Bank Security System using RFID reader

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INTRODUCTION

In today's modern world, security plays an important role. Every person has precious accessories like gold, jewelry or cash. It is not enough to have these accessories, but security of this is very important, for this purpose we keep them in bank lockers. Still we often hear or read in news paper that some fake person has access the locker of another person and have stolen money.

In order to overcome this type of frauds, authentification of the person who wants to use the locker is very important,. In this project; we are designing advance security systems for banking which will ensure the guanine access of the locker overcoming all the misuses. For this we are using microcontroller, RFID reader, Finger print module, and LCD. The RFID reader reads the details of the RFID passport .The RFID acts as a medium to retrieve data from server .The output of RFID reader is serially communicated to PIC and sends the data wirelessly with the help of ZigBee transceiver. On the other side the other ZigBee receiver receives the details and sends to the server. Here, the server compares with the data already there. If it matches, the fingerprint module will be activated. The person is allowed to press on that module. If the data matches with fingerprint library, then the person is allowed, less he would be termed as a criminal by giving an alarm/buzzing signal. The PIC displays the details through the LCD connected at the port .

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CASE STUDY

NEED FOR BANK SECURITY SYSTEM

There is a saying that “NECESSITIES IS THE MOTHER OF ALL INVENTIONS”. Which in a more advanced version would read “APPLICATION DRIVES THE TECHNOLOGY”? Going by those lines, we would like to highlight some areas of work where our project has some potential use. Our project is basically concerned with banking locker systems. It is about taking all the security parameters and compare it with what is in the database and react accordingly. These applications are possible due to some of the advantages of our work.

The are as follows: 1. User friendly

2. Applications at major banks 3. Software in embedded C 4. Easy interfacing with PC .

We decided to do a project on smart bank locker access system in the seventh semester. The idea came to us while searching for topics on which to do project work. We always wanted to put theory that we studied into practice. Our inspiration in this direction was our subject embedded system in which we studied the principles governing real time application.

In this first couple of months we spent searching topics for project work, we came across numerous instances of the rapid advancements made in the field of bank security system as described in various journals and magazines as well as over the internet.

Dept. Of Electronics 2

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Existing Methods of using bank locker

Use of keysMost of the banks in India gives key to the bank locker for the accessing of locker. Usually there are two keys of the bank locker one belongs to locker holder and other is given to the manager of the bank.

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Drawbacks of using key as a security for accessing locker

There are number of drawbacks of using key as a security for accessing locker like 1. The key can be lost and the locker holder suffer the different headache of getting new key as well as he can’t use the locker in mean time.

2. The key can be stolen or duplicate key can be easily made and unauthorized person can access the locker.

While searching on the various methods used for the security application, we have come across number of advance technique of security, these security methods really temptated us and we are inspired to use the best among them, combination of three. The methods we have chosen for our project, they are widely used in many vital areas where security requirement is very severe as well as these methods assures 100% security.

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HARDWARE STUDY

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BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

POWER SUPPLY

The power supply section is the important for any electronics circuits. To derive the power supply, the 230V, 50Hz AC mains is stepped down by transformer X1 to deliver a secondary output of 12V, 500 mA. The transformer output is rectified by a full-wave rectifier comprising diodes D1 through D4, filtered by capacitor C1 and regulated by ICs 7812 (IC2) and 7805 (IC3). Capacitor C2 bypasses the ripples present in the regulated supply. LED1 acts as the power indicator and R1 limits the current through LED1.The power supply section is shown in the fig

MI CRO CONTROLL ER

The microcontroller PIC 18F24J50 is used in this project. It is the brain of the project and it controls the entire working of this project.

LCD

LCD unit is used to display the details about the person and the key number.

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SERIA L PO RT ( RS 2 32s td )

An asynchronous used to enable serial communication and capable of transmitting a bit at a time.

BUZZER

It is used to produce beep sound.

MAX232

The serial interface used here is the MAX 232. Max 232 converts RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels and TTL voltage to RS232. It provides 2-channel RS232C ports and 2- channel TTL ports. Since RS232 is not compatible with today’s microprocessors and microcontrollers we need a line driver to convert the RS232’Ss signals to TTL voltage levels that will be acceptable to the today’s microprocessor pins. One example of such a converter is MAX232 from Maxim Corporation.

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INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform a dedicated function. Unlike a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few pre-defined tasks, usually with very specific requirements, and often includes task-specific hardware and mechanical parts not usually found in a general-purpose computer. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. Physically embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. In terms of complexity embedded systems run from simple, with a single microcontroller chip, to very complex with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.

Mobile phones or handheld computers share some elements with embedded systems, such as the operating systems and microprocessors which power them, but are not truly embedded systems themselves because they tend to be more general purpose, allowing different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected.

a) OVERVIEW

Embedded systems run the computing devices hidden inside a vast array of everyday products and appliances such as cell phones, toys, handheld PDAs, cameras, and microwave ovens. Cars are full of them, as are airplanes, satellites, and advanced military and medical equipments. As applications grow increasingly complex, so do the complexities of the embedded computing devices. The goal of this course is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the technologies behind the embedded systems design. The students develop an appreciation of the existing capabilities and limitations of various steps in overall design methodology - modeling/specification, exploration, partitioning, synthesis (hardware/software/interface), and validation/verification of embedded systems

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b) CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

 Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time Performance constraints that must be met, for reason such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.

 Embedded systems are not always separate devices. Most often they are physically built-in to the devices they control

 The software written for embedded systems is often called firmware, and is stored in read-only memory or Flash memory chips rather than a disk drive. It often runs with limited computer hardware resources: small or no keyboard, screen, and little memory.

c) ADVANTAGES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

 Higher performance: The integration of various ICs shortens the traveling route and time of data to be transmitted resulting in higher performance.  Lower power consumption: The integration of various ICs eliminates buffers

and other interface circuits. As the number of components is reduced, less power will be consumed.

 Slimmer and more compact: Housed in a single separate package, the chip is smaller in size and therefore occupies less space on the PCB. Hence products using embedded system are slimmer and more compact.

 Reduced design and development system: The system on a chip provides all functionality required by the system. System designers need not worry about the basic function of the system-right from the beginning of the design phase, they can focus on the development features. As a result, the time spends on research and development is reduced and this in turn reduces the time to market of their products.

 Lower system costs: In the past, several chips in separate packages were required to configure a system. Now, just one system on-chip can replace all of these, dramatically reducing the packaging cost.

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MICROPROCESSORS

The microprocessor is a clock driven semiconductor device consisting of electronic logic circuits. By microprocessor is meant the general purpose microprocessors such as Intel’s x86 family. These microprocessors contain no RAM, no ROM, and no I/O ports on the chip itself.

The microprocessors is capable of performing various computing functions And making decisions to change the sequence of program execution. The microprocessor is in many ways similar to CPU but includes all the logic circuitry including the control unit, on one chip. The microprocessor is divided mainly into three segments they are Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Register Array and Control Unit.

Arithmetic Logic Unit –This is the area of the microprocessor where various computing functions are performed on data. The ALU performs such arithmetic operations as additions and subtractions, and such logic functions as AND, OR, and exclusive OR.

Register Array – This area of microprocessors consists of various registers .These registers are primarily used to store data temporarily during the execution of a program and are accessible to the user through instructions.

Control unit – The control unit provides the necessary timing and control signals to all the operations in the microcomputer. It controls the flow of data between the microprocessor and memory and peripherals.

A microcontroller has a CPU in addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM I/O ports and a timer all on a single chip. The fixed amount of on chip ROM, RAM and number of I/O ports in microcontrollers make them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are critical.

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Criteria for choosing a microcontroller:

1.

The first and foremost criteria are that it must meet the task at hand efficiently and cost effectively. In analyzing the need for microcontroller-based project, first see whether an 8-bit, 16-bit or 32-bit microcontroller can best handle the computing the needs of the task most effectively. Other considerations are:

 Speed.

 Packaging.

 Power consumptions.

 The amount of RAM and ROM on chip.

 The number of I/O pins and timer on the chip.  Cost per unit

2. The second criteria in choosing a microcontroller are how easy it is to develop product around it.

3. The third criterion is its ready availability in needed quantities both now and in future

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PIC 18F24J50

• Low-Power, High-Speed CMOS Flash Technology

• C Compiler Optimized Architecture for Re-Entrant Code • Priority Levels for Interrupts

• Self-Programmable under Software Control • 8 x 8 Single-Cycle Hardware Multiplier

• Extended Watchdog Timer (WDT): - Programmable period from 4 ms to 131s • Single-Supply In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™) via two pins

• In-Circuit Debug (ICD) w/Three Breakpoints via 2 Pins • Operating Voltage Range of 2.0V to 3.6V

• On-Chip 2.5V Regulator

• Flash Program Memory of 10,000 Erase/Write Cycles Minimum and 20-Year Data Retention

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PIC18F24J 50

CHIP DIAGRAM

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ACCUMULATOR

Acc is the Accumulator register. The mnemonics for Accumulator –specific instructions, however, refer to the accumulator simply as ‘A’.

B REGISTER

The B register is used during multiply and divide operations. For other instructions it can be treated as another scratch pad register.

STACK POINTER

The stack pointer register is 8 bits wide. It is incremented before data is stored during PUSH and CALL executions.

DATA POINTER

The Data pointer (DTPR) consists of a high byte and a low byte. Its functions are to hold a 16-bit address. It may be manipulated as 16-bit register or as two independent 8-bit registers.

SERIAL DATA BUFFER

The serial data buffer is actually two separate registers, a transmit buffer and a receive buffer register. When data is moved to serial data buffer, it goes to the transmit buffer, where it is held for serial transmission. When data is moved from serial data buffer, it comes from the receive buffer

TIMER REGISTERS

Register pairs (THO, TLO), (THI, TLI) and (TH2, TL2) are the 16-bit counter register for timer/counter 0,1 and 2 respectively.

CONTROL REGISTERS

Special function registers IP, IF, TMOD, TCON, T2CON, T2 MOD, SCON and PCON contain control and status bits for the interrupt system, the timer/counters and the serial port.

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 MCLR :- The Master Clear pin is an optional external reset that is activated

by pulling the pin low. The MCLR pin can be setup as an standard digital input pin or be enabled as an external reset pin. This is controlled by a configuration setting.



VCC:- Digital supply voltage.



GND :-Ground.



Port A (RA7..RA0) :-Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter.

Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pins RA0 to RA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.



Port B (RB7..RB0) :-Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal

pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port C

(RC7..RC0) :-Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up

resistors (selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

RST

Reset input a high on-this pin for two-machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.

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ALE/PROG

Address latch enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input during flash programming. In normal operations ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/16 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes.

PSEN

Program store enable is the read strobe to external program memory, when the microcontroller is executing code from external program memory locations. EA should be strapped to vie for internal program executions.

This pin also receives the 12 VOH programming enable voltage (Vpp) during flash programming for parts that require 12 volt Vpp.

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CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

 XTAL 1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the Internal clock operating circuit.

 XTAL 2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier

 XTAL 1 and XTAL 2 are the input and output, respectively of an inverting amplifier, which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in figure (1). Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. They are no requirements on the duly cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide by two flip flop, but minimum and maximum voltage, high and low time specifications must be observed.

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LM7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

These are monolithic integrated circuits designed as fixed voltage

regulators for a wide variety of applications including local, on card regulation. These regulators employ internal current limiting, thermal solution and safe area compensation. They can also be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and current. Its features are,

 Output Current up to 1A

 Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24  Thermal Overload Protection

 Short Circuit Protection

 Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

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MAX232

The MAX232 is an IC, first created in 1987 by Maxim Integrated Products, that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals.

The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. ± 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case.

The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as ± 25 V), to standard 5 V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V.

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LCD

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RFID Module and RFID Tag

RFID stands for Radio frequency identification. It is an automatic identification technology where digital data encoded in an RFID tag is read by the RFID reader. An RFID system consists of a reader device and a tag (transponder). A tag has a unique serial number which is identified by the reader. In this project, RFID has been interfaced with microcontroller to provide secured access. The relevant messages are also displayed on a 16x2 LCD.

RFID Reader Module, are also called as interrogators. They convert radio waves returned from the RFID tag into a form that can be passed on to Controllers, which can make use of it. RFID tags and readers have to be tuned to the same frequency in order to communicate. RFID systems use many different frequencies. The tag contains an antenna connected to a small microchip. The reader functions similarly to a barcode scanner; however, while a barcode scanner uses a laser beam to scan the barcode, an RFID scanner uses electromagnetic waves. To transmit these waves, the reader uses an antenna that transmits a signal, communicating with the tags antenna. The tags antenna receives data from the reader and transmits its particular chip information to the reader. The data on the chip is usually stored in one of two types of memory. The most common is ReadOnly Memory (ROM) as its name suggests, read-only memory cannot be altered once programmed onto the chip during the manufacturing process. The second type of memory is Read/Write Memory; though it is also programmed during the manufacturing process, it can later be altered by certain devices.

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Fingerprint Identification Module

Fingerprint processing includes two parts: fingerprint enrollment and fingerprint matching (the matching can be 1:1 or 1:N). When enrolling, user needs to enter the finger two times. The system will process the two time finger images, generate a template of the finger based on processing results and store the template. When matching, user enters the finger through optical sensor and system will generate a template of the finger and compare it with templates of the finger library. For 1:1 matching, system will compare the live finger with specifc template designated in the Module; for 1:N matching, or searching, system will search the whole finger library for the matching finger. In both circumstances, system will return the matching result, success or failure.

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Main Parameters of FP

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IC 4066

The 4066 contains 4 analogue bilateral switches, each with an active-high enable input (A) and two input/outputs (X and Y). When the enable input is set high, the X and Y terminals are connected by a low impedance; this is the on condition. When the enable is low, there is a high impedance path between X and Y, and the switch is off.

The 4066 is pin-compatible with the 4016, but has a significantly lower on impedance and more constant on resistance over the full range of input voltage. Therefore, the 4066 is preferable to the 4016 in most cases.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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SOFTWARE STUDY

EMBEDDED C

An embedded hardware device, depending on its size and capabilities, can have an operating system—such as embedded Linux—with limited or minimal functionality compared to a desktop version. For very small embedded devices, an OS might be entirely absent: it is not possible to write programs, compile, and run and debug the code in such small devices. In such a situation, it is necessary to use cross compilers (or assemblers), which compile programs written in a high-level language on a host system (typically a PC) and generate code for a target system (for example, an embedded device). If we write assembly programs and use an assembler running on a host to generate code for a target device, it is a cross assembler. So, we can write programs on our PC generate code for the embedded device and run it there. This solves the problem of creating executable code for embedded systems, but testing, debugging or tracing embedded programs are difficult.

LANGUAGES FOR PROGRAMMING EMBEDDED DEVICES

C is the language of choice for most of the programming done for embedded systems. It might appear that assembly language is intuitively the most obvious choice, since embedded programming is all about programming hardware devices such as microcontrollers. It is true that micro-controllers were initially programmed mostly in assembly language as with other embedded devices. It is not that difficult to write an assembly program since the assembly language produces the tightest code, making it possible to squeeze every possible byte of memory usage. However, the problem is that it becomes difficult to use for any reasonably-sized program, and even a slightly complicated device. The difficulties are in getting assembly programs to work correctly; and understanding, debugging, testing and, most importantly, maintaining them in the long run.

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Also, high quality C compilers can often generate code that is comparable to the speed of programs written in assembly. So, the benefits of using assembly for efficiency are negligible compared to the ease with which programmers can write C code. However, if performance is the key to make or break a device, then it is hard to beat assembly. For example, DSP (digital signal processing) devices are mostly programmed in assembly even today, because performance is the most important requirement in these devices. Languages such as C++ have features that are often

bulky, inefficient or inappropriate for use in resource constrained environments such as embedded devices. In particular, virtual functions and exception handling are two language features that are not efficient in terms of space and speed in embedded systems. Sometimes, C++ programming is used as ‘Safe C’, where only a small subset of C++ features is included. However, for convenience, most embedded projects pragmatically use C itself. Languages with ‘managed runtime’s, such as Java, are mostly heavyweight. Running Java programs requires a Java Virtual Machine, which can take up a lot of resources.

Though Java is popular in high-end mobile phones because of the portability it provides and for browsing the Web, it is rarely suitable for use in small embedded devices. There are numerous special purposes or proprietary languages meant to be used in embedded systems such as B# and Dynamic C. Others, like Forth, are also well suited for the purpose. However, C is widely used and familiar to programmers worldwide, and its tools are easily available.

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CHARACTERESTICS OF EMBEDDED C

Like most imperative languages in the ALGOL tradition, C has facilities for structured programming and allows lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations. In C, all executable

Code is contained within functions. Function parameters are always passed by value. Pass-by-reference is achieved in C by explicitly passing pointer values. Heterogeneous aggregate data types (struct) allow related data elements to be combined and manipulated as a unit. C program source text is free-format, using the semicolon as a statement terminator (not a delimiter).

 C also exhibits the following more specific characteristics:  Lack of nested function definitions

 Variables may be hidden in nested blocks

 Partially weak typing; for instance, characters can be used as integers

 Low-level access to computer memory by converting machine addresses to typed pointers

 Function and data pointers supporting ad hoc run-time polymorphism  Array indexing as a secondary notion, defined in terms of pointer arithmetic  A preprocessor for macro definition, source code file inclusion, and conditional

compilation

 Complex functionality such as I/O, string manipulation, and mathematical functions consistently delegated to library routines

 A relatively small set of reserved keywords

 A lexical structure that resembles B more than ALGOL, for example  { ... } rather than ALGOL's begin ... end

 the equal-sign is for assignment (copying), much like Fortran

 two consecutive equal-signs are to test for equality (compare to .EQ. in Fortran or the equal-sign in BASIC)

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 && and || in place of ALGOL's and or (these are semantically distinct from the bit-wise operators & and | because they will never evaluate the right operand if the result can be determined from the left alone (short-circuit evaluation)).

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EMBEDDED C PROGRAM

#include<htc.h>

#include<string.h> #include"lcd5.c"

#define SWITCH1_FINGER RA3 #define SWITCH2_RFID RA2 #define buzzer RA5

#define red_led RC0 #define green_led RC1 #define _XTAL_FREQ 10000000 #define ack 0x07 void request(void); void initialize(void); void server_init(void);

bit checksum_calculation(unsigned char *fp,unsigned char); void send_serial2(unsigned char *serial2,unsigned char); void send_serial1(unsigned char *serial1,unsigned char); void split(unsigned char *fp3,unsigned char);

void initialvalues(void);

//******************************************************************* *************************************

unsigned int t_num; unsigned char search[]={0xEF,0x1,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x1,0x0,0x3,0x1,0x0,0x5}; unsigned char charfile[]={0xEF,0x1,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x1,0x0,0x4,0x2,0x1,0x0,0x8}; unsigned char Dept. Of Electronics 32 CAS Vattamkulam

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compare[]={0xEF,0x1,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x1,0x0,0x8,0x1B,0x1,0x0,0x0,0x1,0x 0x1,0x0,0x27}; unsigned char tempreq[]={0xEF,0x1,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x1,0x0,0x4,0x9,0x1,0x0,0xF} unsigned char nofinger[]={0xEF,0x1,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFA,0x07,0x00,0x03,0x02,0x00,0x0C}; unsigned char resend[]={0xEF,0x1,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFA,0x07,0x00,0x03,0x04,0x00,0x0E}; unsigned char ok[]={0xEF,0x01,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFA,0x07,0x00,0x03,0x00,0x00,0x0A}; unsigned char templocation[]={0xEF,0x1,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x1,0x0,0x6,0x6,0x1}; unsigned char deletefull[]={0xEF,0x01,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x1,0x0,0x03,0x0D,0x00,0x11}; unsigned char deletebylocation[]={0xEF,0x1,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0x01,0x00,0x07,0x0C}; enum statetype {idle,srch,chrf,cmpr,match,mmatch,tmpreq,over,downloadcmplte,deleteall,deleteloca tion}state; //******************************************************************* ****************************************

#define U1R RC7 //UART 1 Receive pin

#define U1T RC6 //UART 1 Transmit pin

#define U2R RPINR1 //UART 2 Receive pin #define U2T RPOR0 //UART 2 Transmit pin;

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#define U2T_REG 5 #define U2R_PIN 1

#define EINT0 RB0 //Interrupt 0 RB0 #define EINT1 RPINR1 //Interrupt 1 RP11 #define EINT1_PIN 11 //Interrupt 1 RP11 #define EINT2 RPINR2 //Interrupt 2 RP12 #define EINT2_PIN 12 //Interrupt 2 RP12 #define EINT3 RPINR3 //Interrupt 3 RP13 #define EINT3_PIN 13 //Interrupt 3 RP13

//************************************************* unsigned int t_num;

unsigned char t_var = 255, t_cnt = 0, i=0, j=0,s=0; unsigned char rcv_Buffer[50];

unsigned char rcv_server[50];

unsigned char name[20],tot[10],prize[10]; unsigned char rcv_Buffer_pos1 = 0; unsigned char rcv_Buffer_pos2 = 0; unsigned char rcvd_RfidTag_f = 0; unsigned char rcvd_ServerData_f = 0; unsigned char clr_lcd_f = 0;

unsigned char clr_string_f = 0;

unsigned char count1=0,count2=0,count3=0; unsigned char server_char = 0;

unsigned char server_Data_pos[8]; unsigned char namerequest[]="name";

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unsigned char sequence_count=0,packet_size=0; unsigned char rcv_thmp[30]; int rfid=2,rfidn=2,rfidalready=2,fingvalid=2,fingnvalid=2,votemarked_status=2; //******************************************************************* ********** bit rcve_flag=0,no_finger=0,length_calc=0,checksum_bit=0,length_calc2=0, rcvd_server_f=0,rcvd_thmp_f=0,finger_valid_flag=0, checksum_bit1=0, template_request=0,download_complete=0,length_calc3=0,before_scan=0, after_scan=0,server_resend=0,dataresendbit=0,connection_problem=0, adress_bit=0,delete_all=0,delete_location=0,checksum_calculation_routine=0,startin gbit=0; bit rfid_validbit=0, rfid_received_flag=0,server_rcved_flag=0,candidate1_bit=0,candidate2_bit=0,candi date3_bit=0,candidate4_bit=0,namerequest_bit=0; //******************************************************************* *************

unsigned char location_msb=0,location_lsb=0,datacopysize=0; unsigned char rcve_count=0,sizeoftemplocation=0;

unsigned char rcv_thmp_pos = 0; unsigned char check_sum=0;

unsigned char sizeofsearch=0,sizeofcharfile=0,sizeofcompare=0,sizeoftempreq=0; unsigned char sizeofdeletebylocation=0,sizeofdeletefull=0,location_msb1=0,location_lsb1; unsigned char original_checksum=0,buffer_location1=0,packet_size2=0,sequence_count2=0,rcv_se rver_count=0; //************************************************* void my_delay(unsigned int b)

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while(--b) { __delay_ms(10); } } //************************************************* void init_reqd() { //Initialize all GIE = 0; //TRISC = 0; //E1=0; //E2E3=0; EECON2 = 0x55; EECON2 = 0xAA;

PPSCON = 0; //for UART2 asigned at pins Rx=3,Tx=2 RPINR16 = 1;

RPOR0= 5; U2R= U2R_PIN; U2T= U2T_REG;

//EINT1= EINT1_PIN; //Ext. int. 1,2,3 //EINT2= EINT2_PIN;

//EINT3= EINT3_PIN; //EECON2 = 0x55;

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//EECON2= 0xAA; PPSCON = 1;

USBEN = 0;//disable USB UTRDIS = 1;

//INT0IE = 1; //Ext. Interrupts //INT1IE = 0;

//INT2IE = 0; //INT3IE = 0;

//INTEDG0 = 0; //Falling Edge //INTEDG1 = 0;

//INTEDG2 = 0; //INTEDG3 = 0;

//TRISC2 = 0; //test only GIE = 1; PEIE = 1; //TRISC0=0; //RC0=1; //TRISB=0X00; PCFG1 = 1; PCFG0 = 1; PCFG8 = 1; PCFG9 = 1; PCFG10=1; PCFG11 = 1; PCFG12=1; PCFG4 = 1;

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PCFG3 = 1; PCFG2 = 1; PCFG1 = 1; PCFG0 = 1; TRISC0=0; TRISC1=0; TRISC2=0; TRISB0=1; TRISB1=0; TRISB2=0; TRISB3=0; TRISB4=0; TRISB5=0; TRISB6=0; TRISB7=0; TRISA2=0; TRISA3=0; TRISA5=0; TRISC7 =1; TRISC6=0; TRISA0=0; TRISA1=1; } //************************************************** void init_timer() { Dept. Of Electronics 38 CAS Vattamkulam

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GIE=1; PEIE=1; TMR0IE=0; T0CON=0B00000100; } //************************************************** void init_serial_ports() { SPEN = 1; SYNC = 0; BRGH = 1; BRG16 = 0; SPBRG = 79; //9600 @ 10MHz TXEN = 1; CREN = 1; RC1IE = 1; SPEN2 = 1; SYNC2 = 0; BRGH2 = 1; BRG162 = 0; SPBRG2 = 79; TXEN2 = 1; CREN2 = 1; RC2IE = 1; PCFG1 = 1; PCFG0 = 1;

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TRISC7 = 1; SWITCH1_FINGER=0; my_delay(2); SWITCH2_RFID=1; my_delay(2); } //************************************************** void put_serial1(unsigned char c)

{

while(!TRMT); TXREG = c; }

void put_serial2(unsigned char c) {

while(!TRMT2); TXREG2 = c; }

void puts_serial1(const unsigned char *c) { while(*c) put_serial1(*c++); } //************************************************** //interrupt Function

void interrupt fn_isr_hp(void)

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{

if(RC1IF==1&&rfid_validbit==0) {

RC1IF=0;

rcv_Buffer[rcv_Buffer_pos1] = RCREG;

//put_serial2(rcv_Buffer[rcv_Buffer_pos1]); //test only

if(rcv_Buffer[rcv_Buffer_pos1-1]==0xD&&rcv_Buffer[rcv_Buffer_pos1]==0X0A) { rcvd_RfidTag_f =1; rcv_Buffer_pos1 = 0; clr_string_f = 1; //put_serial1('S'); RC1IF=0; } rcv_Buffer_pos1++; } if(RC1IF==1&&rfid_validbit==1) { RC1IF=0; switch(sequence_count) { case 0: if(RCREG==0XEF) sequence_count=1; break; case 1: if(RCREG==0X01)

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sequence_count=2; else if(RCREG==0XEF) sequence_count=1; else sequence_count=0; break; case 2: if(RCREG==0XFF) sequence_count=3 else if(RCREG==0XEF) sequence_count=1; else sequence_count=0; break; case 3: if(RCREG==0XFF) sequence_count=4; else if(RCREG==0XEF) sequence_count=1; else sequence_count=0 break; case 4: if(RCREG==0XFF) sequence_count=5; else if(RCREG==0XEF) sequence_count=1; else sequence_count=0; Dept. Of Electronics 42 CAS Vattamkulam

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break; case 5: if(RCREG==0XFF) sequence_count=6; else if(RCREG==0XEF) sequence_count=1; else sequence_count=0; break; case 6:sequence_count=7; break; } if(sequence_count>6) { rcv_thmp[rcve_count]=RCREG; rcv_thmp[rcve_count+1]='\0'; //Finding Packet Size

if(rcve_count==2) { packet_size=(rcv_thmp[1]*0x100+rcv_thmp[2])+3; length_calc=1; } //Stop Recieving

if(rcve_count>=packet_size-1 && length_calc==1) {

rcvd_thmp_f=1; sequence_count=0;

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length_calc=0; } rcve_count++; } } if(RC2IF) { RC2IF=0; rcv_server[rcv_Buffer_pos2] = RCREG2; //put_serial2(RCREG2); if(rcv_server[rcv_Buffer_pos2-1]==0xD&&rcv_server[rcv_Buffer_pos2]==0X0A) { rcvd_ServerData_f = 1; //rcv_Buffer_pos2=0; RC2IF=0; clr_string_f = 1; //RC0=0; //put_serial2('S'); } rcv_Buffer_pos2++; } if(TMR0IF) { TMR0IF =0; buzzer=0; TMR0ON=0; Dept. Of Electronics 44 CAS Vattamkulam

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} } //************************************************** void main(void) { sizeofsearch=sizeof(search); sizeofcharfile=sizeof(charfile); sizeofcompare=sizeof(compare); sizeoftempreq=sizeof(tempreq); sizeoftemplocation=sizeof(templocation); sizeofdeletefull=sizeof(deletefull); sizeofdeletebylocation=sizeof(deletebylocation); initialize(); init_reqd(); init_serial_ports(); lcd_init(); init_timer();

lcd_goto(0);// select first line lcd_puts("<<--->>"); lcd_goto(0x40);// Select second line lcd_puts("System Init 1 -> OK"); lcd_goto(0x14);

lcd_puts("System Init 2 -> OK"); lcd_goto(0x54);

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lcd_puts("<<--->>"); my_delay(300);

lcd_goto(0);// select first line lcd_puts(" ");

lcd_goto(0x40);// Select second line lcd_puts(" "); lcd_goto(0x14); lcd_puts(" "); lcd_goto(0x54); lcd_puts(" "); red_led=0; green_led=0; while(1) { if(rcvd_thmp_f==1) { rcvd_thmp_f=0; checksum_bit=checksum_calculation(&rcv_thmp[0],packet_size); }

if(checksum_bit==1 && rcv_thmp[0]==ack) { checksum_bit=0; checksum_calculation_routine=0; startingbit=0; lcd_goto(0x16); Dept. Of Electronics 46 CAS Vattamkulam

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if(rcv_thmp[3]==0x00) { switch(state) { case srch: state=chrf; break; case chrf: state=cmpr; break; case cmpr: state=match; //matchsound T0CON=0B00000100; buzzer=1; TMR0ON=1; finger_valid_flag=1; break;

case tmpreq: template_request=1; send_serial2(&ok[0],12); break; case downloadcmplte: send_serial2(&ok[0],12); CREN2=1; server_init(); state=srch; break;

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case deleteall: send_serial2(&ok[0],12); CREN2=1;

server_init(); state=srch; break;

case deletelocation: send_serial2(&ok[0],12); CREN2=1; server_init(); state=srch; break; } } else if(rcv_thmp[3]==0x01) { request(); } else { switch(state) { case(cmpr): state=mmatch; buzzer=1; T0CON=0B10001000; state=srch; break; default: break; Dept. Of Electronics 48 CAS Vattamkulam

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} } if(state!=match&&template_request==0) { initialize(); if(state==srch) { //before_scan= !status_switch; } request(); } } if(finger_valid_flag) { finger_valid_flag=0; address_bit=1; send_serial2(&adress[0],6); send_serial2(&rcv_thmp[0],packet_size); rcv_server[0]='\0'; packet_size2=0; sequence_count2=0; rcv_server_count=0; }

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{ rcvd_ServerData_f = 0; lcd_goto(0); lcd_puts(" "); lcd_goto(0x40); lcd_puts(" "); lcd_goto(0x14); lcd_puts(" "); lcd_goto(0x54); lcd_puts(" "); //lcd_goto(0); //lcd_puts("WELCOME"); //lcd_goto(0x40); rcv_server[3]='\0'; rfid=strcmp("RFY",rcv_server); rfidn=strcmp("RFN",rcv_server); rfidalready=strcmp("RFV",rcv_server); fingvalid=strcmp("FIY",rcv_server); fingnvalid=strcmp("FIN",rcv_server); votemarked_status=strcmp("VMC",rcv_server); rcv_server[0]='\0'; rcv_Buffer_pos2=0; } if(rfid==0) { Dept. Of Electronics 50 CAS Vattamkulam

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rfid=2; SWITCH1_FINGER=1; my_delay(2); SWITCH2_RFID=0; my_delay(2); lcd_clear(); lcd_goto(0); lcd_puts("YOUR ID IS MATCHING"); lcd_goto(0X40);

lcd_puts("PUT YOUR FINGER"); rfid_validbit=1; state=srch; request(); } if(rfidn==0) { lcd_goto(0); lcd_puts(" "); lcd_goto(0X40); lcd_puts(" "); rfidn=2; lcd_clear(); lcd_goto(0);

lcd_puts("YOUR ID NOT MATCHING"); red_led=1;

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green_led=0; my_delay(500); red_led=0; buzzer=0; lcd_clear(); rcv_Buffer[0]='\0'; } if(fingvalid==0) { fingvalid=2; namerequest_bit=1; send_serial2(&namerequest[0],4); } if(namerequest_bit==1&&rcvd_ServerData_f==1) { rcvd_ServerData_f=0; namerequest_bit=0; lcd_goto(0); lcd_puts(" "); lcd_goto(0X40); lcd_puts(" "); rcv_Buffer[8]='\0'; rcv_server[rcv_Buffer_pos2-2]='\0'; lcd_goto(0); lcd_puts(rcv_server); lcd_goto(0x40); Dept. Of Electronics 52 CAS Vattamkulam

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lcd_puts("ID:"); lcd_puts(rcv_Buffer); green_led=1; red_led=0; my_delay(500); green_led=0; rcv_server[0]='\0'; rcv_Buffer[0]='\0'; rcv_Buffer_pos2=0; } if(fingnvalid==0) { fingnvalid=2; lcd_goto(0); lcd_puts(" "); lcd_goto(0X40); lcd_puts(" "); lcd_goto(0);

lcd_puts("FINGER NOT MATCHING"); rcv_Buffer[0]='\0'; rfid_validbit=0; SWITCH1_FINGER=0; my_delay(2); SWITCH2_RFID=1; my_delay(2); red_led=1;

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my_delay(500); red_led=0; } if(votemarked_status==0) { lcd_clear(); lcd_goto(0);

lcd_puts("*WELCOME TO BANK NAME*"); rfid_validbit=0; SWITCH1_FINGER=0; my_delay(2); SWITCH2_RFID=1; my_delay(2); red_led=0; green_led=0; } if(rcvd_RfidTag_f==1) { rcvd_RfidTag_f=0; put_serial2('R'); put_serial2('F'); send_serial2(&rcv_Buffer[0],8); //rcv_Buffer_pos2=0; rcv_Buffer_pos1=0; //rcv_Buffer[0]='\0'; } Dept. Of Electronics 54 CAS Vattamkulam

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} }

void send_serial2(unsigned char *serial2,unsigned char array_size) {

unsigned char *fp2,ps2,*start2=0; fp2=serial2; ps2=array_size; for(start2=fp2;start2<(fp2+ps2);start2++) { while(!TRMT2); TXREG2=*start2; } }

void send_serial1(unsigned char *serial1,unsigned char array_size1) {

unsigned char *fp8,ps3,*start4=0; fp8=serial1; ps3=array_size1; for(start4=fp8;start4<(fp8+ps3);start4++) { while(!TRMT); TXREG=*start4; } } void initialvalues(void) {

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rcv_server[0]='\0'; split_array[0]='\0'; count1=0; count2=0; count3=0; name[0]='\0'; tot[0]='\0'; prize[0]='\0'; rcv_Buffer_pos2=0; rcv_Buffer_pos1=0; } void request(void) { switch(state) { case chrf: send_serial1(&charfile[0],sizeofcharfile); break; case cmpr: send_serial1(&compare[0],sizeofcompare); break; case srch: send_serial1(&search[0],sizeofsearch); break;

case tmpreq: send_serial1(&tempreq[0],sizeoftempreq); break; case downloadcmplte:send_serial1(&templocation[0],sizeoftemplocation); while(!TRMT); TXREG=0x00; Dept. Of Electronics 56 CAS Vattamkulam

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//put_serial1(buffer_location); //put_serial1(location_msb); //put_serial1(location_lsb); break;

case deleteall: send_serial1(&deletefull[0],sizeofdeletefull); break; case deletelocation:send_serial1(&deletebylocation[0],sizeofdeletebylocation); while(!TRMT); TXREG=0x00; //put_serial1(0x00); put_serial1(buffer_location1); while(!TRMT); TXREG=0x00; //put_serial1(0x00); //put_serial1(0x01); while(!TRMT); TXREG=0x01; put_serial1(location_msb1); put_serial1(location_lsb1); break; } } void initialize(void) { rcv_thmp[0] = '\0'; rcvd_thmp_f =0;

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rcve_count=0; packet_size=0; check_sum=0;

original_checksum=0; }

bit checksum_calculation(unsigned char *fp,unsigned char ps) {

unsigned char *fp1,ps1,*start=0; checksum_calculation_routine=1; fp1=fp; for(start=fp1;start<=(fp1+(ps-3));start++) check_sum=((check_sum)+(*start)); original_checksum=((*(fp1+(ps-2))*0x100)+(*(fp1+(ps-1)))); return(check_sum==original_checksum); } void server_init(void) { //rcv_server[0]='\0'; //rcv_server_count=0; //sequence_count2=0; //packet_size2=0; } Dept. Of Electronics 58 CAS Vattamkulam

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PCB FABRICATION AND DESIGN

We need to generate a positive (copper black) UV translucent artwork film. We will never get a good board without good artwork, so it is important to get the best possible quality at this stage. The most important thing is to get a clear sharp image with a very solid opaque black. Artwork is drawn using portal. It is absolutely essential that our PCB software prints holes in the middle of pads , which will act as center marks when drilling. It is virtually impossible to accurately hand drill boards without these holes. Here layout is printed on a butter paper (transparent paper). It is screen printed on the copper clad, etched by using ferric chloride solution and drilled by using a PCB drill.

Generally the making of the PCB can be divided into four simple steps : 1. Components layout and design

2. PCB layout designing 3. Drilling

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PCB LAYOUT

Draw the circuit connection of the component layout. While drawing the track , the size of the track should be kept in mind. For example, the track size for the power supply is about 1.5mm to 3mm . It depends upon the current flowing through the track. The spacing between the two tracks should not be very less. The next step is to transfer the PCB layout to the PCB laminate. Always use good quality, pre-coated photo resist fiber glass (FR4) board. Check carefully for scratches in protective covering. You don’t need dark room or subdued lighting when handling boards, as long as you avoid direct sunlight, minimize unnecessary exposure, and develop immediately after UV exposure. Instagraphic Microgram board develops really want to make low-resolution PCBs is essential, and should allow exposure times from 2 to 10 minutes in 15 to 30 seconds increments. It is useful if the timer has an audible indication when the timing period has completed. A timer from a scrap microwave oven would be ideal. Use glass sheet rather than plastic for the top of the UV unit and a light-box for lining up double-sided artworks. If you do a lot of sided PCBs, it may be worth making a double-sided exposure unit, where the PCB can be sandwiched between two light sources to expose both sides simultaneously. To find the exposure time for a particular UV unit and laminate type, expose a test piece in 30 seconds increment from 2 to 8 minutes.

The photo resist board needs to be exposed to UV light through artwork, using a UV exposure box. UV exposure units can easily be made using standard fluorescent lamp ballasts and UV tubes. For small PCBs two or four 8-watt, 30.5cm tubes will be adequate. For larger (A3) units, four 38cm tubes are ideal. To determine the tube-to-glass spacing, place a sheet of tracing paper on the glass and adjust the distance to get the most even light level over the surface of the paper. Even illumination is a lot easier to obtain with 4-tube units. Generally speaking over exposure is better than under exposure. For a single sided PCB, place the artwork’s toner side up on the UV box glass, peel of the protective film from the laminate, and place its sensitive side down on printers. You may need to specify a vertical offset in your PCB software to make it print on the right part of the page.

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For this we should select the suitable PCB laminate. Usually two types of laminates are available:

1. Phenolic board

2. Fiber glass epoxy board

Phenolic boards are cheaper than latter. By transferring the layout to the laminate, clean the copper side of the laminate using petrol or alcoholic spirit or using commercially available cleaning sprays. Place a carbon paper on the copper side of the PCB and the design layout next to carbon paper . Neatly redraw the trace on the design layout on to the carbon paper. Using a marvel pen or fine brush redraw the trace of the carbon paper on to the PCB laminate.

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DRILLING

The diameter of the holes varies depending upon the component that it should hold . It is about 1mm for ICs , about 1.25mm for capacitors and resistors and about 1.5mm for diodes . Specific drills are used for drilling all these holes properly.

ETCHING OF THE PCB

Etching is the process where all the excess copper is removed and only the painted portion is left behind . To remove this excess copper , various chemicals are used like ferric chloride . Depending upon the PCB size the solution is prepared by adding 40-50 gm of ferric chloride to water . The solution , which is nicely stirred , is then taken in a flat plastic tray . The PCB is immersed in the solution and the laminate is thoroughly washed with water . Alcohol and acetone are used to remove the paint. Oxidation of copper is prevented by using insulating material.

SOLDERING

Soldering is the process of joining by heat using a filter material for the purpose of making continuous and permanent path for the flow of electricity.

Features:

1

.Retain adequate strength at low as well as at high temperature. 2. Provide an electrically conducting path.

3. Connects the components together to form joints. 4. Allow heat flow between components.

5. Form a liquid gas tight seat.

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SOLDERING EQUIPMENTS

SOLDER

Solder is used for joining two or more metals at temperature below their metal point. The popularly used solders are the alloys of tin (60% ) and lead (40% ) that melts at 190 C and solidifies when it cools. Most of the wire is flux cored type. When such soldering wires are used , no extra soldering flux is needed .

FLEX

In order to make the surface accept the solder readily, the component terminal should be free from oxides and other obstructing films. The soldering flux cleans the oxides from the metal surface. The leads should be cleaned chemically or by abrasion using blades or knives .

SOLDERING IRON

It is the tool used to melt the solder and apply at the joints in the circuit . It operates at 230V ac supply. the power range of the soldering iron are low , 25W , 35W , 65W , 125W etc . The iron bit at the tip of it gets heated up within a few minutes .

SOLDERING GUN

It is a gun shaped soldering tool used especially when heat is required . Its trigger is a switch that controls the ac voltage to the bit.

SOLDERING STATION

It is an equipment that provides a iron a control console that controls the temperature . The temperature is maintained by a feed back control loop.

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SOLDERING PROCESS

 Make the layout of component in the circuit. Plug in the cord of the soldering iron in to the mains to get it heated.

 Straighten and clean the component leads using a blade or knife. Apply a little flux on the leads. Take a little solder from iron and heated.

Apply the molten solid on the leads. Care must be taken to avoid the components from heated up.

Mount the components on the PCB by lending the leads of the components. Use nose-pliers.

Apply flux on the joints and solder the joints. Soldering must be done in minimum time to avoid dry soldering and heating up of the components.

Wash the residue using Isopropanol and brush

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ADVANTAGES



Totally package secure.



Unique for every person.



Environmental reliable.

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LIMITATIONS

 Costly.

 Using the fingerprint scanner does not take into consideration when a person physically changes.

In the manual labour industry, since employees are usually working with their hands, their fingers may get rough or scratched which could lead to a miss reading

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FUTURE SCOPE

We can use this type of Access control system in many areas such as electronic safe for vehicles , to secure some important section in company and also in government office , etc.

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CONCLUSION

We could complete our project named “BANK SECURITY SYSTEM” successfully within scheduled time period. Our project provides new revolution in modern world. We can reduce theft in bank locker by providing full security to it.Therefore the antisocial crimes in banks can be controlled by our project. By implementing our project the bank larceny can be avoided and so it will provide efficient security in banks. The concept can be developed further by increasing the range of controller and interfacing GSM module in output side to provide more security.

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BIBILIOGRAPHY

 www.dnaindia.com/money/column, "Seal it, Lock it, Forget it? Bank lockers aren’t entirely risk-free", published on Thursday, October 18 , 2012.

 Jerry Banks, John S. Carson II, Barry L. Nelson, "Discrete-Event System Simulation", Pearson Education India.

 William Stallings, "Cryptography and Network Security", 5th edition, Pearson Education India.

 Journal: “Electronics For You -RFID Testing Challenges for Complex RF

Environment”, Published in –October 2010, Page no: 99.

 Design of Auto-guard System Based on RFID and Network.

 Chapter-1L01: "Embedded Systems ", Raj Kamal, Publication: McGraw-Hill Education 9.

 http://www.bankinfosecurity.in/.

 A.K. Jain, L. Hong, R. Bolle, “On-lineFingerprint verification” , IEEE Trans.Pattern Anal. Mach. Intel. 1997.

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