l t i n g r u n less

t h a n 57 o o f s e n t e n c e s w e r e r e - t r a n s l a t e d from

scratch. T h e m a j o r t a s k in p o s t - e d i t i n g is

n o w c h a n g i n g w o r d order, c h a n g i n g v e r b

a g r e e m e n t a n d r e - t r a n s l a t l n g t h e m o r e

i d i o m a t i c usages. C o n s i d e r a b l e l ~ r o v e m e n ~ s

in f o r m a t m a d e p o s t - e d l t i n g easier, a l t h o u g h t h e r e is s t i l l r o o m for further e n h a n c e m e n t .

a n d 3 r d p h a s e s o f p o s t - e d l t l n g c o n t i n u e d as

normal. T h e p r e v i o u s p r o b l e m s wir/~

p o s t - e d l t i n g a h i g h l y f o r m a t t e d t e x t m e a n t

t h a t w h e n e v e r a t e x t u a l c h a n g e w a s m a d e i n

t h e t h e te2Cc t h e n t h e f o r m a t h a d to b e

r e - m o d i fled. T h e m e t h o d o f p o s t - e d i t i n g

u ~ e d in T-hls t e s t p r o v e d t o b e c o n s i d e r a b l y

faster a n d e a s i e r to h a n d l e . . . . ~ h e

results] d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e t i m e s a v i n g

lles i n t h e i n i t i a l p o s t - e d l t p h a s e w h i c h is

w h e n t h e m o s t c h a n g e s a r e m a d e a n d w h i c h is

m o s t t i m e i n t e n s i v e w i t h r e g a r d to

re- f o r m a t t i n g text.

C o m m e n t s b y E d i t o r #2:

A s c o m p a r e d t o t h e l a s t r u n i n F e b r u a r y

1984, t h e J u n e 8 4 o u t p u t s h o w e d c o n s i d e r a b l e

i m p r o v e m e n t . A g r e a t e r n u m b e r o f s e n t e n c e s

w a s u s e a b l e a n d m ~ n y r e q u i r e d a c h a n g e in

w o r d o r d e r only. P l a c e m e n t o f t h e

d e t e r m i n e r s h a s b e e n improved. [Certain]

p o i n t s s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d to I m p r o v e

f u t u r e t r a n s l a t i o n s .

F u t u r e D i r e c t i o n s

O n e o f t h e g r e a t e s t c h a n g e s a f f e c t i n g

p o s t - e d l t i n g w a s t h e fact t h a t s i n c e t h e

initial o u t p u t [ c o ~ p a r e d t o e a r l i e r

versions] o f M E T A L w a s d e e m e d t o h a v e

i " ~ r oved, t h e dl f f e r m i s t a g e s 0 f

p o s t - e d l t i n g w e r e m o r e c l e a r l y defined.

T h a t is to say, it w a s e a s i e r t o p r o d u c e a n

a d e q u a t e t r a n s l a t i o n d u r i n g t h e f i r s t r u n

t h r o u g h t h e t e x ~ ~- u s i n g t h e r e f o r m a t t e d

o u t p u t o n t h e s c r e e n a n d a h a r d c o p y o f t h e

s o u r c e t e x t for r e f e r e n c e -- t h a n in

p r e v i o u s tests. In t h e s e c o n d r u n t h r o u g h a

tex~c -- u s i n g a h a r d c o p y o f t h e M E T A L o u t p u t u p o n w h i c h p r e l i m i n a r y p o s t - e d l t i n g h a s b e e n p e r f o r m e d -- it w a s e a s i e r to c o n c e n t r a t e o n

p o l i s h i n g t h e t r a n s l a t l o n . In t h e t h i r d a n d

final p o s t - e d l t stage, one w a s a b l e to m a k e

a final c h e c k for s t y l i s t i c w e a k n e s s e s ,

s p e l l i n g m i s t a k e s a n d t y p i n g errors. T h i s

w a s t h e s a m e m e t h o d as u s e d in p r e v i o u s

t e s t s b u t o n e w a s b e t t e r a b l e to d i s t i n g u i s h

b e U w e e n t h e s t a g e s (initial teckulical a n d

s t y l i s t i c p o s t - e d l t i n g ; p o l i s h i n g output;

final s t y l i s t i c check) a n d t h e e n t i r e

p r o c e s s w a s less t i r i n g t h a n in t h e past.

A l t h o u g h t h e o v e r a l l f o r m a t o f t h e

o u t p u t h a s i ~ 3 r o v e d . . . t h e r e are s t i l l [some]

p r o b l e m a r e a s [with t h e a u t o m a t i c

r e f o r m a t t i n g p r o g r a m ] .

A s a n experlment, t h e u n f o r m a t t e d ,

i n t e r l i n e a r [German-English] v e r s i o n w a s

u s e d for t h e i n i t i a l p o s t - e d l t i n g p h a s e .

T h e t e x t w a s t h e n r e f o r m a t t e d . . . a n d t h e 2nd

T h e M E T A L G e r m a n - E n g l l s h c o n f i g u r a t i o n w a s

r e l e a s e d for m a r k e t t e s t i n g i n J a n u a r y 1985.

C u r r e n t p l a n s a r e t o c o n t i n u e Imp~ r o v e m e n t o n

t h e p r e s e n t s y s t e m a n d to b r a n c h o f f i n t o

o t h e r t a r g e t languages, s p e c i f i c a l l y S p a n i s h

a n d C h i n e s e . W e e s t i m a t e t h a t a

G e r m a n - S p a n i s h s y s t e m s h o u l d b e r e a d y for

t e s t i n g s o m e t i m e in 1986, w i t h a

G e r m a n - C h l n e s e s y s t e m s o m e t i m e t h e r e a f t e r .

W e h a v e a l s o b e g u n w o r k i n g o n a n

E n g l l s h - G e r m a n system. If t h e p l a n n e d w o r k

is s u c c e s s ful, w o r k w l l I b e g i n o n

E n g l i s h - S p a n i s h a n d E n g l i s h - C h i n e s e M T

syst~m~.

R e f e r e n c e s

Slocum, J., a n d W. S. Bennett, "The L R C M a c h i n e T r a n s l a t i o n System: A n A p p l i c a t i o n o f S ~ a t e - o f - t h e - A r t T e x t a n d N a t u r a l L a n g u a g e P r o c e s s i n g T e c h n i q u e s to t h e T r a n s l a t i o n o f T e c h n i c a l Manuals, " W o r k i n g P a p e r L R C - 8 2 - 1 , L i n g u i s t i c s R e s e a r c h Center, U n i v e r s i t y o f Texas, J u l y 1982.

Slocum, J., e t al., "METAL: T h e L R C M a c h i n e T r a n s l a t i o n System, " p r e s e n t e d at t h e I S S C O T u t o r i a l o n M a c h i n e T r a n s l a t i o n , Lugano,

S w i t z e r l a n d , 2-6 A p r i l 1984. A l s o a v a i l a b l e

ooj

!

..-4

n . . . . U O C .C ~JO '0 e- 11~. 0

"~ • U g ~ U g ' ~ ~.-* • ~a U Q . , u O I~ .~ ~ ~ g , , . 4 ~ . , ~ r. m ;>,

U ~'.'~ > O-.-4,Q C O O . U -,4 0 0 @ ~, B C ~ . , " > - - ~,. @ ~ " ~ > G..~ OJ .IJ m > I.,,,¢: 3 C ~ ) > . ,,C(U U ~ . m ~ ~-.Q O k Q . : O ' ~ '.'4 ~ , C ~ r ' ~J'O e ~c

o Q, m B ~, -o ~,4,.1 u o

g 0 ~ " ~ r" ~" 0 0 • ea ~ J B g e - ~ 0 U ~ ~" , - * ~

U

£

~- > c . u , . , o ~ 0 ~ ] m ~ . , ~ e ~ . ® ¢ . ~ ® o ~ = ~ ~ : ~ • ® . > o , " ' ~ ' = ~ . ~ .~

o ~ • ~ o Q ,

¢ U 0 C B , . ~ m ~ O u ' ) ~ ) n3 <P J:: m ~,. "0 m ~ " ~

U ~ J , : ~ I ~ ",'* Q, q) U ~ g @ B ~J @ , ' ~ g O O L I , . O ~ . O . u t ~ U " Q , O .,.I , - ~ U

3 e L C ~ @ C O ~ m - r ' m C ~ ~ 4 0 ~ I.. ~ , ~ . n O~ , . ~ ~ @,-* ~ ~ ~.~,~ P ~J ,-~ "~ ~ ,.., e- ~ ~ U C U ~

e, g ~" @.C e'~., I., O~ : 3 ~ q;

N ~ C ~ C ' ~ m : ~ O ~ C ~ = U t . ~ . ~ m ~ m ~ c u

~ J ( ~ ~A > v] "O ~ U O ~ ; J 0 0

• ,,~ g ,..* m .,.~ s~ ~1 g ~ . . , L .U g e g " ~ ' ~ e

B

0 ~

*=~ "0 Vl f.. ,-I I J

oo.

o o o ~

~ : ~

~

,,.,4 .,,.~ E U k., 0 0 i . , d ~._

0 ,IJ4J

4J ~.,,4 ,,-¢

~ I ~ U ~ 0 • U

0 C . , . ~ U Vi ,,.~ ,~ ~. ~ ' ~ , , I..

° = ° ~ ' ~ ° "

" " ° ° °

- -

-

"

)~i

'

~

, ' o = .

> (0 "0 .,-~ ~ • U I,. ' - ~l r ' 0 0 0 ~ . >

--, .,.., ..., N - , ~, .-, ',,., U .u U ~ ' ~ " ..,w 0 ~

- . ® - o ~ . ~ u f l

"0 ',-, ~i i . 0 ~ , ~ .,'~ r" 0 L ~ O O 0

. . o - o

. o . .

o

o ~ .

...oi~

:&~>

U ~ U O U O U k . : ~ m ~

0 ~ . I J 0 U ~ >,,;J

• ~ 0 ~ ~ = ~ U

U . - ~ . . ~ I J O e 0 J= . r ' O U l ~- g ~ i . , I J 0 B ; O 0 ,=i ,'d ',- .-~ U

Ill ~. .-I 0 • " ~ ,~ ~. ~ • ~) ~) ~

O ~ ~ "'i g 0 g ~t t~ U U O . O I . r" Ch.~

, , , ~ ® . & ,,,-, I ~ . ~ , 5

'B&.'Io

o > , ~ . , ~ , § ~ u , ~ ' ® ~ ® o ~ ' ~ ® ~

• ~ 0 .,.I " > U g 0 ,-'i ','~ *~ ',~ 3 c -,'( "0 .C:: 'l~ ~ u

U 0 ~ 0 f C

O U Q . e ~ U O O . W ~ . ~ O U O g . ~ • n e 0 . ~ U "~ • ,C := ea ~ "0 ~ (g m " l • U " 0 r" Q . ~ Q . U > '~

~.,.®~o ®,. . - , , . ® o . o ~ . : ~'@',-

U B L'J '10 • C~-~ ~. 0 ~ . 0 0 ~ C b ~ • ~ C U U

O 0 ~ g . ~ i . g ~) ~ ~I U ' O ~ Ul ~ W ~ k ~ ~) > U L U > g • ~ - - i C ~ , w L O ~ J

g ~l ~) > ' 0 i . 0 @ .,-I (I) O. ~ ,-i.kJ ~ ~ Vl ~ m , G . G ~ C (~',.., , C ~ , C ~ , O , C ; ~J O.-.i ~ r , m m •

C a ~ q , ~

o ~ • o I

0 C O B ~

C

~ ' " g ; o o O ~

~

oo

g{

U ~ U

U t...

~ U N

~ ~ U

,,,i ,,-i U

i~ °

e , u o~-m ,urn 5 5 ~

m g i - ~ 0J

,.,= ~ ~ ~ & , ~ =

e,

m

..~ = c : o ~ , ® , o ~ = w ~ , ~ . , - ~

r . g '1~ : U l " O ~ : ~ I . • ~ • O ~ C m U , I . I : " r' :,.. > , , - i

! '

°

. . . - . .

o.o

~ , , . ' ~ ' ~ • C ~ L I-- '-- ~ ~ " ~ ~ ~ ' 0 ~ ~ ~ ~

~ ' m w "o i . ~ ® z o~,..,...,~ l a: . ® , a . ~ . ~ = c = c i . ~ i . c ~ ' o o~ i . o ~ ~ , . ' o o

i

° °

: < ' " ' " " °

°

I

~ i i

o

. . o , o

o , . o , , ,

o

. ~ . o o ~ o o

,~.

.in "0 r" ~ ~ ~ 'T g ~ .,l ~- ~; -&:; [ ~ ' U t : n . ,.CU • • . V d -~ : 31 ! ~ . ' 0 ~J , . • r ' , Q r" " . . ' 0 l . • := I~ ~ g ~ i n ~ , --~ 0 . u O

°

° °

~

,

° " °

" " " ° " °

" " ° ' "

•

°

I,

~ C:; r" B O~ q) OI g ' 0 ,..i e" ~ .1= ~ ~. g Q..~ r" Ui ~l e" J= ~ ~, I 1 U ~ l I1 e" ~. nl ~ g .. i t ' ~ . - - - N U ' O ~ ~ ( 4 e U r , E ~ , O ~ (I) ~ O O :3 g g "0 Q. O) i W O,-.I

" " ~ ' ~ " " " " ° ~ , . i ° ~

i U g . . . - I g C 0 : ~ I ~ 1 1 . ' . . , ~ r ' g C ~ , ~ , C r ' ~ . . ~ U

, ' ~ C > ~ . o r *

::3 ~ ' g U O O U r O r" ~.. I~ 0 1 ~ '0

• ,~ o L e "

, ; ~ 5 = =

l . J o o

- > o

- . ~ ~ . Q >

~ .,., . . , ® ® = ~ . ®

~.g

~ c" .,..~ ',.. 4~ 0 ~1 " a > 0 0

I/) 0 "I U U

,, ,., ~ o =

U Q . Q ',~ "0 O ~ ~ ~ Q 0 0 ~ 0

F.. " " § . ~. ® o , " , . . . ~ o . , "

0 U L U ,IJ L U I-, ¢0 g U

U ~ , ' = U • O ,'~1 e. ~ ,~ =.-~ I..,~ ~3~ > ,

G ,,,,, ,l.a~

• i.= " q ~ ' ~ l i 0 • u3

,~ > 0 ~" B U ~ U ~ , ~ ~II g ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ U ',- > 5 , , ~ o g

. , . ~ : ~ . - , ~ , - >,,, = ® . ® , , . . = 5 o . ® ~ o , ~

o 1 ~ U

,~ I ~ , q r ' L ~ • 0 ','~ ~'~ U O ~ U O ~ C U ~ 0 ' , ~ ~D ~ >

Q , ~ : ~ m E- , ~ L U O ~ o ~ e . , . t C , . . i m U . , * C "~ > ~ ~ e ¢ = • I- u

,~ ~ , - = , , = . , - , - ,.. = , , ,. o , ' = ) - , ® = , ' o , , = , . , , ' 5 = - ~ ~' ~ ~ = " ;

0 0 ~,,','~ ~ * .~ 0 • e~,-~ 0 0 ~ ' , ' ~ ' ~ I g , ~ El C * u L ~ C 6 a O ~ 0 ' ~ t. = 0 0 . , ~ t. U

o ~ • U ~ - m U ~ 1 U g g ' ~ ¢@ 0 O ~ ; " ' I t ~ O . 4 J ~-t L "(:1(11 0 ~ . "1 ~ (~ ~J r" ~ "1::1

> " ~ 0 ~ . ~ - 0 " ~ . ~ = L , ~ J L ~ e • ~ e ~ - C . . ~ u e ~ . , ~ ~ o ¢ > . . ~ . o

; . . . = o - 4 ® J'~.-,'~.., .-, " 8 , - , - ~ o , , . - o g ® ='~=> o ~ o . . .

b - ~ ~ , 0 C ,,C U > ~ t - , . C = U',-* L g m ~ cn .,'~U

o , ~ . 8 , ® ® 8' 8" ~. ®

~ ;:1Q,, . ~ .u le , I 5. k.

5

g

~) ~ m O ' * ~ . ~

~ ~ ~ 0 "" ~ ~

0 ~ C ~ 1

c' ~ 0~"~ ',J r - , , j ,.I • 3=

4.~ ~ hi c" I,.* S.

. . ~ , = = = , , = ~ . = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = .= , , , , = ,., - . o - , .

u ~4 ~J

" ° " ' " " " ° ° ° . o o . . . o o . o

• 0 0 U ~ ~.T'J g.,-~ ~ ~ --'~U U ..~ ..~ ~ ~ . ~

O C O ~ ~ > , ~ ' , ~ > ~ . ~ @ ~ U e" ~ ~ 0 ~ . ~ , ~ 0 O 0

O ~ C ~ 0 v ' , ' ~ (D r ~ L ~ &=O > 0 ,... ,~ ~J ' ~ ,~ 3 ~*~ a~ 0 C ' 0 " * I~ " * ~ Q , ~s,.~ ~ ~

- - 0 ~ . C U ~ O ~ . ~ J - > ~ ; ~. . . - i > U ~

: 0','~ O. ~ ~'~,~ 0

-.~4J @ 4J ~1 ~ * - i Vl O > ~ 0

~-, ~ ' ~ • " ~ Q . ~ C 'I~ ~ r, .,.4 ' ~ 0 ~ 0 , ~ 4:; I.. . ~ --~ e o m ~] ' ~

L

~ - U O

~ . ~ ~ ~ e ~ - O ~ . ,'~ ~ ~ U * 0 0 0 _{: : 1 0 0 ~ Q. ~ ~. ,-.~ ~J .u @ I.. ~}

~ ' ~ o

--~ ~ . . ~ • ~ 0 0 " 0 ~ t - O ~ {2. ~ : ~,E " ~ ,~ 0 , - ~ = ~ U ~1 ~J (~ ~ U " ~ O~ • ¢ ,,.~ ~-~ ~) • ~ ,~ U ~ , ~ c o , Q ~ > ~ ' m " ~ C > --I S- m ~. ~. B m,-~ r ' O~ .I-~ .,~ .,.~ U ~ " ~ ~ ~ > , m m L ~ ~ . m N e r ' m m " ~ r . ,'~ O ' O U ~:: ~ C ~. >..m • • ..~ ~ - . ~ • m ~ .- O ~ O ~JO~ g '1~ ~ t . . : - B . , ~ 0 O" 0 g ~ - ~ ¢i~J C )., I.. ~ . - ~ ~ J 3

J ~ O g a ~ 4 J O ~ J 0 - = ~ 0 2 ~ " ~ : ~ ~ J O U ~ & I . ~ l i ~ 0 . ~ " ~ . C C ~ - q O 0 g L O @ ~ ' ~ e ¢ U , '-¢ '~ C ~ .,-I e ' ' O • ~I,~ >~ O ~ U

U ~ . . > U ~

o w , o E ~ , . g ~" " O U --~ "0 ~ g ~ 8 ~ n _ l g ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ;: := ,,~ ~.. ~I C C - ~ . ~

~ . ~ . . . ~ ® ~ : , ~ ®,.. ,,., ,', . . ~ ® . ~ ~ . ~ c " P , ~ ~ e

~, , m ~ . ~ . ,~ .c L ~. ® e ® u ~ ~ . N . . ~ U . ~ ' ~ - .~ ~a ~ . ~ O ~ . C ' . ' O ~

~ ~ C 0

g ~ J ~1 4 J O

®~=o,,,~

§=

J

z

O ~ , ~ U U r" ~ " E I -u o U e ~ U ~ a u m ~j L ~ j:: L

m ~ J ~1 x ~ o

~'~ ~ ~ . . . ~ 0 i..

• .~ 0 .,-I U ~., ~,J t . , ~ l 0 v n C-,'* • >.,'~ ~ g e e ~ J ~- n-" ~ ' 0

0 ~...4 ~ 0 0 0

,, ~ . , ~ ~ . . = . = ' o - ~ . ' o u o, o o

.U .,.~ ~ .,..e ~ 0 ~'* ~ 0 ~ . 1

,..* ~ r ' 0 O S - ~ ~ L O O i ~ C ~ C U ~- 0 ¢1 ,,.< I,.. U ~ ~, C -'~ • ~. -'~ O ~ ) > C C ~ e , f , . B M L ,,=i .,-I ~, .,.,i ~ g " ~J O~4J ~ ,,.i

0 , 1 = > { : C m u ~ u m @ ~ U ~

O g ~ C U g O g • C i ~ '~ ." I,) J~ R . ~ 0 ,,.,~ I . U ,-~ .,-~ t., ~1 ," r~ ~ . , I g .-,I ~ ~,~ U 0 "0 .,-~ • E,.~ ~ r" " ~ U . U ~ 0 ~ .u ).. 0 U.,-I ~,..,-I ' - ~,..,~ ~ . , u ~ ~ ~ ~.,-.~ ~ ~J g ~ . ~ ' C I J~ ~J C • U ...~ .-i I.. ~ n - O 0 L ~:~ 0 . ~ L- ~

"O _{~ Q O} Q . Q , _{r" O ~ g g ~ ZJ ~ Q , " O ' ~ ~ | ~J ~J ~ U > ' U J~}

< ~ ~ ~ - ~ , > . - ~ . ~ . . . .

,,,r= ~" C ' ~ ~11 ~J ,-~ ~ U ~ O" O ~ O . .

m ~ ...~ .~ . g ~ ~=.,.~ r ' ~ . ~ n g 0 , , . ~

,,-~ n< g ..4 ~J ~1 b. ¢1 O 0 g 4J C~'~ g ~' ~ - 4 g ~-I i.. N (11 e

¢q U t~ -"1J~ g f,,, 'El t" ¢1 g 4J g J~ I~ g },,, I,, N 'O 4J P' c" g } , . ~ r ' O I ~ 1 ~ .~ - i i,,, e,, U

• ,=1 .,.< ~ g

O g U