Chapter 8

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Chapter 8.1, 8.2, 8.4

Carbon &

“Everything”

Mr. Sapalicio

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Why care about Carbon?

• Basis for Life and our existence

• _{The molecules and compounds that make up your body}

are all there ands supported by this one major element. CARBON

• Ex: Sugars, DNA, proteins, fats, all of these contain carbon.

• _{THE CARBON CYCLE and OIL}

• _{When the plants are eaten by animals, or decomposed by}

fungi, or burnt, the stored energy and carbon are released back into the environment and the cycle begins again.

• _{Carbon is one of the only elements, because of its}

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Why Care about Carbon?

• _{The release of the carbon back into the}

environment may not happen straight away – when a forest is buried by a landslide, for example, trapping the stored carbon beneath the earth. This sort of thing has happened often enough over the course of the Earth’s history to build up large reserves of fossil fuel in the Earth’s crust (coal, oil and gas), which we are

steadily burning our way through to generate power.

• _{Almost everything we use as fuel, whether in food or}

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TODAY I WILL LEARN

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Carbon atoms and

Bonding

•_{Carbon atoms can form straight chains,}

branched chains, and rings.

•_{Because of its unique ability to combine}

in many ways with itself and other elements, carbon has a central role in the chemistry

of living organisms.

•_{Besides its millions of compounds, carbon also}

bonds

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Forms of Pure Carbon

• _{Diamond propert}_ies-

• formed at high temperatures,

• bonded strongly to 4 other carbon atoms

• extremely hard, & non-reactive.

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Forms of Pure Carbon

Graphite Properties- bonded to 3 carbon atoms in flat layers, very weak bonds, layers slide past one another.

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Forms of Pure Carbon

Fullerene properties- made in 1985 by Buckminster Fuller

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Forms of Pure Carbon

The Nanotube- (6) tiny, light, flexible,

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8.2 Carbon Compounds

Today I will learn some similar properties shared by organic compounds

Today I will learn some properties of hydrocarbons

LIVING ORGANISMS ARE MADE UP OF

MOLECULES CONSISTING LARGELY OF THE ELEMENTS (the big 6)

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Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds- a compound that contains carbon.

• _{Many Organic compounds have similar}

properties in terms of melting points, boiling points, odor, electrical conductivity, and

solubility.

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Hydrocarbons

The simplest of Organic Compounds Literally

Hydrocarbons- a compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon.

• _{Hydrocarbons mix poorly with water, and ALL}

hydrocarbons are flammable.

• _{They differ because of the number of}

hydrogen and carbon atoms in each molecule.

The carbon chains of a hydrocarbon may be straight,

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Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons- a compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon.

Whenever you see an oxygen and hydrogen (OH) make its way into a hydrocarbon you will have an “Alcohol.”

• _{alcohols have higher boiling points and are}

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Structural Formula &

Isomer

Structural Formula- Shows how atoms are

arranged in the molecules. Shows kind, number, and arrangement.

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“Bonds…. Double

Bonds…. or triple bonds

whichever is cool.”

• _{Carbon can form many single bonds or two carbon}

atoms can form double bonds or triple bonds. • _{these are indicated by = or}₌

• _{If a hydrocarbon is made up of only single bonds (-)}

then it is considered a saturated hydrocarbon • _{(“fat”urated full/ no more bonds)}

• _{If a hydrocarbon is made up of double}

or triple bonds then they are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons.

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Polymer and Monomers

Prefixes

Mono- one, single, alone Poly- Many

Polymer- a very large molecule made of a chain of many small molecules bonded

together.

Monomers- The small molecules that bonded together to make the polymer.

Polymers can be made up of thousands or even millions of atoms.

Examples: sheep's wool, cotton fibers,

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8.4 Life with Carbon

• _{Carbohydrates}_{- a organic compound full of}

energy made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

• _{The word “carbohydrate” is made up of;}

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Simple Carbohydrates

Simple carbs- the most simple carbohydrates are sugars.

There are many kinds of sugars not just the kind in coffee packs or those anchor looking bags of sugar.

Glucose- one of the most important sugars in your body, sometimes called “blood sugar”

because the body circulates glucose to all body parts through blood. (

C

6

H

12

O

6)

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3 levels “nugget of

knowledge”

• _{Simple carbs- break down quickly, and the body}

only needs so much so when you get more than you need your body reserves it and the glucose becomes glycogen (unused glucose). Glycogen

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Complex Carbohydrates

• _{Complex carbs- a polymer made up of smaller}

molecules that are simple carbohydrates bonded to one another. As a result one molecule of a complex carbohydrate may have hundreds of carbon atoms.

• _{Complex carbohydtaes takes the body longer}

to digest resulting in a gradual release of energy.

• Complex carbs are usually foods you hate to eat,

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Size Matters

• _{Living organisms have different}

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Starch and the body

Starch- plants store their energy in the form of the complex carbohydrate starch.

found in – bread, cereal, rice, pasta, potato.

The body digests large starch molecules into individual glucose.

The body than breaks apart the glucose molecules releasing energy in the process.

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