3. Anticlinal cell wall (a) Straight b) Rounded (c) Undulate 4. End wall shape. (a) Squared b) Rounded (c) Oblique

(1)

Plant macrofossil analysis of Holocene alluvium, with special reference to the

Lower Thames Basin

Andrew Stephen Fairbairn

2001

Submitted as part of the fulfilment for

the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

Institute of Archaeology

(2)

(3)

456

Appendix 1 Root Descriptions

Characters

described

_{with reference to the following table (Table 3.3 from main text)}

A. Root type

_{a) Branched}

b) Radial unbranched

B. General appýa ce

.

2n

Verbal description

C. Epidermal _ 1. Number

_{a) One}

layers

_{b) State number}

c) uncertain

2. Variability

_{a) Upper epidermal cells vary in shape}

b) Lower epidermal cells vary in shape

c) Upper epidermal cells vary in size

d) Lower epidermal cells vary in size

e) Upper layer cells larger than lower layer

f) Lower layer cells larger than upper layer

Cells similar

D. Epidermal

1. Arrangement

_{a) Linear with regular cells}

cells.

b) Linear with variable cells

c Random

2. Cell shape

a) Rectangular

b) Square

c) Isodyametric

d) Other (describe)

3. Anticlinal cell wall a) Straight

b) Rounded

c) Undulate

4. End wall shape.

a) Squared

b) Rounded \

c) Oblique

d) Irregular

5. Cell appearance a) Swollen

b) Not swollen

E. Root hairs.

_{1. Root type.}

_{a) Cylindrical}

b) Flattened.

2. Root hair density

_{a) Absent}

b) Occasional (less than 1: 30 ratio with epidermal cells)

c) Sparse

(between 1: 30 and 1: 15 ratio with epidermal cells)

d) Dense (greater than 1: 15 ratio with epidermal cells)

3. Cell shape.

a) As other epidermal cells

b) Cell differing in shape to background epidermis

4. Base

_{a) Swollen}

b) Not-swollen

5. Length

_{a) Long (greater than twice rootlet width)}

b) Short (less than twice rootlet width)

6. Distribution

_{a) Irregular covering}

b) Regular covering

c) In zones or files

F. Other

1. Epidermal

_{a) Absent}

features.

_outgrowths

b) Occasional (less than 1: 30 ratio with epidermal cells)

c) Sparse

(between 1: 30 and 1: 15 ratio with epidermal cells)

d) Dense (greater than 1: 15 ratio with epidermal cells)

(4)

h 00 ý. d c u h

8 C4

OQ

'Z

-g _,

°'

w _hy _^" _{0 a1 `13 2 J2}

Q

_z _z

Q

_z

Q

_z

Q

_z

Q

_z

Q

_z

Q

_z

Q

_z

Q

_z

Q

_z

y

Ö

Vý e0 w N cC ai a1 eq .G aö cd c0 atl .G a! v _.G _,O _.O ý

Omi

JA, N

w

b

Co co Co ` _{.o .o b} co b _.moo Q

z

Q

z

Q

z

Q

z

Q

z

Q

z

,ý

V _{cu u} N °

W CJ

ý'

d

°

Co O z

¢

z

Q

z

Q

z

Q

z

Q

z

Q

m

c

Ö

jam. d

-, 1

M _{O 'C} _Co _{10 u} _{W D} _Co

v

e , Z;

.2 ý1. d'

9

p Co Co of .O .O 10 cd .O Co C

sC a

03 of

. ýi

eg g

w _,d'

e _-

'C7 - .

.O z z z z z b at cd p

M

I

i

15 _W v

as 0 Z Z Z Z D _{o p .}o ä Q

.o A

° º e

N N M

ýt vi N M e vi _t"i vi p

ü

m

ýýj _Y q N

4 a

_ _y ihn

y ý ý+

ee ä

ä

°

LA

+ ýd $

ý

y

G7 ý

a ai

c3

Ä

w

_cý

w

'w

(5)

N O

S

x

"

y V G{ Q R1 j2 z Z _f-I _f1 _fr _'a V lC W _.O

oü N w N _{co cc w w o .o .a w} z Z _z<Z Z Z

°e _ý . _{w ca w w .c} Z Z 2 Z Z _{O o cu a co 0}

Wa'ýs W

w - -o a _{cs v} z

Co Co 1 Z z z z z z

any a _ý a

SO. _e ₀

(s

N _cd _cd _W

.D U of

Q z Q z ¢y f a z Q

z z

?

01-2

y

Q cu

"i

UC

.C N

w

Co 0 Co co o

Q Q Q Q Q

ý _{V ß 0 Cc m}

.. z z z z z .

'`

ý

ca

a

° u

-- . _{0 Co CO p}

_z

Q Q

_z

Q

_z

Q

_z

Q _{9o c m a a .c}

ý ý w

I

M Ei - Z Z _Ri _C0 _cu

z

<

ýr.. l fr f"/ fl

C. ) ₄₃₃ .z C ä

a

oz

1

ýc _o

h 5 w

w w w a .o Z 2 Z Z Z ý p w l

i

I T

ö

4,

j -, ý

u

i ; ;

*

I

z ý _{¢ f}

3

u _. k

)

A 1

1 .ý CJ M ý V1 ý _.ý N

ü

ý _y _p

ý

00

ý _Týy V °'ý y _°Jr

V

. CI

y ßgß. d W ý"

.ýý

ä

ý

ö

_ý

a rý V Ä _c=i _w _w

_ä

,

(6)

%.

C.

a 0 Y G .C u N w

8 W4

U I

°

12

° ei Co Co 0

¢

z z z¢ z¢ zQ

¢

z

Q

z

¢

z

¢

z

Q

¢

z zQ w

ä

9 w _N "

ý# N eq p e0 aö cd o t0 v td _.o c °

v

1 Fý "

_{° ý z z z z z z z z z z z}

cu cu

e

tr ö

d w N _{Cö of iz} G p _CO

ZU

20 _ed 0 _{Co p} _{cu .0} 00

4ý

y' b

y w _"ý _ý3 _W

.O .D .O z z Z

<Z

z Co 0 N ci

s

ý3 C

. býD

Ä

N _tC _{Co Co} _{Co m} _c3 _{CO p}

i w N w

of

o

cd

a p m `e `° 1

eö

a z z z z z z

v _N

t fi

p

V

ý

w .D _O .G _O Jý _O 1] _O

Jý

.D _O p

O

p

O

p

O .0 O .D O

f7l 0

O 0 _O aS b _O

r7i p

O

1]

O .D

ý ý'

_{z z z z z z z z z z z z}

_{z z z}

y ýý!

y ý ýT

v _{cu `u `u tö 0 z¢ zQ zQ zQ zQ z¢}<z <Z _Z<Q _z¢

y Oa w

e

_-0

fi

V M N ýO Cö

tl

1 _O

Co

Co Co .O "ý"r z z z z ý""ý

tý td _,p

Ö

_

ý `

z > ' cý ¢ u 3 u

cý

- U H

A

u

Ä ý

"ý N ý"ý fV M et V1 ri N M t/1 : M _ej V1 ýd _{ý--ý N}

C.

c b b

V

g

O

adi i

w ü

ö °

d

ä

t

C. °'

L" 3 e, . Ja S I. y

04 G3 W V V _p4 0 _ä

a 94 u

gi

w

U

o

(7)

h 0 V1 C. u N

8

04

!

w V _{0 cu ce cu 0 7 `T ? Z< ? as u .c aö Co a}

Ü

O W , pý' U as c0 eö eo

4

Z

M

at v _.o Co cC p

d W V w " d '

W u

, ý'.

U Co C0 f0 Co

fý fr fr H H Co O cci 10 Co 0 1

z

c

ö

e

Co w as cu ý+ z z z z z Q 10 ca w o o

äý _w

ro

U _{ýo CO ci w a} z z z z z w 10 o Co Co n ea ä _,

ä

y

₁

a w

%ý ä

Co _u U t0 Co c0 Gf

f-i fr f+ Fý fr Co T7 C cu , -

', m _w ä

cu ä _... v _{cu as 0} a _{2 Z Z Z Z co}_{-o p ca 0 a}

b0

O fi

ei c) _tC _eö _ai _cu O Z+ Z. Z< Z `ý+ at b Ä W c3 P

':

', u

_o _w

ä

fi

-2

O w ^r

u

Co CO Co ci o fý fr f, Fr fr O 'O CO j1 Co U

As - 0e

'

1 c"

-

Co ý 0

Z

a

a a a a a a a a

Z Z

a

z

ö

ww

i

Z Z Z Z Z Z Z

O ýy _^O

of N U ýi _iy C

l l1 U O 'y

-- Ay

O

i,

u

v a

c u ¢ p Ü ¢ý' w 0 F-

Ä

cr) w Ä b

.+ N - N m e %A . -. fV M e V1 _- N M e _{V1 %O r+} N

V

2 rte.

p

9 a

d m ä

v

ä º

y 61 ý d an

9124

:g

.

y^ y d

ýn

ßi W _rý t' ü

ä ö

Q a4 V Ä w cw tti ä

(8)

4x

° ' ý

¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ Q ¢ ¢ Q ¢

CO

_ci

03 c° i ° z z z z z z z z z z z

1

19

00

.2 zý

O y O D -ý o Q Qr Qý Qý _yQ

Qy _Q Qýi _{Q Q}

yQ ei

~

y U 94 _. J C Zi ý

F H i F-+ i Iii f.

z

F

z z

f-. `

Gt

r 'g

i0 ý¢i

f-ý

¢ z

¢

z r¢ý

f-ý ¢ z ¢ z ¢ z ¢ z ¢ z ¢ z Qrý fr Q

ice.. C

cd y

V W p O

P < < < ¢ ¢ ¢ Q

rQý

¢ Q

Z

Q

p y _.

Co

Z Zi z Z ýi Z Z Z

F

1

U

c' ý

¢ ¢ Q ¢ Q ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢

z z z z z z z z z z z i

V z _Co W _lO ý

ij l

. _H _H _fy _f- _H _H _H _F z _fy _f+ (

w o atl ý td ý ý z z z z z z z

rZ Z Z Z e1

ao ý

y

}} Cf

ý f'[n

..

fir U ý

z*

ý ý ¢ _z _y¢ F

Q

z z¢

¢

z

rý-ýy¢ FýQj y¢

H y¢ f-ý _Itiy¢ r¢ý iy

2

Cy

u

ý CO

CU

M

wi

1

w'

. z z z z z z z z z z z

ö

F: 3 Ü 3 Ü

!

i ' ₁₁

-Z 04 i

I

V1 _-+. N M e'r _{V1 . -+ N} M of V1 ýO _{-+ N}

U

d

d ý

_

6ý g

L L

u _y

U' u L" ý ý m w ö ° U ä G y ä U '

°' 8

U

A

M

w V _o4

d oý c3

_czi

_ai

cý

'w

h

a

d1 C.

U U _N

0

4.

8

94

(9)

462

Appendix 2 Dicotyledonae Leaf Characters

(10)

463

Family: Ranunculaceae Species: Anemone nemorosa

1. LEAF FORM

I. Leaf Size L: 4cm B: 3cm

II Leaf Orientation. Apical III Leaf Or anisation. Palmatel lobed

FV _{1 onr. c6,. ne ,eT,} _yh,. _e

A. Lamina: 1) Form: Narrow ovate lobes 2) Leaf texture Chartaceous

3) Lamina synun etry Symmetrical 4) Basal symmetry: Symmetrical

B. Apex sha : Acute C. Base: Acute

VA. Mar 'norm: Serrate B. Enrolled? No C. Tooth apex: Acute

D. Tooth sinus: Acute E. Apical edge: Convex F. Basal edge: Convex

G. Spacing: Irregular H. Series: Simple I. Variation:

VL Tooth Architecture A. Týpe (Hickey and Wolfe : Cliloranthoid

B. Apical termination of tooth: Sim le- a ilate C. Glandulari _. Glandular

D. Principal vein configuration Central direct E. Accessory Veins: Joining

princ l vein

VILA. Gland Type. Unisenate B. Position: Laminar

VIII. Petiole ale : Noral.

7 VVNATifN

L Main lateral veins: A. First order venation: Crasp e dodromous

B. Second order venation: indistinct +- cascadelrandom C Third order venation: indistinct +-

cascade/random

D. Other.

II. Higher order laterals:

III. External vein system: A. First order venation

B. Second order venation: C Third order venation:

IV Lateral zone:

V. Looping zone:

VI. Notes: Generally indistinct higher vein orders

VAreolation: No distinctive arrangement B. Arrangement:

C. Sha : D. Size:

V. Veinlets: NA

VII. Bundle sheath inclusions: No

A Tipur RMAT. FF. AT! TRF_C

L Normal Cells Abaxial Adaxial Mar in

A. Shape Irregular Irregular Sub-rectangular

B. Cell margins Undulate type 6 and 7 _{Undulate, angular} Straight-

undulate C. Variation

D. Ornamentation E. Papillae

F. Cell Inclusions

II A. Stomatal Complex: Anom oc 'c B. Ornamentation

C. In pits etc.: D. Orientation : To veins

E. Grouping: F. Distribution: Abaxial

0. Notes:

III. Trichomes Ab lamina _{Ab vein} _{Ab margin} Ad lamina _{Ad vein} Ad margins

Presence/f _s 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2

1) Long, simple, unicellular pointed thick hairs with wide base rapidly narrowing. Often dense on margins.

2) short unicellular glands with narrow base and swollen apex (bottle shaped)

Notes:

(11)

464

Family: Ranunculaceae

1. LEAF FORM. Species: Caltha palustris

I. Lea Size L: 6cm _{B: 6cm (large one)}

II Leaf Orientation. Basal _{III Leaf Organisation} _{Compound pinnate,}

simple IV Leal Shane & Texture

A. Lamina: _{1 Form:} Reniform _{2) Leaf texture} _Coriaceous

3) Lamina se S _etrical _{4) Basal synunetry} Symmetrical

B. Apex sha : Rounded C. Base: Cordate

V. A. Margin form: Crenate B. Enrolled? No _{C. Tooth apex:} Obtuse/rounde

d

D. Tooth sinus: Angular/sub-obtuse _{E. Apical edge:} Convex _{F. Basal edge:} Convex

G. Spacing: Regular H. Series: Sim le I. Variation:

YL Tooth Architecture. _{A. Type (Mckey and Wolfe :} Chloranthoid

B. Apical. termination of tooth Sim le- a ilate C. Glandularity- _{Glandular apex}

D. Principal vein configuration Central; direct E. Accessory Veins Join _with

central vein

VILA. Gland T e: Unicellular & hydathodes B. Position: _{Laminar & tooth apices}

VIII. Petiole ute : Normal

2. VENATION

L Afain lateral veins. A. First order venation: Cr _odromous

B. Second order venation: indistinct+-cascade/random C Third _order _venation: indistinct+-

cascade/random

D. Other:

II. Higher order laterals: Uncertain

III. External vein system: A. First order venation:

B. Second order venation: _{C Third order venation:}

IV. Lateral zone: Indistinguishable venation

V Looping zone: Undeveloped

VI. Notes: Indistinct venation

V. Areolation: Poorly developed _{B. Arrangement:}

C. Sha : D. Size:

U. Veinlets: NA

VII. Bundle sheath inclusions: None

3. EPIDERMAL FEATURES.

L Normal Cells Abaxial _Adaxial Margin

A. Shape Irregular _Irregular _Rectangular

B. Cell margins Undulate type 6 and 7 _{Undulate type 6 and 7} Sinuous/undulat

e

C. Variation Sub-rectangular _{over veins} _{Sub-rectangular}_{over veins}

D. Ornamentation

E. Papillae Present L IPresent

F. Cell Inclusions Solitary Crystals? -

II A. Stomatal Com lex: _{Anom oc is} _{B. Ornamentation}

C. In pits etc. D. Orientation Random

E. Grouping _{F. Distribution} _{Abaxial and adaxial}

G. Notes:

III. Trichoines Ab lamina _{Ab vein} _{Ab margin} _{Ad lamina} _{Ad vein} _{Ad margins}

Presence/Types _I _I ₁

1. Small, glandular, unicellular blobs

Notes:

(12)

465

Family: Ranunculaceae _{Species: Clematis vitalba}

1. LEAF FORM.

L Lea Size L: 3.5cm _{B: 2cm}

II Leaf Orientation. Basal _{III Leaf Or anisation.} _Pinnate

IV Leaf Shave & Texture

A. Lamina: 1) Form: _{Wide ovate} _{2) Leaf texture} _Chartaceous

3) Lamina sym metry Symmetrical _{4) Basal symmetry} Symmetrical

B. Apex sha : Attenuate C. Base: Rounded

V. A. Mar 'norm: Entire B. Enrolled? _{C. Tooth apex:}

D. Tooth sinus: E. Apical edge: F. Basal edge:

G. Spacing: H. Series: I. Variation:

VI. Tooth Architecture _{A. Type (Ricke and Wolfe :}

B. Apical termination of tooth C. Glandulari :

D. Principal vein configuration E. Accessory Veins

VII. A. Gland Type: None B. Position:

VIII. Petiole uk : Simple

2. VENATION

I. Main lateral veins. A. First order venation: Brochidodromous

B. Second order venation: indistinct cascade. Loops also seen

C Third order venation: indistinct cascade

D. Other.

II. Higher order laterals: Second and third seen

M. External vein system: A. First order venation: looped

IV Lateral zone.

V Looping zone: Three orders of loops

VI. Notes: _{Incomplete marginal venation. Genrally more organised than other Ranimculaceae}

V. Areolation: Weakly developed _{BArrangement:}

C. Sha : Irregular _{D. Size:}

VI. Veinlets: 1 and occasional 2 branched.

VII. Bundle sheath inclusions:

L Normal Cells Abaxial _Adaxial _Margin

B. Cell margins Deeply undulate 6&7 _{Deeply undulate 6&7} Sinuous-weak

undulate

C. Variation _{Larger cells. Rectangular over veins} _{Rectangular over veins}

D. Omamentation E. Papillae

F. Cell Inclusions

II A. Stomata! Com lex: _{Anom oc ytic} _{B. Ornamentation}

C. In pits etc. D. Orientation None

E. Grouping _{F. Distribution} _Abaxial

G. Notes:

III. Trichomes Ab lamina _{Ab vein} _{Ab mar in} _{Ad lamina} _{Ad vein} _{Ad mar ins}

Presence/Types ₁ ₁ ₁ ₁ ₁

1) Non-glandular uniseriate long hairs. Circular cicatrice

Notes:

(13)

466

Family: Ranunculaceae 1. LEAF FORM.

Species: Ranunculus acris

L Leaf Size. L: B:

II Leaf Orientation. III Leaf Oranisation. Palmately lobed

IV_ 1rafShane A Torture

A. Lamina: 1) Form: 2) Leaf texture

3) Lamina symmetry 4) Basal symmetry

B. Apex sha : C. Base:

VA. Mar 'norm: B. Enrolled? C. Tooth apex:

__

U. Tooth Architecture A. Type _{cke and Wolfe :}

B. Apical termination of tooth C. Glandulari :

YIIA Gland Type: B. Position:

VIIL Petiole Uk :

7_ VF. NATTON

I. Main lateral veins: A. First order venation:

D. Other:

IL Higher order laterals:

IV Lateral zone: V Looping zone:

U. Notes: Only epidermal peels

VAreolation: B. Arrangement:

C. Shape: D. Size:

VI. Veinlets:

VII. Bundle sheath inclusions: 3. EPIDERMAL FEATURES.

I. Normal Cells _Abaxial _Adaxial Margin

A. Shape Irregular _Irregular Elongated+-

rectanlar

B. Cell margins Undulate type 1 Straight Straight

C. Variation _{Rectangular over veins} _{Rectangular over veins}

F. Cell Inclusions

II A. Stomata! Com lex: _{Anom oc ytic} _{B. Ornamentation}

C. In pits etc. D. Orientation Aligned to veins

E. Grouping _{F. Distribution} _Abaxial

G. Notes:

III. Tricliomes Ab lamina _{Ab vein} _{Ab margin} _{Ad lamina} _{Ad vein} _{Ad margins}

PresenceiT es 1 1 1 ₁ ₁ 1

1) Non-glandular, simple, uniseriate, unicellular, long narrow hairs with pointed apex and cicatrice of radial cells and swollen base

Notes: Trichomes dense and bases very characteristic

(14)

467

Species: Ranunculuificaria

I. Leaf Size L: 2.3cm B: 3cm

II Leaf Orientation. Basal III Leaf Organisation Sim le IV Leaf Shave & Texture.

A. Lamina: 1 Form: Oblate _{2) Leaf texture} Membranous

3) Lamina sSy mmetrical 4) Basal synunetry. S ymmetrical

B. Apex sha : Obtuse C. Base: Cordate

VA. Margin form. Entire+-crennate B. Enrolled? No C. Tooth apex: Abtuse

D. Tooth sinus: Obtuse _{E. Apical edge:} Convex F. Basal edge: Convex

G. Spacing: Regular H. Series: I. Variation:

YI Tooth Architecture A. Type 'ck and Wolfe : Weak chloranthoid

B. Apical termination of tooth: Simple C. Glandularity-

. Present

D. Principal vein configuration: Direct central E. Accessory Veins: Joining

central vein

VII. A. Gland Type. _- B. Position: Marginal

VIII Petiole ule : Simple 2. VENATION

L plain lateral veins: A. First order venation: Craspedodromous

B. Second order venation: indistinct +-cascade/random C Third order venation: indistinct +-

cascadelrandom

D. Other:

II. Hi her order laterals:

III. External vein stem: A. First order venation:

IV. Lateral zone: V. Looping zone:

VI. Notes: _{Higher order veins indistinct}

L Areolation: No _{B. Arranement:}

C. Sha : D. Size:

VI. Veinlets: 1-2branches

VII. Bundle sheath inclusions: None

3. EPIDERMAL FEATURES

I. Normal Cells Abaxial Adaxial Margin

A. Shape Irregular Irregular Rectangular

B. Cell margins Undulate Undulate Straight

C. Variation Sub-rectangular _{over veins} Sub-rectangular _{over veins}

F. Cell Inclusions

HA Stomatal Coin lex: _{Anom oc is} B. Ornamentation

C. In pits etc. D. Orientation To veins

E. Grouping F. Distribution Both surfaces

G. Notes:

III. Trichomes Ab lamina _{Ab vein} _{Ab margin} Ad lamina _{Ad vein} _{Ad margins}

Presence/Types _{1 more basal} ₁ 1 1

1) Glandular unicellular hairs, small, thin walled.

Notes:

(15)

468

Species: Ranunculus fammula

I. Leaf Size L: 5cm B: 0.8cm

II Leaf Orientation. Admedial _{III Leaf Or anisation.} Sim le

IV. Leaf Shane & Texture

A. Lamina: l Form: Lanceolate 2) Leaf texture Chartaceous

3) Lamina symmetry Symmetrical 4) Basal symmetry Symmetric

at

B. Apex sha : Acute C. Base: Rounded

VA. Margin form: Weakly serrate B. Enrolled? No C. Tooth apex: Glandular

simple

D. Tooth sinus: Obtuse _{E. Apical edge:} Convex (weak) F. Basal edge: Convex

(weak)

VI. Tooth Architecture A. Type (M ckey and Wolfe : Chloranthoid

B. Apical termination of tooth: Weakly simple C. Glandulari : Glandular

D. Principal vein configuration: Central direct E. Accessory Veins: Direct joining

VILA. Gland Type. _- B. Position: Marginal

VIII. Petiole uk :

2. VENATION

I. Main lateral veins. A. First order venation: Cr _odromous

B. Second order venation: indistinct +-cascade/random C Third _order _venation: indistinct +.

C ascade/random

D. Other.

II. Higher order laterals: Apparent seconf order laterals

IV Lateral zone. V Looping zone:

VI. Notes: Higher order veins indistinct

VAreolation: Weak or not developed B. Arranement:

C. Sha : D. Size:

U. Veinlets: None

VII. Bundle sheath inclusions: No

A. Shape _{Irregular some rectangular} _{Irregular some rectangular} Rectangular

B. Cell mar ' Strai _t/sinuous _Strai _t/sinuous Strai _t

C. Variation Sub-rectangular _{over veins} _{Cells larger}

F. Cell Inclusions

HA Stomatal Co lex: _{Anom oc is (some 1} 'c? B. Ornamentation

C. In pits etc. D. Orientation Longitudinal

E. Grouping In longitudinal files _{F. Distribution} _{Abaxial and adaxial}

G. Notes:

III. Trichomes Ab lamina _{Ab vein} _{Ab margin} _{Ad lamina} _{Ad vein} _{Ad margins}

Presence/f _s

None noted

Notes:

(16)

469

Species: Ranunculus repens

I. Leaf Size L: B:

II Leaf Orientation III Leaf Organisation. Palmately lobed

1V _{1 anf. Chann R Tadnrn_}

A. Lamina: F I) 2) Leaf texture

3) Lamina symmefty 4) Basal symmetry

VA. Aiar 'norm: B. Enrolled? C. Tooth apex:

VI. Tooth Architecture A. Typ e (ficke and Wolfe :

B. Apical termination of tooth C. Glandulari _.

VILA. Gland Type. B. Position:

VIII. Petiole ule :

7 VFNATrnN

L Main lateral veins: A. First order venation:

D. Other.

IV. Lateral zone: V Looping zone:

VI. Notes: Only epidermal peels

V. Areolation: B. Arrangement:

C. Sha : D. Size:

VI. Veinlets:

I- F. Pii)F. RMAL. FRAT(TRFC

A. Shape Irregular Irregular Elongated

B. Cell margins Undulate type 1 _{Undulate type I} Straight

C. Variation Varies in size. Rectangular

over veins

Varies in veins

size. Rectangular over

F. Cell Inclusions

II A. Stomata! Com lex: _{Anom oc is} B. Ornamentation

C. In pits etc. D. Orientation

E. Grouping _{F. Distribution} Sparse

G. Notes:

III. Trichomes Ab lamina _{Ab vein} _{Ab margin} _{Ad lamina} _{Ad vein} Ad margins

Presence/Types 1 1 ₁

1) Non-glandular, simple, uniseriate, unicellular, long narrow hairs with pointed apex and cicatrice of radial cells

Notes:

(17)

470

Family: Ranunculaceae

1. LEAF FORM. Species: Ranunculus sceleratus

L Lea Size- L: 1.5cm _{B: 2cm}

II Leaf Orientation Exmedial _{III Leaf Organisation} _{Pinnately compound}

IV LeafShane& Texture

A. Lamina: 1) Form: _{2) Leaf texture}

3) Lamina ssymmetry S _etrical _{4) Basal synunetiy} S _etrical

B. Apex sha : Obtuse C. Base: Truncate

VA. hfar ' _orm: Lobed/Serrate B. Enrolled? No _{C. Tooth apex:} Obtuse

D. Tooth sinus: Acute _{E. Apical edge:} Convex _{F. Basal edge:} Convex

G. Spacing: Regular H. Series: No I. Variation:

U. Tooth Architecture _{A. Typ e} _ck _{and Wolfe :} Chloranthoid

B. Apical termination of tooth: Simple C. Glandulari

. Glandular, clear

D. Principal vein configuration: Central direct E. Accessory Veins: Joining

VILA. Gland Type. _- B. Position:

VIII. Petiole ule : 2. VENATION

I. Alain lateral veins: A. First order venation: Cr dodromous

B. Second order venation: indistict random +-cascade C7 _{Third order venation: indistict random +-cascade}

D. Other:

III. External vein system: A. First order venation: Indistinctive

IV Lateral zone: V Looping zone:

VI. Notes: _{Whole vein system indistinctive}

VAreolation: No _{B. Arranement:}

C. Sha : D. Size:

ICI. Veinlets: 1-2branched

M. Bundle sheath inclusions: None

I. Normal Cells _Abaxial _Adaxial Margin

A. Shape _Irregular _Irregular _{Sub-rectangular}

B. Cell margins Undulate type 6/7 _{Undulate ty pe 6! 7} Undulate type 6/7

C. Variation _{Sub-rectangular over veins} _Sub-rectan_{gular over veins}

D. Omamentation E. Papillae

F. Cell Inclusions

II A. Stomatal Complex. - _{Anom oc is} B. Ornamentation

C. In pits etc. D. Orientation Veins

E. Grouping _{F. Distribution}

G. Notes:

III. Trichomes Ab lamina _{Ab vein} _{Ab maz '} _{Ad lamina} _{Ad vein} _{Ad margins}

Presence/Types ₁ ₁ ₁ ₁ ₁ ₁

1) unicellular long, narrow hairs on lanceolate small leaves

Notes:

(18)

471

Family: Ranunculaceae _{Species: Ranunculus sub-genus}Bafrachium

1. LEAF FORM.

L Lea Size L: clcm B: clcm

II Leaf Orientation I III Leaf Or anisation. Dissected tri-innate

IV_ Leaf Shane A Tenure

A. Lamina: 1) Form: Consists of strap-like leaflets 2) Leaf texture Coriaceous

3) Lamina synu netry 4) Basal symmetry

V. A. Mlar 'norm: Entire B. Enrolled? C. Tooth apex:

D. Tooth sinus: E. A ical edge: F. Basal edge:

VL Tooth Architecture A. Type ficke and Wolfe):

B. Apical termination of tooth C. Glandulari _.

VILA. Gland Type. _- B. Position:

VIII. Petiole ule :

7 VRNATION

I. Main lateral veins. A. First order venation: None

D. Other:

IV Lateral zone: V. Looping zone: VI Notes:

VAreolation: _{B. An: anement:}

C. Sha : D. Size:

H. Veinlets:

3_ FPTDF. RMAL FF. ATURR. C

L Normal Cells Abaxial Adaxial Margin

A. Shape Square Square

B. Cell margins Straight Straight

C. Variation

F. Cell Inclusions

II A. Stomatal Com lex: None B. Ornamentation

E. Grouping F. Distribution

G. Notes:

III. Trichomes Ab lamina Ab vein Ab margin Ad lamina Ad vein Ad margins

Presence/Types I

1) Simple barb-like uniseriate unicellular hairs with wide base, rapidly narrowing to long shaft with sharp curved point. Seen at leaf section apices and leaf bases. Apically directed and very distinctive.

Seen on basal leaf-sheath also

Notes: Strange strap-like, dissected leaves

(19)

472

Family: Papaveraceae _{Species: Glaucium flavum}

1. LEAF FORM.

I. Lea Size _{L: Lobe only 3cm} B: 1cm (small, lower leaf)

II Leaf Orientation Exmedial _{III Leaf Organisation} Pinnately lobed IV. Leaf Shave & Textur&

A. Lamina: 1 Form: _{Oblon g} _{2) Leaf texture} Fleshy

3) _synunetry_e Symmetrical 4) Basal _e Symmetrical

B. Ax _{sha :} Acute C. Base: ?

1! A. A1ar in orm: Entire B. Enrolled? C. Tooth apex:

VL Tooth Architecture A. Type ficke and Wolfe :

B. Apical termination of tooth C. Glandulari

VILA. Gland Type. Spherical B. Position: Laminar

VIII. Petiole ule : 2. VENATION

I. Main lateral veins: A. First order venation: Cr dodromous

B. Second order venation: indistinct +-cascade/random C Third _order _{venation: indistinct}

cascade/random D. Other:

IV Lateral zone: V. Looping zone:

VI. Notes: _{No particular higher order arrangement of veins seen.}

VAreolation: Not developed _{B. An-angement:}

C. Sha : D. Size:

VI. Veinlets: NA

VII. Bundle sheath inclusions: None noted

A. Shape Polygonal (iso) _{Polygonal (iso)} _{As others}

B. Cell margins _{Straight-rounded. Cells swollen} Straight-rounded. Cells swollen

C. Variation

F. Cell Inclusions

II A. Stomatal Complex: _{Anom oc is} B. Ornamentation

C. In pits etc.: Possibly, difficult to see D. Orientation: Random

G. Notes:

Presence/Types 1, la, 2 _{1,1 a, 2} ₁ ₁ ₁

1) Large, thick uniseriate, multicelular glandular hairs. Very large with large bases and rounded apex. Cicatrices very wide rounde apertures, larger than lamina cells. Distributed thickly across the surface.

1)a as above with multiseriate base. Could be larger version of same type

2) +-stalked glands with 1-4cell spherical head. Typical halophyte type salt gland

Notes: _{Metcalfe and Chalk say hairs mainly in young leaves and small leaves.}

(20)

473

Family: Ulmaceae _{Species: Ulmus glabra}

1. LEAF FORM.

I. Leaf Size. L: 10 B 7:

II Leaf Orientation. Apical exmedial convex III Leaf Or anisation. Simple

IV_ lpafShane X Tenure

A. Lamina: 1 Form: _{Wide oblong} 2) Leaf texture Coriaceous

3) _sym_mety._e _mmetrical 4) Basal symmetry. A _{etrical with auricle}

B. Apex sha : Acute C. Base: Obtuse

VA. hiar 'norm: Serrate B. Enrolled? No C. Tooth apex: Acute

D. Tooth sinus: Acute E. Apical edge: Concave F. Basal edge: Convex

G. Spacing: Regular H. Series: Compound 2-3 I. Variation:

VI. Tooth Architecture A. Type (Hickey and Wolfe): Urticoid

B. Apical termination of tooth: Simple C. Glandulari _. Non-glandular

D. Principal vein configuration: Central direct E. Accessory Veins: Incomplete looped

VILA. Gland Type. B. Position:

VIII. Petiole ule :

7. VFNATTON

I. Alain lateral veins. A. First order venation: C odromous mixed

B. Second order venation: percurrent but weak C Third order venation: Lattice weak

D. Other.

II Higher order laterals: Occasional secondaries

IV Lateral zone: Very regular venation

V Looping zone: Less regular at leaf edges

VI. Notes:

VAreolation: Imperfect B. Arrangement: Random

C. Sha : Irregular D. Size: Medium

VI. Veinlets:

A. Shape Irregular Irregular As others

B. Cell margins Rounded-straight Rounded-straight

C. Variation Cells smaller than adaxial

F. Cell Inclusions

II A. Stomatal Complex: Anom oc 'c B. Ornamentation

E. Grouping _{Between veins} F. Distribution: Abaxial

G. Notes:

Presence/Types 1 1,2,3,4 1 1 1,2,3,4, 1

1) Non-glandular, pointed thick-walled, uniseriate, unicellular hairs with wide base. Clear circular cicatrice of radially aligned thick walled cells forming a ring. Dense cover.

2) Unicellular thin walled glands

3) Non-glandular uniseriate, unicellular, long, thick-walled hair without distinctive cicatrice.

4) Stalked gland with uniseriate multicellular base and spherical head.

Notes: _{Very hairy all over leaf surface and on margins}

(21)

474

Family: Cannabaceae 1_ i. FAFFnRM

Species: _{Humulus lupulus}

I. Leaf Size L: immature 3.3 B: 3.5

II Lea Orientatiolc Basal III Lea Or anisation. Simple wie,. _{r cn .,..} P_ Tý. _-..

A. Lamina: 1 Form: _{Ovate-wide ovate} 2) Leaf texture Coriaceous

3) Lamina symmet ry. Symmetrical 4) Basal symmetry Symmetrical

B. Ax _{sha :} Acute C. Base: Cordate

VA. Mar 'norm: Serrate B. Enrolled? C. Tooth apex: Accuminate

D. Tooth sinus: Acute E. Apical edge: Accuminate F. Basal edge: Accuminate

G. Spacing: Regular H. Series: Simple I. Variation:

H. Tooth Architecture A. Type ick and Wolfe : Urticoid

B. Apical termination of tooth: Simple C. Glandulari _. None

D. Principal vein configuration: Direct eccentric E. Accessory Veins: Looped

VILA. Gland Type., Peltate B. Position: Laminar

VIIL Petiole ule : Normal

ý"n,,. t

I. Alain lateral veins. A. First order venation: Cr odromous. Some interangular

B. Second order venation: Percurrent bent. Some interangular

C Third order venation: indistinct

D. Other:

II. Higher order laterals: Some secondaries

IV Lateral zone:

V Looping zone: Regular

VI. Notes: Venation regular

VAreolation: ? B. Arranement:

C. Sha : D. Size:

VI. Veinlets: ?

VII. Bundle sheath inclusions: None noted

IJ PmFRMAL FEATURES.

A. Shape Irregular Irregular

B. Cell mar ins Undulate type 1 Undulate type I

C. Variation Rectangular over veins Rectangular over veins

F. Cell Inclusions

II A. Stomata! Com lex: Anom oc is B. Ornamentation

G. Notes:

Presence/T s 1,2 2,3,4 1,2 1 1

1) Non-glandular, simple uniseriate unicellular hairs with wide base. Dense

2) Peltate glandular scale with disc-like multicellular flattened top. Dense

3) Non-glandular branched, two armed unicellular trichome on extended pillar of epidemal cells

4) Simple unicellular base with multiseriate bi-cellular gland. Sparse

Notes: _{Dense covering of hairs and glands}

(22)

475

Family: Urticaceae 1. LEAF FORM.

Species: Ur[ica dioica

L Leaf Site L: 8.5cm B: 5.7cm

If Leaf Orientation. Basal _{III Leaf Organisation} Sim le

IV Leaf Shane & Tenure

A. Lamina: 1 Form: Ovate 2) Leaf texture Chartaceous

3 Lamina sym metry. S _etrical _{4) Basal symmetry-} Symmetrical

B. Apex sha : Acute C. Base: Rounded to cordate

VAMar 'norm: Serrate B. Enrolled? _{C. Tooth apex:} Acute

D. Tooth sinus: Acute _{E. Apical edge:} Concave _{F. Basal edge:} Convex

G. Spacing: Regular H. Series: Sim le I. Variation:

U. Tooth Architecture A. Type (Hick _{and Wolfe :} Urticoid

B. Apical termination of tooth: Simple C. Glandulari

. None

D. Principal vein configuration: Direct to eccentric E. Accessory Veins: Looped

VILA. Gland Type. See trichomes B. Position: Laminar

VIII. Petiole ale : Simple

2. VENATION

L Main lateral veins. A. First order venation: Crasp _edodromous

B. Second order venation: percurrent _{C Third order venation: Lattice - percurrent}

D. Other.

B. Second order venation: present C Third order venation:

IV Lateral Zone: V. Looping Zone:

VI. Notes: Regular venation, lower oders weak.

VAreolation: Imperfect B. Arrangement: Random

C. Shape: Irregular _{D. Size:}

VI. Veinlets:

L Normal CeUs Abaxial Adaxial Margin

A. Shape Elongated irregular Elongated irregular Rectan lar

B. Cell margins Undulate 6&7 Straight to undulate 6&7

C. Variation Sub-rectangular _{over veins} _{Sub-rectangular over veins}

F. Cell Inclusions

II A. Stomatal Com lex: B. Ornamentation

G. Notes:

III. Trichomes Ab lamina _{Ab vein} _{Ab margin} Ad lamina Ad vein Ad margins

Presence/Type _s 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1

, 2,3 1,2

1) thick walled, uniseriate unicellular, long hairs. No special base.

2) as 1 but with sepcialised cicatrice of radial cells. 2a) occasionally with extended basal cylinder or cells

3) unicellular short thin walled glandular hair with circular base and swollen apex

Notes: Dense coverage over leaf. Margin with edge of barb-like hairs (1)

(23)

476

Family: Myricaceae 1 i. Ti. AR FARM

Species: Myrica gale

I. Lea Size L: 2-6cm B: 1-2cm

II Leaf Orientation. Apical III Leaf Or anisation. Simple

TV _{1 e.. r rL....} _{e .eT,,.} _1.,.

A. Lamina: 53--form: Oblanceolate-obovate 2) Leaf texture Coriaceous

3) Lamina se Aymmetrical 4) Basal symmetry Symmetrical

B. Apex sha : Obtuse with teeth C. Base: Cuneate

VA. btar in orm: Toothed ap ex B. Enrolled? Yes C. Tooth apex: Acute

D. Tooth sinus: Rounded E. Apical edge: Convex F. Basal edge: Convex

G. Spacing: Irregular H. Series: Sim ple I. Variation:

VL Tooth Architecture A. Type (Hickey and Wolfe : Urticoid

B. Apical termination of tooth: Spinose C. Glandulari _. Non-glandular

D. Principal vein configuration: Central direct E. Accessory Veins: Joining

VILA. Gland Type. _- Peltate B. Position: Laminar abaxial

I t1L"NATTAN

I Main lateral veins: A. First order venation: Basal eucam todromous; apically cra odromous

B. Second order venation: Regular cascade. Some inteangular veins

C Third order venation: transverse

D. Other.

II. Higher order laterals: Secondary laterals

B. Second order venation: loops on outside of Primary lateral loops.

C Third order venation:

IV Lateral zone: Regular

V Looping zone: Narrow

VI. Notes:

VAreolation: Irregular B. Arrangement: Random

C. Sha : Irregular D. Size: Medium-large

VI Veinlets: Branched 1-2 times

VII Bundle sheath inclusions: None seen

I1 PLTWRMAT. FFATITRFC

A. Shape Irregular polygonal Irregular polygonal Rectangular

B. Cell margins Straight with thickenings at

junctions

Straight with thickenings 'unctions

at

C. Variation Smaller than adaxial Larger than abaxial

D. Ornamentation

E. Papillae Common in rings

F. Cell Inclusions

II A. Stomatal Com lex: Anom oc is B. Ornamentation

C. In pits etc.: In deep pits D. Orientation : To veins

E. Grouping: On lamina F. Distribution: Abaxial

G. Notes:

III. Trichomes Ab lamina Ab vein Ab marin Ad lamina Ad vein Ad margins

Presence/Types 1,2,3,4 1,2,3 1,2,3,4 1,2,3,4, 1,2,3,4 1,2,3,4

1) Non-glandular unicellular, long hairs with radial cicatrice and wide base. Dense.

2) Large spherical unicellular gland on uniseriate multicellular stalk. Common.

3) Small spherical unicellular glands with no stalk

4) Multicellular uniseriate simple non-glandular pointed hairs with radial cicatrice. Dense. Notes:

(24)

477

Family: Fagaceae 1. LEAF FORM.

Species: Fagus sylvatica

I. Leaf Size L: 6-6.5cm B: c4.5cm

II Leaf Orientation Exmedial III Leaf Organisation. Simple

IV Leaf. Chane. 9 Tenure

A. Lamina: 1) Form: Elliptic-ovate 2) Leaf texture Coriaceous

3) Lamina s S _etrical _{4) Basal symmetry.} A _etrical

B. Apex sha : Acute C. Base: Obtuse

VA. Mar ' form. - Entire, sinuous B. Enrolled? No C. Tooth apex

VL Tooth Architecture. A. Type _{ck and Wolfe :}

B. Apical termination of tooth: C. Glandularity-

D. Principal vein configuration: E. Accessory Veins:

VILA. Gland Type. On hairs B. Position: Lamina and margins

VIII. Petiole uk : Normal

2. VENATION

I. Blain lateral veins: A. First order venation: Eucamptodromous

B. Second order venation: Strongly percurrent with some inter-angular veins

C Third order venation: Lattice

D. Other:

IL Higher order laterals: None seen in 4 samples

III. External vein steht: A. First order venation:

B. Second order venation: second order loops C Third order venation: Some looping, very small

at margins

IV Lateral zone: Well developed, comprising much of the leaf

V Looping zone: Narrowly developed around whole leaf margin

VL Notes: Very regular arrangement

V. Areolation: _{Very well developed} B. Arrangement: Oriented regular

C. Shape: _{dran ar- tanar} _{D. Size:} Small

I. Veinlets: Simple linear and 1-branched

VII. Bundle sheath inclusions: Crystals in vein bundle sheaths 3. EPIDERMAL FEATURES.

A. Shape Irregular Irregular Rectangular

B. Cell margins Undulate tfpe 6&7 Undulate type 6&7 Straight-minutely sinuous

C. Variation Elongated over veins;

than adaxial

smaller Elongated over veins

F. Cell Inclusions

II A. Stomatal Com lez: Anom oc is B. Ornamentation

C. In pits etc. D. Orientation : Random

E. Grouping: _{In areoles} F. Distribution: Abaxial

G. Notes: stomata very small

III. Triclsomes Ab lamina _{Ab vein} _{Ab margin} Ad lamina _{Ad vein} _{Ad margins}

Presence/Types 2 1,2 2 2

1) Non-glandular, long unicellular, uniseriate, simple hairs with narrow lumen and circular base. Dense along veins

2) Glandular multicellular, uniseriate hairs with radial basal cicatrice and swollen apex. Very dense laong veins

Notes:

(25)

478

Family: Fagaceae _{Species: Quercus petraea}

1. LEAF FORM.

I. Leaf Size L: 7-10cm B: 3-3.5cm

II Leaf Orientation. Apical _{III Leaf Or anisation.} Simple

IV_ Leaf. Chane X Texture

A. Lamina: F I) _{Narrow obovate-oblanceolate} 2) Leaf texture Charctaceous

3) Lamina s Asymmetrical _{4) Basal symmetry:} Symmetrical

B. Apex sha : Rounded C. Base: Cordate-lobate

VA. MMar 'norm: Lobed entire B. Enrolled? C. Tooth apex: Acute

D. Tooth sinus: Right-obtuse _{E. Apical edge:} F. Basal edge:

VL Tooth Architecture A. Typ e (ficke and Wolfe :

B. Apical termination of tooth: C. Glandulari :

VILA. Gland Type: Multicellular stalked B. Position: Laminar

VIII. Petiole uk : Normal

7. VENATION

L Main lateral veins: A. First order venation: Cras odromous with fimbrial vein

B. Second order venation: percurrent looped (cascade in some se ents ; inter-angular veins also seen

C Third order venation: lattice

D. Other: fimbrial vein well developed

II Higher order laterals: Occasional

B. Second order venation: Loops seen along whole leaf margin

IV Lateral zone: Wide and well developed

V Looping zone: Narrow but around whole leaf

VL Notes:

V. Areolation: Well developed B. Arranement: Irregular

C. Sha : Irregular _{D. Size:} Large

VI. Veinlets: Simple

VII. Bundle sheath inclusions: Cuboid crystals

I. Normal Cells _Abaxial Adaxial Margin

A. Shape Irregular _Irregular _{Rectan ar}

B. Cell margins Straight _Straight Straight

C. Variation _{Rectangular over veins; smaller than}

adaxial

Rectangular over veins

F. Cell Inclusions

II A. Stomatal Complex: _{Anom oc is} _{B. Ornamentation}

C. In pits etc. D. Orientation: Random

E. Grouping _{F. Distribution:} _Abaxial

G. Notes:

Presence/T s 1,2,3

,4 3,4 1,2 3,4

1) Stellate 2-5 armed multicellular non-glandular thick walled and attenuated.

2) Unisenate multicellular hairs with swollen glandular base and rounded apex

3) Unisenate unicellular elongated thick walled non-glandular hair.

4) Stalked multicellular multiseriate glandular trichomes. Single cell base on cicatrice and trichome above 8-16 cells.

Notes: _{Dense abaxial covering}

(26)

479

Family: Fagaceae 1. LEAF FORM.

Species: Quercus robur

I. Leaf Size L: 7-7.5cm _{B: 4.7 - 5.5}

II Lea Orientation. Apical _{III Lea Or anisation.} Simple

IV Leaf Shape& Texture

A. Lamina: 1) Form: _{Wide retuse with lobes} _{2) Leaf texture} Charctaceous

3) Lamina se- Symmetrical _{4) Basal symmetry.} Asymmetrical

B. Apex sha : Emarginate-retuse C. Base: Cordate-lobate

F A. AIar 'norm: Lobed entire B. Enrolled? C. Tooth apex: Lobe obtuse

D. Tooth sinus: Rounded _{E. A ical ed e:} _{F. Basal edge:}

VI. Tooth Architecture A. Type Hick _{and Wolfe}

B. Apical termination of tooth: C. Glandulari

.

VILA. Gland Type: Small B. Position: Laminar

2. VENATION

I. Main lateral veins: A. First order venation: Crasp _edodromous_{with fimbrial vein}

B. Second order venation: Cascade-percurrent in different areas; some interangular veins; looped

C Third order venation: +-lattice

D. Other. Fimbrial vein well developed

II. Higher order laterals: Occasional secondary laterals

B. Second order venation: secondary loops seen around whole lamina

IV Lateral zone: Well developed

V Looping zone: Narrow merging with fimbrial vein

VI. Notes:

VAreolation: Well developed _{B. Arrangement:} Random

C. Shape: Quadrangular _{to pentangular} _{D. Size:} Medium

U. Veinlets: _{Simple, unbranched}

M. Bundle sheath inclusions:

A. Shape Irregular _Irregular Rectangular

B. Cell margins Straight _Straight Straight

C. Variation

D. Ornamentation

E. Papillae _{Over whole surface} _{Over whole surface}

F. Cell Inclusions

II A. Stomatal Com lex: _{Anom oc is} B. Ornamentation

C. In pits etc.: D. Orientation: Random

E. Grouping: _{Within tertiary veins} F. Distribution: Abaxial

G. Notes:

Presence/Types 1,2,3

,4 2,3 ,4 1,4

1) uniseriate multicellular gland with swollen basal cell and attenuated apex

2) groups of 2-4 multiple unicellular pointed hairs.

3) unicellular, uniseriate non-glandular elongated attenuated hairs

4) Unicellular uniseriate small thin-walled glandular hairs.

Notes: _{Total trichome complement sparse, only papillae well dispersed}

(27)

480

Family: Betulaceae 1. LEAF FORM.

Species: Alnus glutinosa

L Leaf Size _{L: 4cm small} B: 3.4cm

II Leaf Orientation. Apical _{III Leaf Organ isation} Sim le

IV Leaf Shane & Texture

A. Lamina: 1) Form: _{Wide to very-wide obovate} _{2) Leaf texture} Chartaceous

3) Lamina symmetry. Symmetrical _{4) Basal symmetry:} _{S ymmetrical}

B. Apex shape: Rounded-retuse C. Base: Rounded

L A. lliar 'norm: Serrate B. Enrolled? _{C. Tooth apex:} Acute

D. Tooth sinus: An _ar _{E. Apical edge:} Acute/convex _{F. Basal edge:} Acuminate

G. Spacing: Irre lar H. Series: Simple I. Variation:

VL Tooth Architecture A. Type Hick _{and Wolfe :} Urticoid

B. Apical. termination of tooth: Sim ple C. Glandularity-

. None

D. Principal vein configuration: Central E. Accessory Veins: Looped/inco

mplete

{ILA. Gland Type. _- _{Peltate scales} B. Position: Laminar

VIII Petiole ule : Normal

2. VENATION

I. Afain lateral veins: A. First order venation: Cr _odromous

B. Second order venation: Percurrent; some inter-angular C Third order venation: Lattice

D. Other:

II. Higher order laterals: Occasional

B. Second order venation: looped E Third order venation: incomplete

IV Lateral zone: Wide and well developed

V Looping zone: Some poorly developed loops

U. Notes:

VAreolation: Well developed _{B. Arrangement:} Oriented

C. Sha : 4-5-sided _{D. Size:} _Medium

U. Vein[ets: Unclear _{- branched/straight}

M. Bundle sheath inclusions: 3. EPIDERMAL FEATURES.

L Normal Cells Abaxial _Adaadal Margin

A. Shape Irregular Irregular Smaller than ab/ad

B. Cell margins Straight to undulate Straight

C. Variation Variable; Rectangular over

veins

Variable; _{Rectangular over}

veins D. Ornamentation

E. Papillae

F. Cell Inclusions

II A. Stomata! Com [ex: _{Anom oc 'c} B. Ornamentation

C. In pits etc. _{D. Orientation :} Random

E. Grouping F. Distribution: Abaxial

G. Notes:

III. Trichomes Ab lamina _{Ab vein} _{Ab margin}' Ad lamina _{Ad vein} _{Ad mar ins}

Presence/Types 1,3 1,2,3 1,3 1,3 1,3

1) Uniseriate, long, unicellular pointed hair. Thick walls with distinctive cicatrice of small radially aligned cells. Sparse.

2) Multicellular, uniseriate, thick-walled, long pointed hairs. Grouped in vein axils.

3) Multicellular peltate glandular scales. Base multicellular. Cap with +-radially aligned cells. Over whole lamina. Dense

Notes: _{Trichomes over whole surface}

(28)

481

Family: Betulaceae Species: Betula pendula

1. LEAF FORM.

I. Leaf Size L: 3.4-4.7 an B: 3.8 - 4.7cm

II Leaf Orientation Basal III Leaf Organisation Simple

IV _{l onl. CAnne .B Tsrturs}

A. Lamina: 1 Form: Very wide ovate 2) Leaf texture Characeous

3) Lamina se Symmetrical 4) Basal synundry: Asymmetrical

B. Apex sha : Acute, acuminate C. Base: Cordate-truncate

VA. Mar 'norm: Serrate B. Enrolled? C. Tooth apex: Acute

D. Tooth sinus: Angular E. Apical edge: Convex F. Basal edge: Convex

G. Spacing: Irregular H. Series: Com und I. Variation:

VL Tooth Architecture- A. Type _{ck and Wolfe):} Urticoid

B. Apical termination of tooth: Sim ple C. Glandulari. Non-glandular

D. Principal vein configuration: Central direct E. Accessory Veins: Looped

VIIA Gland Type., Peltate scales B. Position: Laminar

VIII. Petiole ule : Normal

'f VTiNATi(1N

L Hain lateral veins. A. First order venation: Crasp edodromous

B. Second order venation: percurrent; some inter-angular veins;

C Third order venation: lattice

D. Other.

III. External vein system: A. First order venation: Straig ht

B. Second order venation: some looped c Third order venation:

IV Lateral zone: Most of leaf

V Looping zone: VI. Notes:

V. Areolation: Well developed B. Arranement: Random

C. Sha : 4-5sided D. Size: Medium

VI. Vein/ets: Curved simple

VII. Bundle sheath inclusions: Crystals along veins

FUmFAMAT. FFATfHRRC

A. Shape Irregular Irregular Rectangular- quare

B. Cell margins Straight 4-6 sided Straight 4-6 sided Straight

C. Variation Rectangular over veins Rectangular over veins

D. Otnamentation E. Papillae

F. Cell Inclusions

II A. Stomatal Complex: Anom oc is B. Ornamentation

E. Grouping F. Distribution: Abaxial lamina and ad margins

G. Notes:

III. Trichomes Ab lamina Ab vein Ab marin Ad lamina Ad vein Ad margins

Presence/Types 3 3 1,2 3 3 1,2

1) Short unicellular uniseriate non-glandular pointed hair with wide circular base

2) Long non-glandular pointed, uniseriate, unicellular hairs

3) Glandular peltate scales. Multicellular, multiseriate base and multicellular cap

Notes: 2, sparse

(29)

482

Family: Betulaceae _{Species: Carpinus betulus}

1. LEAF FORM.

L Lea Size L: 6.4cm _{B: 3.7cm}

II Leaf Orientation _{Exmedial convex} _{III Leaf Organisation} _{Sim le}

IV Leal Shane & Texture

A. Lamina: 1 Form: Elliptic-ovate/narrow-ovate _{2) Leaf texture:} _Chartaceous

3) Lamina synunet ry: Symmetrical _{4) Basal symmetr)r} _S _etrical

B. Apex sha : Acute to acuminate C. Base: Cordate

VA. iIar 'norm: Serrate B. Enrolled? _{C. Tooth apex:} _Acute

D. Tooth sinus: Acute _{E. A ical edge:} _Acute _{F. Basal edge: Acuminate}

G. Spacing: Irregular _{H. Series:} _{Com pound} _{I. Variation:}

VI. Tooth Architecture- _{A. Type (Hickey and Wolfe :} Urticoid

B. Apical termination of tooth: Simple C. Glandularity,

. Non-glandular

D. Principal vein confi ation: Central direct E. Accessory Veins: _{Loo ped, incomplete}

VILA. Gland Type; Peltate B. Position: Laminar

2. VENATION

I. Afain lateral veins: A. First order venation: Cras dodromous

B. Second order venation: percurrent with inter-angular C Third order venation: lattice

D. Other.

II Higher order laterals:

III. External vein system: A. First order venation present at base

B. Second order venation: some looped _{C Third order venation:}

IV Lateral zone: Well developed

V Looping zone: VI. Notes:

VAreolation: Well developed _{B. Arran ement:} _Oriented

C. Shape: _{Quadrangular to entanar} _{D. Size:} _Medium

I. Veinlets: Straight

VII. Bundle sheath inclusions: Crystals in veins

L Normal Cells Abaxial _Adaxial Margin

B. Cell margins Sinuous _Sinuous _{Sinuous-straight}

C. Variation _{Rectangular over veins} _{Rectangular over veins}

D. Ornamentation _{Over veins}

E. Papillae Papillae

F. Cell Inclusions

II A. Stomata] Com lex: _{Anom oc is} B. Ornamentation

C. In pits etc. D. Orientation: None

E. Grouping _{F. Distribution:} _Abaxial

G. Notes:

Presence/Types 1,3 1,2

,3 1,3 3 3 3

1) unicellular, simple, uniseriate, non-glandular trichomes with round base

2) Simple stalked gland, base biseriate, gland multiseriate and spherical

3) Peltate scales, base uniseriate, unicellular, top multicellular

Notes:

(30)

483

Family: Betulaceae 1. LEAF FORM.

Species: Corylus avellana

I. Lea Size L: 8cm B: 6.5cm

II Leaf Orientation. _{Basal exmedial} III Leaf Organisation Simple__

IV _{Y onf. Cbnno 9 Torfure}

A. Lamina: 1 Form: Wide-sub-orbiculate 2) Leaf texture Chartaceous

3) Lamina symmetry: S etrical 4) Basal s e. Asymmetrical

B. Apex sha : Acuminate-obtuse C. Base: Rounded-cordate

V A. Mfar in orm: Serrate B. Enrolled? C. Tooth apex: Acute

D. Tooth sinus: Acute E. A ical edge: Acuminate F. Basal edge: Convex

G. Spacing: Regular H. Series: I. Variation:

H. Tooth Architecture, A. Type (Ihckey and Wolfe : Urticoid

B. Apical. termination of tooth: Simple C. Glandularity. Non

D. Principal vein configuration: Direct-central E. Accessory Veins: Looped/incomp

lete

UI. A. Gland Type. Uniseriate glands B. Position: Laminar

I TTiN4TrnN

I. plain lateral veins: A. First order venation: Cr odromous

B. Second order venation: percurrent; some interangular C Third order venation: lattice

D. Other.

III. External vein stem: A. First order venation: p resent

IV Lateral tone: Well developed

V Looping Zone: Absent

VL Notes:

V. Areolation: _{well developed} B. Arrangement: Random

C. Shape: dran ar- tan lar D. Size: Medium

VL Veinlets: Straight, curved and 1-branched

3. F, PIDERMAL FEATURES

A. Shape Rectangular _{Rectan ular-} tanlar Rectangular

B. Cell margins Undulate 6&7 Straight to undulate Straight

C. Variation _{Some less undulate and rectangular}

over veins

Rectangular over veins

F. Cell Inclusions

II A. Stomatal Com l ex: Anom oc is B. Ornamentation

E. Grouping F. Distribution: Abaxial

G. Notes:

III. Trichomes Ab lamina _{Ab vein} _{Ab margin} Ad lamina Ad vein Ad margins

Presence/Types 1 1,2 1 1 1 1

1) Non-glandular, thick walled, uniseriate, uncellular long hairs with a basal cictrice of radial cells. Dense over surface and grouped in vein axils

2) Small thin-walled, uncellulaz, uniseriate glands. Some long. Sparse.

Notes: _{Metcalfe and Chalk say hairs wrinkled}