Urban Design

URBAN DESIGN

URBAN DESIGN

Instructor: Architect Jose Juson Instructor: Architect Jose Juson



 THE BEGINNINGSTHE BEGINNINGS

•

• Settlement DesignSettlement Design

- Agricultural Societies - Agricultural Societies - Rectilinear Plotting - Rectilinear Plotting • • LayoutLayout

--GridGrid (or Rectilinear) : product of the  (or Rectilinear) : product of the farmersfarmers --CircularCircular (Fencing) : product of the herdsmen (Fencing) : product of the herdsmen

: defensive role : defensive role --RadiocentricRadiocentric : when circular settlement : when circular settlement enlarge

enlarge

: fortr

: fortress citiesess cities 

 ANCIENT GREECEANCIENT GREECE

•

• LandscapeLandscape

- powerfull assertive - powerfull assertive

•

• Hig !lacesHig !laces

- forti!ed hilltop - forti!ed hilltop - sacred point - sacred point

•

• TTo"n Deso"n Des ignign

--sense o# te $nitesense o# te $nite

- Aristotle"s ideal si#e of cit $ %&'&&&  &'&&& - Aristotle"s ideal si#e of cit $ %&'&&&  &'&&& people

people

- never attempted to overwhelm nature - never attempted to overwhelm nature - *uildings give a sense of human measure to - *uildings give a sense of human measure to landscape

landscape

•

• Te streetTe street

- not a principal *ut as a leftover space for - not a principal *ut as a leftover space for circulation

circulation

•

• !lace o# assem%ly!lace o# assem%ly

-mar+et (agora) -mar+et (agora) THE ACR&!&LIS THE ACR&!&LIS • • LayoutLayout

- once thought to lac+

- once thought to lac+ 'isi%le design'isi%le design relationships : no relationships : no geometrical a,ial relationship

geometrical a,ial relationship

-- ././' a ver de!nite' a ver de!nite'isual relationsip'isual relationsip

•

• DesignDesign

- *uilt and re*uilt over a long period of o*servation and re0ection - *uilt and re*uilt over a long period of o*servation and re0ection

: to *e seen * human ee : to *e seen * human ee

: to *e e,perienced * people moving : to *e e,perienced * people moving on

on

- design discipline was

- design discipline was 12/12/ the a*stract plan the a*stract plan : it was the real e,perience of people : it was the real e,perience of people - visual sophistication

- visual sophistication

: panoramic view of the

: panoramic view of the surroundingsurrounding : resulted into sacred character : resulted into sacred character

THE AG&RA

THE AG&RA

•

• AcropolisAcropolis

- masses articulating space - masses articulating space

•

• AgoraAgora

- *uilding served as fa3ade to form an enclosure ur*an space - *uilding served as fa3ade to form an enclosure ur*an space

•

• BuildingsBuildings

- are grouped around a central

- are grouped around a central open spaceopen space - are low-comforta*le sense of

- are low-comforta*le sense of spatial enclosurespatial enclosure - are regular and architecturall hori#ontal :

- are regular and architecturall hori#ontal : sense of sta*le reposesense of sta*le repose

AG&RA as an ur%an space(

AG&RA as an ur%an space(

- *uildings are constantl *eing changed to alter the character of - *uildings are constantl *eing changed to alter the character of the space

the space

-- ././ the space prevailed the space prevailed

Lessons in Ur%an Space

Lessons in Ur%an Space

•

• )le*i%ility)le*i%ility

- allows man changes in component *uildings - allows man changes in component *uildings

•

• UnityUnity

- maintained as long as *uildings are smpathetic in scale - maintained as long as *uildings are smpathetic in scale

•

• SimplicitySimplicity

- the more modest the *uildings the more successfull the - the more modest the *uildings the more successfull the function

GREE+ T&,NS

• Hippodamus

- a lawer' from 4iletus - lived in 5th centur 6

- inspiration was pro*a*l derived from Ancient a*lonian

• Gridiron Layout

- Plan of Athens har*or' !iraeus was attri*uted to 7ippodamus

- Areas of !nite si#e' comprehensi*le to the ee' and politicall wor+a*le

-Neopolis : when a town reaches its ma,imum si#e' a 8new town9 is *uilt

-!aleopolis : old town

- other e,amples: 4iletus' Priene and Ale,andria  ANCIENT R&-E

•  /he Repu*lican Forum •  /he Imperial Forum Ur%an Design

- ree+: sense of the !nite

- Roman: political power and organi#ation

Use o# Scale

- ree+ use of scale is *ased on human measurements

- Romans used proportions that would relate parts of *uildings instead of human measure

-odule

- ree+ use of house as module for town planning - Roman use of street pattern as module

: to achieve a sense of overpowering grandeurs

: made for militar government

Street

- ree+ : as a leftover space for circulation - Roman: *uilt !rst; *uildings came later

!laces o# assem%ly

- ree+: mar+et

- Roman: mar+et' theater and arena

THE RE!UBLICAN

)&RU-• )orum

- a <atin word meaning open space or mar+et place - the administrative and corporate heart of Rome

- In Rome' there was several forums= enerall this word referred to the open space in man Roman town where *usiness' >udicial' civic or religious activities were conducted

• Te Repu%lican )orum

- or 8Te Roman )orum9' the most famous forum

- was designed * architect.itru'ius who felt the proportions needed to *e ?: (length to width)

- level area is small' a*out @ acres

• Buildings

- a development of steadil increasing political power (5& 6  B 6)

- *uildings have no formal relationship *etween each other

-Curia : senates assem*l house; forum"s most important *uilding - successive *uildings are larger than their predecessors

THE I-!ERIAL

)&RU-- Architectural or ur*an masses were made su*ordinate to spaces - composed of pla#as formed * collonades

- colonnades act as transition and lin+ to pla#as

Repu%lican )orum Imperial )orum Caracter Architectural 4asses .r*an space

Layout Full of odd

corners; informal

Spacious' open spaces' orderl

 -EDIE.AL ERA

• Decline o# Rome

- 8Car+ Ages9' *ut not for ur*an design

• Ur%an Settings

- 4ilitar strongholds' castles' monasteries' towns

• -ilitary Strongolds

- Acropolis and 6apitoline 7ill

• Castles

- *uilt atop hills' enclosed * circular walls; radiocentric growth

• -onasteries

- citadels of learning' laid out in rectilinear pattern

• -edie'al To"n

- li+e ree+ towns' small and !nite in si#e

T&,N DESIGN

• .isi%le E*teriors

- suits the viewing conditions of small spaces

• .ista

- considerations anduman scale : !ne accent in landscape

• Street Layout

- is functional' although with no logical form

• -edie'al Era

- set the stage forRENAISSANCE

- s+ill of *uilders

- wealth of *ourgeoise and no*ilit

- organi#ation of the militar and new force in government

- development of political powers and e,pertise - new organi#ations

- scholarl +nowledge of the church

0 -a1or E'ents mar2ing transition #rom -edie'al Times

• Cawn of science

• Fall of 6onstantinople • Ciscover of the 1ew Dorld

)rom -edie'al Era to Renaissance Era

• -edie'al Ur%an Design

- were to *e discarded - sense of scale

- intimate relation *etween house to street

• -edie'al System o# To"n Design

- trul liva*le; humanist

 RENAISSANCE ERA

• Ideal Cities

- %EE& (*eginning of Renaissance)

-Leon Battista Al%erti : foremost theoretician - Al*erti"s Ce Architectua

• Accomplisments o# early Renaissance

- Pu*lic wor+s

- 6ivic improvement pro>ects

• Re%uilding )ERRARA( is the !rst modern cit in urope

-!ala//o Diamenti : most famous structure

-Biaggio Rossetti : architect and town planner regarded as aone of the world"s earliest modern ur*an designers

-Rosetti3s plan:

%= street widening' new *uildings' wall improvement = nlarge the town

?= 6arron with the plan

• Lessons #rom Rosetti3s E4ort

- Repair an e,isting cit - Plan for enlargement

- Cecide which to concentrate eGort

- <a down a plan that is theological and reali#a*le - Provide framewor+ for others to *uild upon

• S2etced a City Straddling a Ri'er

• Ri'er Streams

- suppl water and carr awa waste

- for multiple functions

• !roposed -o'a%le Houses

- anticipated the 8green*elt9 concept

• Satellite To"ns

- for wor+ers

• Lessons

- neither growth nor functional improvement is necessaril an advantage

• !opes in Rome

- the 8real sa9 in ur*an design at that time

RENAISSANCE 5 REBUILDING R&-E

• !ro%lems : circulation' defense' water suppl

and sanitation

• Solutions : Popes have to underta+e civic

improvements pro>ects

• !ilgrimage

- St= Peter"s 6athedral improved

-Campidoglio (Rome"s cit hall) improved

• Domenico )ontana

- architect commissioned * Pope Si,tus H

• )ontana3s !lan

- street were visuall accented using o%elis2s • &%elis2s

- as 8sta+es9= as guidepoints for the whole cit - asScale Re#ernce

• St6 !eter3s Catedral

- ramante

• Tempietto

- miniature version of St= Peter"s 6athedral

• Carlo )ontana

- asilica inside the 6olosseum

• Borro"ed Design

- Renaissance from 4edieval' Roman from ree+s

• Andrea !alladio

- developed precise theories of proportion and module

• !alladio3s !rototype

- Roman countr villa (rural) - Roman forum (ur*an)

• In7uences

- eorge Dashington and /homas JeGerson

• Colossal or Gigantic &rder

- found at Palladio"s San iorgio 4aggiore

RENAISSANCE 5 THE CA-!ID&GLI&

- 2ne of-iceangelo"s !nest wor+s - Seen at a distance as a whole composition -E8uestrian Statue o# -arcus Aurelius

: serve as centerpiece or guidepost

-Entrance Ramps

: widen toward the top

: perspective eGect and stairs appear shorter : similarl' Side uildings are not parallel - Signi!cance of a Remodeling >o*

RENAISSNACE 5 URBAN !LA9AS IN )RANCE AND ENGLAND

•  :ac8ues Androuet Du Cerceau

- French architect who visited Rome - rought pla#a idea to Paris' France

• Inigo :ones

- nglish architect

- rought the Renaissance pla#a to <ondon -Bed#ord S8uare : started in %@?% -Co'ent Garden : modeled after <ivorno

• &ter !la/as in London

-Leicester S8uare : started %@?5 -Blooms%ury S8uare : %@5

RENAISANCE LANDSCA!E ARCHITECTURE

• !ar2s and Garden

- tie the cit together

- connecting the palace and the town

• .illa and Garden

- rural counterpart of Palace and Pla#a

• Italy

- gardens are never too large

- *uilt asterraces *ecause of hill land

• )rance

- ela*orate sstem of landscape design - root from largeunting #orest

-rond points : high ground intersections

• Ricelieu

- applications of 8rond points9 idea

- %@?&' landscape design of palace started - :ac8ues Lemercier : architect

• Andre Lenorte

- landscape architect of richelieu - Destern"s world master of landscape architecture

LEN&RTE AND .ERSAILLES • Lenorte3s -a1or client

- <ouis IH' the 8sun +ing9 of France

• .ersailles

- <enorte"s greatest wor+

- started in %@B&' completed * %B%& - 8goose #oot9 or 8pat te d3oie9

: three roads directed to a single view

• !la/a Del !opolo

- pat te d"oie

• Entrance to Rome

- appeared accidentall as result of Fontana"s plan

- not formall !nished until earl %th centur' * a French architect

RENAISSANCE ; REBUILDING L&ND&N

• Great !lague %@@@

- great !re of <ondon %@@B

• Several designers proposed plan

-Cristoper ,ren

- :on E'elyn

-Ro%ert Hoo2e

-.alentine +nigt

6hristopher Dren"s plan John veln"s plan

• <=>=;<=>?

- laws *anning use of com*usti*le materials - led for e,tensive use of %ric2s

•  :on G"ynn

- produced a plan for <ondon in %B@@ - 8<ondon and Destminster improved9 - heralded the 8olden Age9

• Golden Age

- encompassed a ?& ears period -Adelpi Terrace

: wor+ of the Adam"s rother

: *uilt along the River /hames

-Bat : created * architects John Dood Jr= and Sr=

• <=>@  discovered * the Aristocrac

• <=@=  rectangular pla#a called Lueen"s place • <=  great circle called +ings circus

• <==  Roal cresent

- edin*urg %B@B

- Scottish architect :ames Craig

- nd of <ondon Pla#a era and coming of Industrial ra

RENAISSANCE 5 DE.EL&!-ENT IN !ARIS

• Re%uilding o# Te Lou'e %@@B

-Loren/o Bernini"s designs re>ected -Claude !erralt : a court phsician - viewing conditions same as Palladio"s San iorgio 4aggiore and 4icheangelo"s 6ampidoglio

• Beaule'ard

- when cit is enlarged' new walls are *uilt

- old walls form' creating *road' long streets - term derived from Cutch word 8%ul"ar2 9

• <=

- proposals for new pla#as

- Pierre Patte"s compilation of the proposals - Place de la 6oncorde : %B5B' !nished * %BB&

• <=?

- French revolution

• <=?0

- new plan for Paris called!lan des Artistes

- %BE' emphasis on pla#a; %B?' emphasis on street

• Napoleon I

- 6hamp"s lsees improvement - arch of triump

• Napoleon III

- assignedBaron George Eugene Hanstnann

- :ean Carles Adolpe Alpand :

<andscape architect

 THE R&&TS &) -&DERN URBAN DESIGN C&NCE!TS • ree+ created' Romans discarded

• 4edieval ra e,pression' R1AISSA16 discarded • 1ew *reed of design theorist

• .toplan ideas

Practical thin+ing 4echanical concoctions

• 4ain emphasis  needs of wor+ing class

 IDEAL T&,NS and ,&R+ER T&,NS

• Claude Nicolas Ledou*

- French architect

- a new era in ur*an design -CHAU' France (%BB@)

: principal wor+

Ideal /owns * <edou,

• Ledou*3s deisgn

- an ideal plan were 8everthing is motivated * necessit9

• FArcitecture

- <edou,"s *oo+ pu*lished in %&E  IDEAL T&,NS and ,&R+ER T&,NS

• Ro%ert &"en

- nglish social reformer - 1ew <awar+' Scotland (%B)

• &"enite Communities

- ngland and .nited States

- 8Ne" Harmony9 in Indiana * 2wen"s son -8Broo2 )arm9 in 4assachusetts * 1ew ngland transcendentalist

- 8Icarus9 in Red river' /e,as * French man named Ca%et FIcarus failed' 6a*et >oined the 4ormons in search for the promised land and helped la-outSalt La2e City

• )rancois )ourier

- French social reformer - 8Phalanster9

- 8/he 1ew Dorld of Industr and Societ9 pu*lished in %

•  :ames Sil2 Buc2ingam

- 8Hictoria9

- 81ational vils and Practical Remedies9 pu*lished in %E

• Ro%ert !em%erton

- 87app 6olon9 in 1ew Mealand

• Dr6 Ben1amine Ricarson

- 87geia9 in .nited States

• Tomas :e4erson

 !LANNED INDUSTRIAL T&,NS

• )rancis Ca%ot Lo"ell

- eorgiaville' RA (%%) - Daltham' 4assachusetts - 7arrisville' 17 (%%@)

- <owell' 4assachusetts (%)

• &li'e (French architect)

- Hesinet' France (%5)

- anticipated the &th centur arden 6it

• &ter Industrial To"n

- ssen' erman (%@?)' +rupp factories called siedlungen (wor+er colonies)

- Pullman' Illinois (%B)

- Port Sunlight near <iverfool (%B) D=7= <ever Soap 6ompan - ournville near irmingham

- ar Indiana (%&@) laid out * a steel corporation' a made to order cit

• Tony Garnier

- French architect

- 8Une Cite Industrielle9 (%&%-&E) - Anticipated modern da #oning - plan is incredi*l detailed

a= imaginar site (high plateau and level valle along a river)

*= residential on plateau' factories on valle

c= dam for hdroelectric power d= hospital on high hills

e= smelting factories and mines at respectful distances

f= locations

 URBAN DESIGN and -ACHINES

• Don Arturo Soria y -ata

- Spanish *usinessman and engineer

- created 4adrid"s %st street car and telephone sstem

- 8La Ciudad Lineal9 : <inear 6it -Stalingrad : planned linear cit

• In'entions in7uencing Ur%an )orm

- electrical :!eter +ropot2in(%) - railroad

• &ter 'isionaries

-Edgar Cam%less' American vehicles running on rooftops

- 8-otopia9 : proposed in ngland

-Eugene Henard' French pu*lished 8<es Hilles de l"Avenis9 (%%&) ma have in0uenced <e 6or*usier

• Antonio Sant3elia

-Italian futurist

-8<a 6itra 1uova9 : e normous metropolis

-inspired * the comple, plans for the 1ew Nor+ rand 6entral Area

• -eta%olism Group

- Japanese architects

- .nderwater cities' *iological cities' cities changing their own forms' cities *uilt as pramids

• &ter 'isionaries

-Ed"ard Beiland (%B) : loo+ing *ac+ward -HG ,ells

 RENE,ED ATTITUDE T&,ARD NATURE

• Tecnological Ad'ances

- not necessaril a sign of progress

• Cie# Spo2esmen

-Eugene Emmanuel .iollet;le;Duc (French) - :on Rus2in (nglish)

-Henry Da'id Toreau (American)

• Arts and Cra#ts -o'ement

- led%y ,illiam -orris' return to simpler 6hristian virtues of the othic period

-Norman Sa"' created edford Par+ (%B5-%)

• Gotic Re'i'al in <?t Century

- 8othic Period was the last original Architectural ra9

 THE C&NSER.ATI&NIST and te !AR+ -&.E-ENT

• George !er2ins -ars

- American conservationist

- the founder of modern conservation

- 84an and 1ature9 : pu*lished in %@ introduction to ecolog

• )rederic2 La" &lmsted

- pioneer of the American par+ sstem

- was a social reformer' concerned with the moral disintegration in large formless cities

- also a farmer' landscaper design as solution to social ills (e,= .r*an Par+)

- 6entral Par+ of 1ew Nor+ won in %5 - San Francisco' uGalo' Cetroit' 6hicago' 4ontreal' and oston

- 8Pu*lic Par+s and the nlargement of /owns9 pu*lished in %B&

- cities planned for two generations ahead - maintain suOcient *reathing space - design' em*race whole cit

• Carles Eliot

- completed 2lmsted"s oston Par+ sstem

• George +essler

- laout of Kansas 6it Par+ sstem

•  :ens :ensen

- designed 6hicago"s original par+ sstem

• Alpand

- 7ausmann;s landscape architect - 8/he French 2lmsted9

• Daniel Scre%er

- a phsician and educator

- 8Schren*ergarten9 : small gardens for children used * elderl

- populari#ed the idea of .r*an plaground in urope

 E!L&RATI&NS into te !AST

• Arcaeology

-*ecame a science in %th centur

• Camillo Sitte

-Japanese architect

-8An architect"s 1otes and re0ections upon artistic 6it planning9 pu*lished in %

 THE GARDEN CIT -&.E-ENT

• E%ene/er Ho"ard

- An nglish stenographer

- 8/omorrow: A peaceful path to social reform9 pu*lished in %

- Proponent of the 8Garden City9 concept

• Letc"ort

- the !rst garden cit (%&) - located ?5 miles from <ondon

- architects Barry !ar2erandRaymund Un"in

- *ecame a satellite of <ondon *ecause factories did not materiali#ed

• ,el"yn

- nd garden cit (%&&

- architectLouis de Soisso"s' more successful than <etchworth  THE SCIENTI)IC A!!R&ACH

• Ho"ard3s Analytical Approac

- the cit is so large and its operations so comple,

- proper understanding can onl *e gained * full application of precise analsis

• !atric2 Geddes

- Scottish cit planner

- estan*lished the tool for analtical approach - 86ities in volution9 pu*lished in %%? - coined the term 8conur*ation9

- laid-out some 5& cities in India and Palestine

• -ars

- interrelationship *etween-AN andNATURE

• Geddes

- interrelationship *etween!E&!LE andCITIES

• Conur%ation

-8the waves of population in 0ow to large cities' followed * overlapping and slums formation' and then the wave of *ac+0ow9 %= In0ow = uild-up ?= ac+0ow 6entral slums E= Sprawling 4ass 6entral light THE CIT BEAUTI)UL -&.E-ENT

- from %& to the reat depression (%?&"s) - termed the 8City Beauti#ul Era9

• ,orld3s )airs

- as wor+ of civic art

%= application of latest technologies = fa3ade architecture

?= promise of America come to life - as ur*an renewal operations

%= Jac+son Par+  6hicago Dorld"s Fair = San Francisco 4arina

?= /reasure Island' san Francisco

• -c-illan Commission

- AIA national conference in Dashington C=6= (%&%)

-Daniel Burnam'Augustus St6 Gaudens' and)rederic2 La" &lmsted among present - plan for improvement of central Dashington having the original <"nfant Plan

• Ci'ic Centers

- 6it hall' countr court house' li*rar' museums' opera house' and a pla#a

• !u%lic "or2s

- RICS' designed as piece of sculpture - RIHR' made into classical garden terrace - 62<<S and .1IHRSI/IS' as visions of classical world

- RAI<R2ACS' *uilt Roman *asilicas and *aths

• City as a "ole

-Daniel Burnam : father of American 6it Planning

- Plans for 6hicago' San Francisco' 4anila' etc= - last use of French Renaissance principles applied at the largest scale possi*le=

• !lanned Residential Communities

- Roland Par+ (%)

- start of commuter su*ur*' 6ountr 6lu*' Kansa 6it

- Forest 7ills ardens' <=I=' 1ew Nor+ commuter su*ur* for 4anhattan (%%%)

• -any De'elopments

- American cit planning profession -/oning introduced in %%@ - man lessons from a*road;

%= ngland and garden cit movement = nglish architect-planners lecturedin .s ?= nglish *oo+s in cit planning

• Summary o# City Beauti#ul Era

- theCI.IC CENTER and theC&--ERCIAL SUBURB

 THE NE, C&--UNIT -&.E-ENT

• !roponents

-Henry ,rigt

8Rehousing .r*an Ammerican9 (%?E) -Clarence Stein

8/owards 1ew /owns for America9 (%5%)

• FSuper%loc2 Concept

-answer to pro*lem of through traOc

-island of green' *ordered * houses and s+irted * peripheral automo*ile roads

-e,amples:

%= aldwin 7ills' <A

= 6hattham Hill' Pitts*urge -communit level development

• Rad%urn Ne" :ersey

-series of super*loc+s

-not completed *ecause of depression

-one of the most important designs conceived for the modern residential communit

• FRad%urn Idea

-organi#ation of town into cohesive

neigh*orhoods -Clarence A6 !erry

: 8/he 1eigh*orhood .nit9 pu*lished in %

: 6ommunit Planning

• FTo"n Coloni/ation Concept

-=R= /alor

-4etropolitan growth through coloni#ation -reinforces *ene#er 7oward"s *elief 

-8Satellite 6ities' A stud of industrial su*ur*s9 (%%5)

-8/he uilding of Satellite /owns9 (%5)

  /pical loc+ Cevelopment /he Sunnside Idea  REGI&NAL !LANNING

• Roots o# regional outloo2 

-Ho"ard andTaylor : satellite coloni#ation idea -Rad%urn : demonstrated satellite coloni#ation --ars andGeddes : laid the ground wor+ -Henry ,rigt andBenton -ac2aye : championed the regional outloo+

• Henry ,rigt and !lain o# Ne" or2 

- wor+ed under commission *Clarence Stein

8Report of the commission on 7ousing and Regional Planning for the State of 1ew Nor+9 - development of 1ew Nor+

%= Small trade centers for an agriculture societ

= Cecline due to cheaper 4id Destern farms ?= Industriali#ation too+ hold

E= 7udson and 4ohaw+ valles *ecame spine - 1ew Nor+ 6it *ecame the !nancial heart and core of the constellation of communities

• ,rigt3s -an

- one of the !nest models of regional planning - not oOciall adopted *ut recommendation reali#ed - led to formation of RPAA

• Regional planning association o# Ne" or2 

-  countries' 5&& municipal districts' %& million people' 1ew Nor+ State' 1ew Jerse and 6onnecticut

-Tomas Adams

: Scottish planner

: two volume plan produced in % most complete plan stud ever done

• Benton -ac2aye

- originall' a forester

- 8/he 1ew ,ploration' A philosoph of Regional Planning9 - nvisioned the 8townless highwa9 and 8highwaless towns9 - showed 1ew Nor+ 6it as the entr and e,it portal for the entire .S industrial empire

• Ne" E*ploration

- the e,ploration of the wilderness and conservation to *e e,pand to include cities

• &ter de'elopments

- <ondon ar*ican Area - arden cities in France

:Dourges the !rst arden 6it in France (%%) - <onglieau' /ergnier' <ille-<e-Celiverance

- a+u in Russia

 ARCHITECTS IN URBAN !LANNING • Eliel Saarinen

- pri#e-winning plan for 7elsin+i in %%& - teaching of architecture and ur*an planning - 8/he 6it9 pu*lished in %%?

• ,alter Gropius

- came to .S and too+ same approach of teaching architecture and ur*an planning

• Ricard Neutra

- 8Rush 6it Reformed9

• Le Cor%usier

- fused ideas of modern architecture and cit form

8.ne Hille 6ontemporaine9 %

- tracea*le to 7enards and arniers ideas - plan.oisin (neigh*orhood plan) %5 - 6handigarh India' designed the entire cit - 8Dhen 6athedrals were Dhite9 %EB - 86oncerning /own Planning9 %E

-Le"is -um#ord : critical of <e 6or*usier - helped organi#e the 86ongress International d"Architecture 4oderne (6IA4)

- conceived the 8CIA- grid9 : a graphic !le sstem for recording pertinent information in an ur*an stud and for e,plaining a plan

- 86IA4 grid9 four components: %= wor+

= circulation ?= residence E= leisure

--ARS Group

: the nglish 6IA4 organi#ation

: proposed a plan for re*uilding <ondon :%@ !nger corridors all connected * a ma>or circulation spine and encircling circulation group

• Louis +an

- made important designs for central Philadelphia

• +en/o Tange

- plan for /o+o

- circulation as determinant of ur*an form - new /o+o over /o+o a' hung on *ridges

• )ran2 Llyod ,rigt

- followed 7oward' eddes and social reformer - 8/he Cisappearing 6it9 pu*lished %? -Broadacres : ever famil ion an acre of land - 4arin 6ount

- full mile high super s+scraper changed scheme

• Carles A%rams

- housing as one prime !eld of endeavor for solving ur*an pro*lems

• Buc2minster )uller

- %@? : inventor of worlds resources' human trends and needs

• Le"is -um#ord

- authored some & *oo+s and innumera*le articles

- 8/he 6it in 7istor9 pu*lished in %@%' summar of 4umfords thought

• Constantine Do*iadis

- addressed the ur*an pro*lem on a world wide scale - ma>or designs are made for countries where econom and productive sstem can *e coordinated * polic and decree - *est wor+ is in newl developing nations of Africa and 4iddle ast - maga#ine 8E2istics9 : shows Co,iadis" man plans and programs - 8E2istics grid9 sstem for recording planning data and ordering planning process

-E2istics : the science of human settlement

EN.IR&N-ENTAL !LANNING

- refers to activities concerned with the management and development of lands' as well as the preservation' conservation' and reha*ilitation of the human environment

- Scope of practice:

= Cevelopment of a site for a particular needs

-!D <0>( En'ironmental !lanning !ractice

(4arch ' %BB)

!HSICAL !LANNING

- shall mean the rational use of land for development purposes

- factors to stud:

%= <and .se Planning = Planning Principles ?= cological alance

E= Preservation  6onservation 5= .r*an <and use Planning

@= Phsical Infrastructure Cevelopment

S&CIAL !LANNING

- refers to those activities concerned with planning' developments' and management of social services' facilities reLuired * speci!c population groups' communit' town' cit' province' region or nation

- factors to stud: %= Cemograph = ducation ?= 7ousing E= 7ealth Services 5= Protective Service @= Sports and Recreation

EC&N&-IC !LANNING

- refers to those activities concerned with uplifting the Lualit of life and income levels of the population through assessment of

advantages from economic activities in either agriculture' industr' tourism services' etc= - factors to stud:

%= 6ommerce

= /ourism

 THE&RIES IN URBAN AND REGI&NAL !LANNING

• !lanning De$nitions

-!lanning in general is a tin2ing and social process= Intellectual thought process (thin+ing aspect) as well as policies and actions (social aspect)

SSTE-S !LANNING

- derived from the science ofcy%ernetics : c*ernetics was identi!ed * 1orman Deiner in %E' an American mathematician and thin+er

• Tree leading Britis e*ponents o# cy%ernetics %ased planning

-George Cad"ic2 

-Alan ,ilson

-Brian -cLauglin C&-!REHENSI.E !LANNING

- evolved from a phsical planning model from the %&"s to %?&"s as e,empli!ed * ritish planner !atric2 Geddes S-A-P andE%ene/er Ho"ard"s arden 6it

- ceased to *e the universal planning standard * %B&

GR&,TH !&LE J CENTER THE&R 

-)rancis !errou* : rowth Pole -Bounda'ille (%@@) : rowth 6enter - 6oncept of <eading Industries - 6oncept of Propulsive Firms -Al%ert Hirsmann : polari#ation

-Gunmar -yrdal : ac+wash and Spread eGects - Scale conomics

- Agglomeration conomies

CENTRAL !&LE THE&R 

- *,alter Cristaller' %??= ,plains the si#e and function of settlements and their relationship with their hinterlands

-Hieracy o# Ser'ices

: hierarchical arrangement of centers and functions *ased on services from low order to high order services found onl in ma>or ur*an centers

- mar+et range

-tresold population

: minimum population necessar to support a service

C&RE !ERI!HER 

- * :on )riedmann' un*alanced growth to dualism : 1orth and South' growing points and lagging regions

- Cualistic economies

-ToKer : technological apartheid

DE!ENDENC THE&R 

- development of !rst world derived from undevelopment of third world neocolonialism - advocated * latin American economist and planner li+eCesar )urtado

INDUSTRIAL L&CATI&N THE&R 

- generall' an economic theor that attempts to incorporate the location factor into the 8theor of the !rm9 and tries to e,plain the e,isting location and changes in that structure

- least cost approach - mar+et area analsis - pro!t ma,imi#ing approach

 ELE-ENTS &) HU-AN SETTLE-ENTS D&IADISM • Nature : natural phsical environment

• -an : an individual

• Society : group of individuals • Sells : *uildings

• Net"or2s : transportations' communications' etc=

 HIERARCH &) SETTLE-ENTS

• Aamlet : a neigh*orhood' a small village • Acommunity : a town

• Acity : an ur*an area

• Ametropolis

• Aconur%ation : a composition of cities' metropolises and ur*an

areas

• Amegalopolis : merging of two or more metropolis with a

population of %& million or more' a &th centur phenomenon

 CIT 's URBAN

• City

- as de!ned * RA B%@&' a minimum income of P&4' at least %&'&&& has in land area or minimum population of %5&'&&&' a political or legal status granted * the government

• Higly ur%ani/ed City

- at least &&'&&& population and income of P5&4 or more

• Component City

- population and income *elow those of highl ur*ani#ed cit

• Independent Component City

- a characteri#ed cit

• Ur%an Area

- as de!ned * 1S2' in their entiret' all cities and municipalities with a densit of at least %&&&sL+m

-e,hi*iting a street pattern or street networ+

 INTERNAL S!ATIAL STRUCTURE &) CITIES

• Concentric 9one Teory -onocentricM

- *E6,6 Burgess' a .niversit of 6hicago Sociologist' in %5=  /he cit grows in a radial e,pansion from the center to form a

- 6C (cope' loop) - #one of transition - homes of factor wor+ers - residential #one of high class apartment *uildings or single-famil dwellings - commuter #one

- the process of invasion and succession e,plains the successive rings

• Sector Teory

- *Homer Hoyt' an economist in %?= 7ot e,amined the spatial variations in household rent in %E American cities

• -ultiple Nuclei Teory !olycentricM

- developed * two geographers Cauncy Harris

andEduard Ullman in %E5= 6ities tend to grow around not one *ut several districts nuclei

• In'erse Concentric 9one Teory

- the preceding three theories appl primaril to cities of 4C6"s' particularl American= 4an cities in the <6C"s follow somewhat diGerent patterns : this is a reversal of the concentric #one pattern  THE I-AGE &) THE CIT 

- a collective image map of a cit' a collective picture of what people e,tract from the phsical realit of a cit=

- !ve *asic elements which people use to construct their mental image of a cit:

<6 pat"ays @6 districts 06 edges 6 landmar2s 6 nodes  !LANNING &RGANI9ATI&N • Regional !lanning

- 1CA (1ational conomic Cevelopment Authorit) - 1<.6 (1ational <and .se 6ommittee)

- RC6 (Regional Cevelopment 6ouncil) - PC6 (Provincial development 6ouncil) - P<.6 (Provincial <and .se 6ommittee) - Sanggunihan Panlalawigan

• Ur%an !lanning

- 7.C66 (housing and .r*an Cevelopment 6oordinating 6ouncil) - 7<.R (7ousing and <and .se Regulator oard)

- R<.6 (Regional <and .se 6ommittee)

- 46C6 (4unicipal  6it Cevelopment 6ouncil) - C6 (aranga Cevelopment 6ouncil)

• HLURB

- the planning regulator and Luasi->udicial instrumentalit of government for land use development

• !LANNING

- the +e to orderl and rational land development in an local government unit