Chapter 1

(1)

Energy for Sustainability

Randolph & Masters, 2008

Chapters 1:

Energy Patterns & Trends

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Energy for Sustainability



_{Sustainability:}



patterns of economic, environmental, and social

progress that meet the needs of the present day

without reducing the capacity to meet future

needs.



Sustainable energy



patterns of energy production and use that can

support society’s present and future needs with

least

least life-cycle

life-cycle economic, environmental, and

economic, environmental, and

social costs.

(3)

Nobel Laureate Richard Smalley’s top ten priority

problems in the world’s quest for sustainability:

10. Population

9. Democracy

8. Education

7. Disease

6. 6. Terrorism

Terrorism and

and War

War

5. Poverty

4. Environment

3. Food

2. Water

1. Energy

(4)

Why is Energy #1?



 _{Abundant, available, affordable, clean, efficient and secure}_{Abundant, available, affordable, clean, efficient and secure}

energy would enable the resolution of all of the other problems. energy would enable the resolution of all of the other problems.



 We need energy for sustainability.We need energy for sustainability.



 _{We need for energy to maintain order in the world’s systems}_{We need for energy to maintain order in the world’s systems}

because of the

because of the 2nd Law of 2nd Law of ThermodynamThermodynamicsics::



 Matter and energy tend to degrade into an increased state Matter and energy tend to degrade into an increased state of disorder,of disorder,

chaos or randomness, a state of increased

chaos or randomness, a state of increased EntropyEntropy 

 Only through a flow of Only through a flow of quality energy through the system (and aquality energy through the system (and a

corresponding flow of less quality energy out)

corresponding flow of less quality energy out) can order and structure becan order and structure be created. A constant flow of energy is required to maintain that order.

created. A constant flow of energy is required to maintain that order. 

 Nature and society on Earth Nature and society on Earth are able to produce order and structure onlyare able to produce order and structure only

through their ability to acquire energy. through their ability to acquire energy.



 Nature uses the plant photosynthesis to acquire energy for all living things.Nature uses the plant photosynthesis to acquire energy for all living things.



 Society uses energy systems and mostly the stored fossil energy fromSociety uses energy systems and mostly the stored fossil energy from

those plants millions of years ago to

(5)

We have an energy problem.

Simply put, it has three components:



Oil



 40% of our energy 40% of our energy still comes from petroleum,still comes from petroleum, 

 reserves are concentrated in the volatile Middle East, andreserves are concentrated in the volatile Middle East, and 

 the date when global oil production will peak looms closer.the date when global oil production will peak looms closer.



Carbon



 global climate change is upon us, andglobal climate change is upon us, and 

 we are still 80% dependent on carbon-emitting fossil fuelswe are still 80% dependent on carbon-emitting fossil fuels



Global Demand Growth



 the developing world needs energy;the developing world needs energy; 

(6)

…our energy problem is complicated by

three factors:



Slow Progress toward Alternatives



to oil, carbon, and demand growth



Change is Hard



because of uncertainty, social norms, and vested

interests



Time is Short



(7)

Solutions?



_Improve

efficiency

_{of energy use to reduce}

demand growth



Replace oil

_{with other sources}



_Increase

carbon-free

_{energy sources}



_{Reduce fossil fuel use and/or}

_{Reduce fossil fuel use and/or sequester carbon}

_{sequester carbon}

emissions

…focus of this course is on

…focus of this course is on efficiency & renewable

efficiency & renewable

energy….Why?

(8)

Pacala & Socolow (2004) Carbon Stabilization

Pacala & Socolow (2004) Carbon Stabilization Wedges

Wedges

•• NeedNeed

Seven

1-GtC/year wedges by 2054 to be 1-GtC/year wedges by 2054 to be on road to stabilizationon road to stabilization •• Possible sources of wedges:Possible sources of wedges:

4 - energy efficiency 4 - energy efficiency 4 - renewable energy 4 - renewable energy 3 - CO

3 - CO₂₂ capture & storagecapture & storage

2 - forestry and agricultural soils 2 - forestry and agricultural soils 1 - nuclear power

(9)

How?



_{Advance sustainable energy}

_{Advance sustainable energy Technologies}

_Technologies



Consumer and community

Consumer and community Choice

Choice for efficiency,

for efficiency,

conservation, non-carbon energy



Public

Public Policies

Policies to

to



Advance sustainable energy technologies



(10)

Focus on three sectors:



Buildings:



 1/2 of our energy use today1/2 of our energy use today 

 40% of carbon emissions40% of carbon emissions



_{Transportation:}



 1/3 of our energy use today1/3 of our energy use today 

 2/3 of our oil use2/3 of our oil use 

 32% of carbon emissions32% of carbon emissions



_Electricity:



 40% of energy and growing40% of energy and growing 

 52% from coal, 20% nuclear, 16% gas, 12% renewables52% from coal, 20% nuclear, 16% gas, 12% renewables 

(11)

Aside on Energy,

Power, Units,

Conversion



 _{Energy is the}_{Energy is the} capacity to do capacity to do work

work



 Power is the ratePower is the rate of energy use or of energy use or energy/time

(12)

Energy Units and Conversion

(13)

Example:

Using dimensional analysis and conversion factors, calculate how many

equivalent Btus, watt-hours, and barrels of oil there are in 10 metric

tons of coal?

10

10 Mt Mt coal coal x x 2200 2200 lb lb x x st st x x 25 25 x x 101066 _Btu_{Btu =}_{= 550}_{550 x}_{x 10}₁₀66 _Btu_Btu

Mt Mt 2000 2000 lb lb st st coalcoal 550 x 10 550 x 1066 Btu Btu x x kwh kwh x x 1000 1000 wh wh = = 161 161 x x 101066 watt-hours watt-hours 3 344114 4 BBttuu kkwwhh 550x 10

550x 1066 _{Btu x}_{Btu x} _bbl_{bbl oil}_oil ₌_{= 94.8}_{94.8 bbl}_{bbl oil}_oil

5.8 x 10

(14)

Global Energy Trends



_{Demand Growth: >2% per year}



High dependence on fossil fuels



Inequitable distribution of energy use



(15)

2005: 468 Q

Growing Demand for Energy

(16)

World Energy by Type

Fossil Fuels dominate

(17)

Global

(18)

Energy, Population, GDP, CO

₂₂

up

↑

Energy/cap <-->, Energy/$GDP down

(19)

Energy Indicators, 2005

Energy is not equitably distributed

Energy Energy Cap Cap Energy Energy GDP GDP_m_mk_ktt Energy Energy GDP GDP_p_pp_p % % PPoopp %% Energy Energy % % GDP GDP_m_mk_ktt % % GDP GDP_p_pp_p % CO % CO₂₂ United United States States 340340 9 9..11 99..11 44..66%% ₂₂₁_1..8_8%_% ₃₃₀_0..4_4%_% ₁₁₉_9..2_2%_% ₂₂₁_1..1_1%_% R Ruussssiiaa 221122 ₈₈₆_6..7₇ ₁₁₄_4..9₉ 22..22%% 66..55%% 11..00%% 33..55%% 66..00%% JJaappaann 117777 _4.5_4.5 66..55 22..00%% 44..99%% 1133..88%% 66..00%% 44..44%% C Chhiinnaa 5511 3355..88 77..99 _20.3%_20.3% 1144..55%% 55..22%% 1144..77%% 1188..99%% Bangla-desh desh 5 5 1111..88 11..11 22..22%% 00..11%% 00..11%% 11..11%% 00..11%% W Woorrlldd 7722 1122..77 88..00 66,,444455 446633 4433,,992200 5555,,550000 2288,,119933 u unniittss M M BBttuu cap cap 1000Btu 1000Btu $GDP $GDP 1000Btu 1000Btu $GDP $GDP m miilllliioonn QQuuaadd Btu Btu billion $ billion $ billion $ billion $ Mill. MT Mill. MT

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U.S. Energy Production & Consumption

Growing net import gap

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U.S. Energy Use by Sector

Industry flat, others growing

(22)

U.S. Energy

Use by Fuel

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U.S. Energy Flow, 2006

(24)

U.S. Energy Use Indicators

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U.S. Energy Use Indicators

GDP way up GDP way up

Energy & Pop Energy & Pop up

up

Energy/cap flat Energy/cap flat

Energy/GDP way down Energy/GDP way down

(26)

Energy Intensity in the United States 1949 - 2005 Energy Intensity in the United States 1949 - 2005

0.0 0.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 20.0 20.0 25.0 25.0 1 1 9 9 4 4 9 9 1 1 9 9 5 5 1 1 1 1 9 9 5 5 3 3 1 1 9 9 5 5 5 5 1 1 9 9 5 5 7 7 1 1 9 9 5 5 9 9 1 1 9 9 6 6 1 1 1 1 9 9 6 6 3 3 1 1 9 9 6 6 5 5 1 1 9 9 6 6 7 7 1 1 9 9 6 6 9 9 1 1 9 9 7 7 1 1 1 1 9 9 7 7 3 3 1 1 9 9 7 7 5 5 1 1 9 9 7 7 7 7 1 1 9 9 7 7 9 9 1 1 9 9 8 8 1 1 1 1 9 9 8 8 3 3 1 1 9 9 8 8 5 5 1 1 9 9 8 8 7 7 1 1 9 9 8 8 9 9 1 1 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 3 3 1 1 9 9 9 9 5 5 1 1 9 9 9 9 7 7 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 5 5 t t h h o o u u s s a a n n d d B B t t u u / / $ $ ( ( i i n n $ $ 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 ) ) If intensit

If intensity dry dropped at opped at pre-1973 pre-1973 rate of rate of 0.4%/year 0.4%/year

Actual (E/GDP drops 2.1%/year) Actual (E/GDP drops 2.1%/year)

The Good News:

Improved Efficiency of U.S. and (World) Economy

(Energy/(Energy/ $GDP)

(27)

U.S. Electricity Energy Flow

Primary and End-Use energy

Losses

Primary Energy

(28)

U.S. Primary Energy for Electricity Generation

Big growth (2%/y), 70% fossil fuels

(29)

Specific Fuels for U.S. electricity

52% coal, 20% nuclear

(30)

Energy Sources for Residential Buildings

Largest requirement: “Electrical Losses”

(31)

U.S. Transportation Energy: 95% Petroleum

(32)

U.S. Energy

Production

by Fuel:

Crude Oil

Decline

Crude Crude Oil Oil

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