Exile
“Banishment” redirects here. For the 2007 Russian film, seeThe Banishment.
“Banish” redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Banish, Iran.
For other uses, seeExile (disambiguation). Not to be confused withExhile.
Exile means to be away from one’s home (i.e. city, state
The First Night in Exile-This painting comes from a celebrated series illustrating one of Hinduism’s great epics, theRamayana. It tells the story of the prince Rama, who is wrongly exiled from his father’s kingdom, accompanied only by his wife and brother.
Dantein Exile.
or country), while either being explicitly refused permis-sion to return and/or being threatened with imprisonment or death upon return. It can be a form ofpunishmentand solitude.[1]
It is common to distinguish between internal exile, i.e., forced resettlement within the country of residence, and external exile, deportation outside the country of
residence.[2] Although most commonly used to describe an individual situation, the term is also used for groups (especially ethnic or national groups), or for an entire gov-ernment. Terms such asdiasporaandrefugeedescribe group exile, both voluntary and forced, andgovernment in exiledescribes a government of a country that has been forced to relocate and argue its legitimacy from outside that country.
Exile can also be a self-imposed departure from one’s homeland. Self-exile is often depicted as a form of protest by the person that claims it, to avoid persecution or legal matters (such as tax or criminal allegations), an act of shame or repentance, or isolating oneself to be able to devote time to a particular thing.
Article 9 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights states that “No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.”
1 For individuals
1.1 Exiled heads of state
In some cases thedeposed head of stateis allowed to go into exile following acoup or other change of govern-ment, allowing a more peaceful transition to take place or to escape justice. Examples include:[3]
1.2 Avoiding tax or legal matters
Main articles:Tax exileandFugitive
A wealthy citizen who departs from a former abode for a lower tax jurisdiction (a "tax haven") in order to reduce his/her tax burdenis termed a tax exile. Creative peo-ple such as authors and musicians who achieve sudden wealth sometimes find themselves among this group. Ex-amples include the British-Canadian writerArthur Hai-ley, who moved to the Bahamas to avoid taxes following the runaway success of his novels Hotel and Airport,[4] and the English rock band theRolling Stoneswho, in the spring of 1971 owed more in taxes than they could pay and left Britain before the government could seize their assets. Members of the band all moved to France for a period of time where they recorded music for the al-bum that came to be called Exile on Main Street, the Main Street of the title referring the French Riviera.[5]In 2012, 1
Eduardo Saverin, one of the founders of Facebook, made headlines by renouncing his U.S. Citizenship before his company’sIPO.[6]The dual Brazilian/U.S. citizen’s deci-sion to move to Singapore and renounce his citizenship spurred a bill in the U.S. Senate, theEx-PATRIOT Act, which would have forced such wealthy “tax exiles” to pay a special tax in order to re-enter the United States.[7] In some cases a person voluntarily lives in exile to avoid legal issues, such aslitigationorcriminal prosecution. An example of this wasAsil Nadir, who fled to theTurkish Republic of Northern Cyprusfor 17 years rather than face prosecutionin connection with the failed £1.7 bn com-panyPolly Peckin theUnited Kingdom.
1.3
Avoiding violence or persecution, or in
the aftermath of war
Examples include:
• Iraqi academics asked to return home “from exile” to help rebuild Iraq in 2009.[8]
• Jewswho fled persecution in Nazi Ger-many.[9]
• Palestinians who fled bombardment from
the nascent Israeli state in 1948.
• People undertaking a religious or civil liberties role in society may be forced into exile due to threat of persecution. For example,nunswere exiled following the Communist coup d'état of 1948 in Czechoslovakia.[10]
• Nazisafter 1945 fleeing persecution for war crimes, for example JosephMengele.[11]
2
For groups, nations and
govern-ments
2.1
Nation in exile
Main articles:DiasporaandRefugee
When large groups, or occasionally a whole people or nation is exiled, it can be said that this nation is in
ex-ile, or Diaspora. Nations that have been in exile for substantial periods include theJews, who were deported by BabyloniankingNebuchadnezzar II in 586 BC and again following the destruction of the secondTemple in Jerusalemin the year AD 70. Many Jewish prayers in-clude a yearning to return to Jerusalem and the Jewish homeland.
After the partitions of Poland in the late 18th cen-tury, and following the uprisings (likeKościuszko Upris-ing, November Uprisingand January Uprising) against the partitioning powers (Russian Empire, Prussia and Austro-Hungary), many Poles have chosen – or been forced – to go into exile, forming large diasporas (known asPolonia), especially in France and the United States. The entire population ofCrimean Tatars(200,000) that remained in their homeland Crimea was exiled on 18 May 1944 to Central Asia as a form of ethnic cleans-ing andcollective punishmenton false accusations. At Diego Garcia, between 1967 and 1973 the British Gov-ernment forcibly removed some 2,000 Chagossian res-ident islanders to make way for a military base today jointly operated by the US and UK.
Since the Cuban Revolution over one million Cubans have leftCuba. Most of these self-identify as exiles as their motivation for leaving the island is political in na-ture. It is to be noted that at the time of theCuban Rev-olution,Cubaonly had a population of 6.5 million, and was not a country that had a history of significant emi-gration, it being the sixth largest recipient of immigrants in the world as of 1958. Most of the exiles’ children also consider themselves to beCuban exiles. It is to be noted that under Cuban law, children of Cubans born abroad are considered Cuban Citizens.
2.2 Government in exile
Main article:Government in exile
During a foreignoccupationor after acoup d'état, a
gov-The journey of a modern hero, to the island of Elba (1814), showingNapoleon I, sword broken, being exiled toElbaat the close of theWar of the Sixth Coalition
ernment in exile of a such afflicted country may be
es-tablished abroad. One of the most well-known instances of this is thePolish government-in-exile, a government in exile that commandedPolish armed forcesoperating outside Poland after German occupation during World War II. Other examples include theFree French Forces
3
government ofCharles De Gaulleof the same time, and theCentral Tibetan Administration, commonly known as the Tibetan government-in-exile, and headed by the14th Dalai Lama.
2.3
Tribes in exile
Main article:List of battles of Muhammad
During the era of the Islamic ProphetMuhammad, he ex-iled theBanu Qaynuqatribe during theInvasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624.[12] Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Med-ina[13]by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which lead to her being stripped naked[14]
In the Invasion of Banu Nadir in August 625 [15] he also exiled the Banu Nadir tribe. Muslim scholars (like Mubarakpuri) claim, the Banu Nadir were attacked be-cause theAngel Gabrieltold Muhammad that some of the Banu Nadir wanted to assassinate him.[16]Wattcontends it was in response to the tribe’s criticism of Muhammad and doubts they wanted to assassinate Muhammad. He says “it is possible that the allegation was no more than an excuse to justify the attack”.[17]
3
Exile in drama, literature, and
the arts
3.1
In Greek tragedy
To wander away from the city-state (the home) is to be exposed without the protection of government (laws), friends and family. In the ancient Greek world, this was seen as a fate worse than death. Euripedes’ Medea– because of her actions (both in Iolcus and Corinth)-made herself and her family (including Jason) exiles in Corinth. She talks of her exiled state in Corinth: 'I, a desolate woman without a city... no relative at all'. Jason justi-fies his marriage, to a Corinth royal family member, as an attempt to better this situation: 'When I moved here from the land of Iolkos... what happier godsend could I have found than to marry the king’s daughter, poor exile that I was... that I should bring up our children in a man-ner worthy of my house, and producing brothers to my children by you, I should place them all on level footing'. Euripides likens all women’s position to exile; in their having to leave home to serve their husbands. So Medea was doubly in exile, both in the ordinary sense, as a non-Greek foreigner, and as a woman. In the same speech, Medea talks of her status as 'a foreigner [falling] in the city['s ways]' and, on being married, 'we come to new be-haviour, new customs’.
The theme of exile also appears inEuripedes The
Bac-JasonandMedea, byJohn William Waterhouse, 1907
chaewhenDionysussendsAgaveand her sisters into ex-ile. Dionysus: 'With your sisters you shall live in exile' and laterAgavelaments: 'Farewell my city...show us the way Asian women, show us the way to bitter exile'. Fromthe Bacchae:
Dionysus: All foreign lands now dance to his
[Dionysus’s] drum.
Pentheus: That is why they are foreign and
we're not.
4 See also
• Ban • Defection • Deportation • Exiles by nationality• Ostracism- procedure under the Athenian democ-racy
• Penal transportation
• Petalism
• Refugee
• Right of asylum(political asylum)
• Scouts-in-Exile
5
References
[1] Hobbes, Thomas (1886). Leviathan; Or, The Matter, Form and Power of a Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil. George Routledge and Sons. p. 145.
[2]
[3] Geoghegan, Tom (2011-04-14).“BBC News - What hap-pens to deposed leaders?". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
[4] Stevie Cameron, Blue Trust: The Author, The Lawyer, His Wife, And Her Money, 1998
[5] Robert Greenfield, Exile on Main Street: A Season in Hell with the Rolling Stones, 2008.
[6] Kucera, Danielle. “Facebook Co-Founder Saverin Gives Up U.S. Citizenship Before IPO”. Bloomberg News. Re-trieved 2 November 2012.
[7] Drawbaugh, Kevin (May 17, 2012).“Facebook’s Saverin fires back at tax-dodge critics”. Reuters. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
[8] Mills, Andrew (2009-06-23).“Iraq Appeals Anew to Ex-iled Academics to Return Home”. Reuters via chroni-cle.com. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
[9] Rocker, Simon (2011-03-10).“Libyan exile plan for UK’s frozen assets”.The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
[10] Fisher, Dan (1990-01-20). “For Exiled Nuns, It’s Too Late : Banished by the Communist regime, Czechoslo-vakia’s sisters of Bila Voda were symbols of persecution. Now most are too old or weak to benefit from the revolu-tion”. articles.latimes.com. Retrieved 2011-04-17. [11] SeeOdessa
[12] Muhammad Siddique Qureshi (1989),Foreign policy of Hadrat Muhammad (SAW), Islamic Publications, p. 254. [13] Watt (1956), Muhammad at Medina, p. 209.
[14] Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.149-150. (online) [15] Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community,
State University of New York Press, p. 161,ISBN 978-0887063442, The Messenger of God remained in Medina after the expedition against the Banu al-Nadir for the two months of Rabi' and part of the month of Jumada (from August 1 1 to late October, 625)
[16] Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 189. (online) [17] Tabari, Al (2008),The foundation of the community, State
University of New York Press, p. xxxv, ISBN 978-0887063442, The main underlying reason for the expul-sion of the clan of al-Nadir was the same as in the case of Quaynuqa, namely, that Jewish criticisms endangered the ordinary Muslim’s belief in Muhammad’s prophethood and in the Quran as revelation from God.
6 External links
• Without a CountryVaried experiences of American and British exiles in the 20th century.
5
7
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
7.1
Text
• Exile Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile?oldid=644624533Contributors: JeLuF, Roadrunner, Akumiszcza, Olivier, D, Michael
Hardy, Alan Peakall, Gabbe, Александър, Error, Jiang, Tedius Zanarukando, Maya, Kaare, Itai, Mackensen, Italo Svevo, Carlossuarez46, Hoss, Robbot, Vespristiano, Donreed, Altenmann, Psychonaut, Hemanshu, Meelar, Gidonb, Bkell, Hadal, Jsonitsac, Diberri, Snobot, Snowdog, Curps, Frencheigh, Jfdwolff, Robert Weemeyer, DO'Neil, Beardo, Avala, Aominux, Kudz75, Chowbok, Andycjp, Soup, Clock-workLunch, J3ff, Piotrus, Gunnar Larsson, Icairns, Eranb, JHCC, JulieADriver, Neutrality, Ukexpat, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, FT2, Freestylefrappe, Alistair1978, Brian0918, Kross, Phoenix Hacker, Art LaPella, John Vandenberg, Malafaya, Jguk 2, Dhbr, Jimmyvan-thach, Nk, Eritain, Ricardo monteiro, BanyanTree, Dabbler, Bnguyen, Mmsarfraz, Postrach, Angr, Kelly Martin, Woohookitty, Thivierr, WadeSimMiser, Jeff3000, Miss Madeline, Akira625, Eras-mus, Cedrus-Libani, Kdar, BD2412, Crocodealer, Ligar, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Carl Logan, Creature, Valip, Wareq, Paul Hjul, FayssalF, FlaBot, Gareth E Kegg, Chobot, NguyenBao, Vmenkov, YurikBot, Extraordinary Machine, RussBot, Kmorrow, Alifazal, SEWilcoBot, Chick Bowen, RFBailey, Psy guy, Mike Selinker, Harrythemaster, Pedron, Dash77, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, FocalPoint, Keldor, Thierry Caro, Cubs Fan, Mister X, Reedy, Ze miguel, Jagged 85, Verne Equinox, Kintetsub-uffalo, ERcheck, Mindeye, Andy M. Wang, Thumperward, MalafayaBot, Colonies Chris, The1exile, Dr. Dan, Scarletsmith, Xyzzyplugh, Elendil’s Heir, Mitrius, Will Beback, Lapaz, Gobonobo, Pat Payne, Robofish, WhiteShark, IronGargoyle, Jxb311, LancasterII, Johnmc, BranStark, Mikeyfaces, Syush, Sandmouse, THF, Rain74, Penbat, Rw rynerson, Bmathew, Sadharan, JCO312, GentlemanGhost, Miss-vain, Electron9, Tobias1, Natalie Erin, Frostmourne 16, Mialith, Modernist, Alphachimpbot, JAnDbot, Hno3, PhilKnight, Yahel Guhan, Dentren, Timhood, Cracksells, Athanatis, Damuna, JaGa, Mannerheim, ClubOranje, NAHID, Thewallowmaker, J.delanoy, Falkvinge, USN1977, Haseebmahmud, Jeepday, Tkn20, AntiSpamBot, Belovedfreak, Samrules999, NeoAlastor, Lucifero4, Bluecollarchessplayer, Wilhelm meis, Davecrosby uk, Squids and Chips, Black Kite, VolkovBot, Rucha58, Quackdave, Pearsonlon, Dendodge, Martin451, Snow-bot, Viator slovenicus, SieBot, Tresiden, Scarian, YourEyesOnly, FrankRizzo2006, Lightmouse, KathrynLybarger, Fratrep, OKBot, Drift-wood87, Ricklaman, Martarius, ClueBot, Timeineurope, SoViCo, Prkr 07, J8079s, Goldenmaiden, Auntof6, SamuelTheGhost, GlamRock, McMarcoP, Chaniqua, MantisEars, Marianian, Redthoreau, Aitias, Agent008, WikHead, Yuvn86, Zodon, Monk777, NjardarBot, Lost on belmont, Glane23, Tide rolls, ينام, Merlin the Wizard, Team4Technologies, Legobot, Candidulus, Middayexpress, Yobot, 2D, American-grantedasylumnetherlands, Dwayne, Brilliant trees, Clevermark92, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Artaxias, NelsonFu, Kellogg257, GB fan, I Feel Tired, The Banner, 1upnate, Pushkinetta, Ched, Srich32977, Erudnetti, Auréola, Brutaldeluxe, FrescoBot, Roseclearfield, Karazachi, RDM28, CoCoLumps, Machn, Pinethicket, Hariboneagle927, Vinie007, Host09, Meaghan, Thatssoscene13, Cl!ckpop, PiRSquared17, Wikipédiste Consommé, Fama Clamosa, Aydee2020, Lotje, Tuux47, Christoffph, Metalhead435, Athene cheval, Misconceptions2, Wik-itanvirBot, Dewritech, Mahesh Nagre, Wikipelli, Moviecreator, ZéroBot, Beware the Unknown, Jimvenna, Truthopinion, L Kensington, Shrigley, ChuispastonBot, ClueBot NG, CocuBot, Fncfanyoyo, Zaringeorge, WikiHannibal, Littleboy58, ChrisGualtieri, Quant18, Wywin, DVD seller, Mknwiki and Anonymous: 259
7.2
Images
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svgLicense: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Dante_exile.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Dante_exile.jpgLicense: Public domain Contribu-tors:http://www.stelle.com.br/pt/anonimo1.htmlOriginal artist: Domenico Peterlini (o Petarlini o Peterlin) (1822 – 1891, attribuito) • File:Jason_and_Medea_-_John_William_Waterhouse.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Jason_
and_Medea_-_John_William_Waterhouse.jpgLicense: Public domain Contributors:http://www.jwwaterhouse.comOriginal artist:John William Waterhouse
• File:Napoleon’{}s_exile_to_Elba.jpg Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Napoleon%27s_exile_to_Elba.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: Library of Congress CALL NUMBER: PC 2 - Journey of a modern hero ... (A size) [P&P] Original artist: Pub'd by J. Phillips, No. 32 Charles Street Hampstead road (London)
• File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based onImage:Question book.pngcreated byUser:EquazcionOriginal artist:
Tkgd2007
• File:The_First_Night_in_Exile.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/The_First_Night_in_Exile.jpg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors:
• http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/labs/splitsecond/painting.php?id=77Original artist: ?
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do-main Contributors: Vector version ofImage:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized byFvasconcellos(talk·contribs), based
on original logo tossed together byBrion Vibber
