OFDMA ‐
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access
Presented by: Chenxi Bao Chao Xie Nan Wu ECE 645 Wireless Communication Systems PresentationTheory of OFDM
Architecture of RAN and CN
Compare OFDMA with CDMA
1. Introduction
OFDM is a multi‐carrier digital modulation technique in which a
high bit rate serial data stream is separated into a large number N
of narrowband and low data rate sub‐channels each of which
modulates a single sub‐carrier, and each sub‐carrier transmits
symbols in parallel. Channel bandwidth is divided into multiple
sub‐channels orthogonal to each other. Sub‐carriers should be
modulated by using BPSK, QPSK, 16‐QAM, or even 64‐QAM
modulation depending on how severe the channel condition is. The
better channel condition is, the higher constellation points request.
Theory of OFDM
1. Introduction
¾Due to the duration of each symbol is longer enough than the
spread delay, OFDM is effective in avoiding inter‐symbol
interference (ISI) caused by multi‐path propagation delay in a
frequency‐selective fading environment, therefore OFDM is low
sensitivity to time synchronization errors. Theoretically, with N is
large enough, the bandwidth of each sub‐channel can be divided
only 1Hz.
¾Due to orthogonality, the energy at the central frequency
becomes exactly zero such that the cross‐talk between sub‐
channels (ICI) can be eliminated even spectra overlapped in
frequency domain.
Theory of OFDM
2. Mathematic description
{
2 ( ) 1, 0, 01
( )
k T j fj f j k j j kx t
e
dt
T
π − = ≠=
∫
=
(1) Orthogonality
(2) FFT algorithm
1
j k sN
f
f
f
T
T
Δ =
=
−
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,
f
kk
k
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NTs
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First assume:
2 1 01
(
)
N j kn N s k ky nT
Y e
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Samples:
Periodicity:
2 2 1 ( ) 1 2 0 0 N j k N n N j kn j n N N k N k k k n nY
Y e
Y e
e
Y
π π π − + − − + = ==
∑
=
∑
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Theory of OFDM
Chenxi Bao3. Ideal OFDM digital communication system
Theory of OFDM
OFDMA
Frequency reuse in OFDM‐based system
¾Self‐provisioning cells zIntra‐cell interference free zInter‐cell interference avoidance zOverlapping cell redundancy ¾More flexibility zSub‐channelization can be performed according to individual channel condition zAllow “peak capacity” access by one user if other uses are idle zConfigurable to circuit‐switched FDMA ¾Suitable for burst packet networkOFDMA
Chenxi BaozCan easily adapt to severe channel conditions without complex
equalization
zRobust against narrow‐band co‐channel interference
zRobust against Inter symbol interference (ISI) and fading caused
by multi‐path propagation
zHigh spectral efficiency
zEfficient implementation using FFT
zLow sensitivity to time synchronization errors
zTuned sub‐channel receiver filters are not required (unlike
conventional FDM)
zFacilitates Single Frequency Networks, i.e. transmitter macro
diversity.
Advantages of OFDM
Chenxi BaozSensitive to Doppler shift
zSensitive to frequency synchronization problems
zInefficient transmitter power consumption, due to linear power
amplifier requirement
Disadvantages of OFDM
Chenxi BaozADSL and VDSL broadband access via POTS copper wiring.
zCertain Wi‐Fi (IEEE 802.11a/g) Wireless LANs.
zHIPERLAN/2
zMMAC (multimedia access controller)
zDAB systems EUREKA 147, Digital Radio Mondiale, HD Radio, T‐
DMB and ISDB‐TSB.
zDVB terrestrial digital TV systems DVB‐T, DVB‐H, T‐DMB and
ISDB‐T.
zIEEE 802.16 or WiMAX Wireless MANs.
zIEEE 802.20 or Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA)
systems.
zFlash‐OFDM cellular systems.
zCertain Ultra wideband (UWB) systems.
zPower line communication (PLC).
zMoCA home networking.
Applications of OFDM
Chenxi BaoSome features of 4G system:
Frequency band: 2‐8GHz Bandwidth: 5‐20MHz
Data rate: 20Mbps or more Mobile top speed: 200kmph
Combination of Multiple‐Input Multiple‐Output (MIMO) wireless
technology with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)
One of the most promising techniques to support high data rate
and high performance in next generation communication systems.
OFDM in future 4G communication system
A radio access network (RAN) is part of a mobile Telecommunication system. It implements a radio access technology. It sits between the Mobile phone, and the core network (CN). The mobile phone is varyingly known as user equipment (UE), terminal equipment, mobile station (MS), etc., depending on the standard.
Examples of radio access network:
• GRAN ‐ GSM radio access network • GERAN‐ GSM‐EDGE packet radio services • UTRAN‐ UMTS radio access network • E‐UTRA‐ LTE radio access network Chao Xie
Introduction of RAN (Radio Access Network)
Chao Xie
The only node in the E‐UTRAN is the E‐UTRAN Node B (eNodeB). Simply put, the eNodeB is a radio base station that is in control of all radio related functions in the fixed part of the system.
Function of eNodeB
eNodeB acts as a layer 2 bridge between UE and the EPC, by being the termination point of all the radio protocols towards the UE, and relaying data between the radio connection and the corresponding IP based connectivity towards the EPC. In this role, the eNodeB performs ciphering /deciphering of the UP data, and also IP header compression and decompression.
1.
Chao Xie
The eNodeB is also responsible for many Control Plane (CP) functions. i.e. controlling the usage of the radio interface, which includes, for example, allocating resources based on requests, prioritizing and scheduling traffic according to required Quality of Service (QoS), and constant monitoring of the resource usage situation.
2.
The eNodeB controls and analyses radio signal level measurements carried out by the UE, makes similar measurements itself, and based on those makes decisions to handover UEs between cells.3.
Chao XieE‐UTRAN Node B (eNodeB)‐PART 2
The figure below shows the connections that eNodeB has to the surrounding logical nodes, and summarizes the main functions in these interfaces.
Chao Xie
EPC : Core Network of LTE
EPC is composed of MME, S‐GW, P‐GW, PCRF and HSS.
Chao Xie
Mobility Management Entity (MME) is the main control element in the EPC. Typically the MME would be a server in a secure location in the operator ’s premises. It operates only in the CP, and is not involved in the path of UP data.
• Authentication and Security
When a UE registers to the network for the first time, the MME initiates the authentication, MME may repeat authentication when needed or periodically. The MME will calculate UEs ciphering and integrity protection keys and it controls the related settings in E‐UTRAN for UP and CP separately. To protect the UE privacy, MME also allocates each UE a temporary identity called the Globally Unique Temporary Identity ( G U T I ) . Chao Xie
Mobility Management Entity (MME)‐PART1
• Mobility Management
The MME keeps track of the location of all UEs in its service area. When a UE makes its first registration to the network. The MME also participates in control signalling for handover of an active mode UE between eNodeBs, S‐GWs or
MMEs.
• Managing Subscription Profile and Service Connectivity
At the time of a UE registering to the network, the MME will be responsible for retrieving its subscription profile from the home network.
Chao Xie
• the high level function of S‐GW
is UP tunnel management and switching. The S‐GW is part of the network infrastructure maintained centrally in operation premises. • The S‐GW has a very minor role in control functions. It is only responsible for its own resources, and it allocates them based on requests from MME, P‐GW or PCRF. Chao Xie
Serving Gateway (S‐GW)‐PART1
• During mobility between eNodeBs, the S‐GW acts as the local mobility
anchor. The MME commands the S‐GW to switch the tunnel from one eNodeB to another. The MME may also request the S‐GW to provide tunnelling resources for data forwarding.
• For all data flows belonging to a UE in connected mode, the S‐GW
relays the data between eNodeB and P‐GW. However, when a UE is in idle mode, the resources in eNodeB are released, and the data path terminates in the S‐GW.
Chao Xie
• P‐GW is the edge router between the EPC and external packet data networks. It performs traffic gating and filtering functions as required by the service in question. • Typically the P‐GW allocates the IP address to the UE, and the UE uses that to communicate with other IP hosts in external networks, e.g. the internet. It is also possible that the external PDN to which the UE is connected allocates the address that is to be used by the UE, and the P‐GW tunnels all traffic to that network. Chao Xie
Packet Data Network Gateway (P‐GW)‐PART1
• P‐GW is the highest level
mobility anchor in the system. When a UE moves from one S‐ GW to another, the bearers have to be switched in the P‐ GW.
Chao Xie
• PCRF is the network element
that is responsible for Policy and Charging Control . It makes decisions on how to handle the services in terms of QoS, and provides information to the PCEF located in the P‐GW. • Each PCRF may be associated with one or more AF, P‐GW and S‐GW. There is only one PCRF associated with each PDN connection that a single UE has. Chao Xie
Policy and Charging Resource Function (PCRF)
• Home Subscription Server (HSS) is the subscription data repository for
all permanent user data. It also records the location of the user in the level of visited network control node, such as MME. It is a database server maintained centrally in the home operator’s premises.
Chao Xie
Chao Xie
Comparison of OFDMA & CDMA
Review the principle of CDMA
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a multiple
access technique where different users share the
same physical medium, that is, the same frequency
band, at the same time.
•
Spread Spectrum technique
•
Walsh Code
Nan WuOrthogonality
•
OFDMA ‐ It use orthogonal frequency to accomplish
the orthogonality of traffic channels.
•
CDMA ‐ It use orthogonal code to accomplish the
orthogonality of traffic channels.
Nan WuTraffic channel
In OFDM system, we can use
multi‐subcarrier and multi‐
time slot to transmit data.
In CDMA system, different
users can use the whole traffic
channel (1.25Mhz) to transmit
data by using orthogonal
codes.
Nan WuModulation
•
In OFDMA system, Sub‐
carriers should be
modulated by using BPSK,
QPSK, 16‐QAM, or even 64‐
QAM modulation
depending on how severe
the channel condition is.
•
In CDMA system, BPSK and
QPSK are used as the basic
modulation schemes in
most practical
communication systems.
Nevertheless, higher‐order
modulation techniques like
8‐PSK and 16‐QAM also are
applied as additional
transmission options to
offer a high speed packet
transfer at good
propagation conditions.
Nan WuSynchronization
OFDMA
•
Low sensitivity to time
synchronization errors
•
Sensitive to frequency
synchronization problems
CDMA
•
CDMA system, which has
been deployed, is a
asynchronous system.
Nan WuInterference
OFDMA
•
Intra symbol interference:
effects which cause subcarriers within an OFDM symbol to lose orthogonality•
Inter symbol interference:
effects which cause interference between OFDM symbolsCDMA
•
All other users’ signal can
be seen as interference.
Nan WuArchitecture of EVDO REV.A
Network Elements
•
MS –Mobile Station
•
BTS – Base Transceiver
Station
•
BSC – Base Station
Controller
•
MSC –Mobile Switching
Center
•
HLR/VLR –Home Location
Register / Visiting location
register.
•
SS7 –Signaling System 7
•
PSTN –Public Switched
Telephone Network
•
RNC –Radio Network
Controller
•
PCF– Packet Control Function
•
PDSN –Packet Data Serving
Node
•
ATM –Asynchronous Transfer
Mode
•
HA –Home Agent
•
AAA –Authentication,
Authorization and Accounting
•
ISP –Internet Service Provider
Nan WuComparison of architecture
eNodeB
• eNodeB acts as a bridge between UE and the EPC • The eNodeB is also responsible for many Control Plane (CP) functions • The eNodeB controls and analyses radio signal level measurements carried out by the UEBTS & BSC & RNC
• Enables radio communications with mobile stations (MS) via its respective radio access system • A device and software associated with a Base Station, used to register mobile phones in the cell, assign control and traffic channels, perform handoffs, and process call setup and termination • The governing element in the network manages the Base Stations connected to the controller. The RNC manages radio resources and some mobility management functions, and is the point where encryption is done before user data is sent to and from the MSMobility Management Entity
(MME)
• Authentication and Security • Mobility Management • Managing Subscription Profile and Service ConnectivityRNC & Packet Data Control &
AAA
•
RNC control distributed into
MME
•
Packet data control evolves
to MME
•
AAA‐
A framework for
intelligently controlling access
to network resources,
enforcing policies, auditing
usage, and providing the
information needed to bill for
services
Nan WuServing Gateway(S‐GW)
• S‐GW tunnel management and switching • the S‐GW relays the data between eNodeB and P‐GWMobile Switching Center (MSC)
& Packet Data Serving Node
(PDSN)
• MSC‐ Provides telephony switching services and controls calls. The MSC switches calls between the MS and the PSTN, and between the MS and other MSs. • PDSN ‐ Connection point between the Radio Access and IP networks. Manages PPP sessions between the mobile provider's core IP network and the MS Nan WuReference
1. L. Hanzo, T. Keller.OFDM and MC‐CDMA : a primer. 1952‐2006
2. Uma Shanker Jha, Ramjee Prasad. OFDM towards fixed and mobile broadband wireless access. 2007
3. Henrik Schulze and Chris an Lüders. ٛ Theory and applica ons of OFDM and CDMA : ٛ wideband wireless communications. 2005 4. Hui Liu, Guoqing Li. OFDM‐based broadband wireless networks : design and optimization. 1968‐2005 5. Ramjee Prasad. OFDM for wireless communications systems. 2004 6. Sławomir Pietrzyk. OFDMA for broadband wireless access. 2006 7. Harri Holma and Antti Toskala. LTE for UMTS: OFDMA and SC‐FDMA Based Radio Access. 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978‐0‐470‐99401‐6 8. Samik Ghosh, Kalyan Basu, and Sajal K. Das.What a Mesh! An Architecture for Next‐Generation Radio Access Networ.