Assessment Of Proficiency In English Language Among Senior
Secondary Students In Kashmir (A Case Study Of District
Baramulla And Srinager)
SABREENA
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the proficiency level in English language among higher secondary students in Kashmir division regarding their nature of institution. In recent years, English language teaching in a developing country like India, has taken a new dimension. In the era of information technology, communication skills, particularly in English, have assumed vital significance. In order to learn English as a second language and develops proficiency in the language, the student must acquire all the four skills namely speaking, reading, listening and writing. In this study questionnaire was prepared which consisted of two parts. Part 1 was designed to elicitate personal information and part 2 was to elicitate the linguistic data which was designed to test the student’s knowledge of all the four language skills namely speaking, listening, reading and writing.
The study reflects that students enrolled in missionary schools have highest proficiency level followed by private schools and government schools. This is because of the fact that the medium of instruction in missionary and in some private schools is English language from the beginning while as in government schools medium of instruction was urdu which was
recently changed into English but did not show worthy results in language proficiency.
Keywords:ELT students; English language proficiency; language skills; language system; link language; vocabulary; syntax.
1. Introduction
In the words of Bloch and trager, a language is the study of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group operates. In this era of globalization and information and technology, English has a special and predominant role in the communicative sphere of the world. Jawaharlal Nehru said, “English is our major window on the world”. This means English gives us glimpses of various developments taking place in the world. It provides us distilled essence of modern knowledge, in the field of human activity.
We know it well teaching of any subject is a social and cultural activity. First of all we should know how English is a link language. In my opinion, a link language is one by which a man belonging to any social, national and international strata to express himself in a better way. English as a link language occupies a very important place in our social activities especially in the academic domain, English has occupied a unique position and almost all the students want to learn this language to have a better future. However it has often been realized that many students in the developing countries remain deficient in their abilities to communicate in the spoken and written mode although they have received several years of formal teaching of English (widdowson 1972:15). This struggle continues right up to the university level and even students are seen to opt for private course in the hope of improving their proficiency in English language.
2.0 English language proficiency
It is the ability of students to use the English language, to make and communicate meaning in spoken and written context while completing their program of study.
2.1 Language system
Language system refers to the specific aspects of language comprising vocabulary, grammar and communicative function and teaching such aspects of language is called teaching language system. These aspects of language are described below:
2.1.1Teaching vocabulary
Vocabulary is a word or set of words consisting of single word, compound word and idiom and teaching vocabulary means teaching such items. Words may be of content or function, active or passive. While teaching vocabulary, it is suggested to focus on active vocabulary since these words are the requirements of learners for day to day communication (Sharma, 2010). Teaching vocabulary entails teaching all aspects associated with it regarding word meaning, word use, word formation and word grammar. (Wang 2013)
2.1.2 Teaching grammar
Grammar comprises the aspect of syntax and morphology and grammar teaching focuses on the pattern of language and practice of these rules. There are two approaches used to teach grammar namely deductive approach and inductive approach. In deductive approach, there is a direct and explicit explanation of grammatical structures whereas in inductive approach, there is no direct explanation of grammatical explanation but it “favors induction or the learners' discovery of the grammatical rules through tasks” (Ellis as cited in Dang & Nguyen, 2013, p. 113). Hence, it is also called indirect explicit grammar instruction which is considered to “have great contributions to enhancing learners' rule comprehension” (Dang & Nguyen, 2013, p.119). But, Azar (as cited in Ezzi, 2012) recommendsthe application of grammar based teaching instead of adopting any of them to benefit from the advantages of both approaches. For the practice of grammar, different grammar exercises can be conducted like awareness, controlled drills, meaningful drills, guided meaningful practices, free sentence composition based on structure, structure based discourse composition and free discourse (Sharma, 2010).
2.1.3 Teaching communicative function
Communicative function refers to communicative goal or purpose for the fulfillment of which language is used. Communicative function comprises requesting, ordering, asking for permission etc. Language is for communication. Therefore, to teach language means to make learners communicatively competent. This means teaching language should enhance learners’ communicative competence which comprises the grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse and strategic competence by help of which learners become competent in handling any of the communicative situations.
2.2 Language skills
Modes or manners in which language is used are called language skills that comprise listening, speaking, reading and writing. These skills are grouped into receptive skills and productive skills.
Language skills
I. Receptive skills 2) Productive skills
2.2.1 Teaching listening skill
Listening refers to the learning ability to comprehend the speaker’s pronunciation, grammar and meaning along with their accent and teaching listening skills refers to teaching listening comprehension which comprises identifying words, constructing information and their utilization (Sharma 2010).
2.2.2 Teaching speaking skills
Speaking is the ability to use the oral language appropriately and effectively in learning activities. The goal of teaching speaking skill is communicative efficiency. Learners should be able to make themselves understood using their current proficiency to the fullest. They should try to avoid confusion in the message due to faulty pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and to observe the social and cultural roles that apply in common situation.
2.2.3 Teaching reading skills
It is one of the language skills in which learner construct the meaning from written text. It is the complex skill requiring the coordination of inter-related source of information (Anderson, Hebert, Scott and Wilkinson 1985).
While reading, reader interacts with a text, decodes it and construct a meaning. Teaching reading skills aims at making learners practice the skill of reading and to provide language exposure that is useful for the acquisition of language.
2.2.4 Teaching writing skills
Writing is the process of conveying through written symbols. The ability to put together a piece of writing that conveys meaning clearly and accurately is an essential functional skill. The main purpose of teaching writing skill to learners is for language processing which is the learner’s act of thinking in the target language that helps them to understand its construction better (Sharma 2010)
3. Method 3.1 Sample
The sample of this study was taken from various higher secondary institutes of Baramulla and Srinagar district of Kashmir division. The sample comprised of a total number of 300 respondents from which 100 belongs to missionary schools, 100 belonged to private schools and hundred belonged to government school. Approval was taken from head of the institutions to furnish the data and participants was matched on certain variables like age, education and gender.
3.2 Instrument
Questionnaire is one of the important tools for data elicitation. A questionnaire was prepared which consisted of two parts. Part one was designed to elicit personal information about the student which included items such as student’s background , their schooling at high school level (govt. Private, missionary), economic background, educational qualifications of their parents and so on. The other part was prepared for the elicitation of linguistic data which was designed to test the student’s knowledge of all the four language skills, namely reading, writing, speaking and listening.
For the present work, four separate schedules (each one for each skill) were prepared and the students were tried out in the field through a pilot study.
A brief description of the four sections covering these skills is provided below
3.2.1 Speaking Section
which typically covered some aspects of past, present and future situations. The speaking test contained three sections. The first section comprised of an interview during which respondents were asked about their hobbies, interests, and other general topics like sports and family. In the second section candidates were asked to read the given passage. The third section involved a picture story which a learner had to describe in his/her own words. The responses of the students were recorded using a tape recorder.
3.2.2 Listening section:
The Listening section aims to measure the learner’s ability to understand English. Conversational features of the language were stressed, and the skills tested included vocabulary and grammatical constructions that are frequently used in spoken English. This section included two subsequent monologues. In first case the monologue was immediately followed by questions to check their Extensive/Intensive listening. This test takes approximately thirty minutes. The listening material was recorded on a cassette tape which the student heard only once.
3.2.3 Reading Section
The Reading section was devised to measure the ability of the learner to read and understand short passages. Students were asked to read two short passages on different subjects and answer several questions about each passage. The questions in this section assessed the comprehension of main ideas, factual information stated in a passage, and vocabulary. It also included a cloze type of question so that respondent pays close attention to the meaning of each sentence.
3.2.4 Writing Section
The writing section was designed to measure the ability to write in English, including the ability to generate, organize, and develop ideas, and to support those ideas with examples or evidence. The writing test included writing summary of a given passage, essay based questions and report based questions. The responses of these were elicited on separate sheets. Time allotted for this test was 1 hour and 30 minutes.
4. Result
After collecting the data from a survey method it was converted into numbers before transferring to an excel spreadsheet so the data was codified and then quantified. The quantitative data was captured in a software programs called a statistical package of social sciences( spss) version 14.0 for its final analyses and tabulation purposes.
Table first shows that significant difference in English language proficiency among learners in terms of nature of institution.
NATURE OF INSTITUTION
READIN G
WRITIN G
LISTENIN G
SPEAKIN G
GRANDMEA N
MISSIONARY SCHOOLS
3.45 3.33 2.39 2.61 11.78
PRIVATE SCHOOLS
3.36 2.9 2 2.04 10.3
GOVERNME NT SCHOOL
2.48 2.67 1.36 1.39 7.89
5. Discussion: The above table shows that ELT students of government institutions were less proficient than that of missionary and private institutions in each of the skills and aspects of language.
Missionary higher secondary students mean (M=3.45) Private higher secondary students mean (M=3.36)
In writing aspects: Government higher secondary students mean (M=2.67) Missionary higher secondary students mean (M=3.33)
Private higher secondary students mean (M=2.9)
In listening aspects: Government higher secondary students mean (M=1.36) Missionary higher secondary students mean (M=2.39)
Private higher secondary students mean (M=2.0)
In speaking aspects: Government higher secondary students mean (M=1.39) Missionary higher secondary students mean (M=2.61)
Private higher secondary students mean (M=2.04)
In overall Government higher secondary students mean is 7.89 which is less than missionary students mean (11.78) and private higher secondary students mean (10.3)
6. Conclusion
After analysis of all the items of proficiency test and discussion made, conclusion can be drawn that the English proficiency of ELT students of senior secondary level education of government school of Baramulla and Srinagar district is very poor. Therefore, ELT teachers are recommended to adopt the effective methods and techniques so as to enhance learner’s proficiency level of English language.
7.Acknowledgement
I am grateful to the ELT learners of senior secondary schools of Baramulla and Srinagar district for their kind cooperation in providing their valuable time by appearing in the proficiency test for the purpose of this study.
References
1. Ahmadi, M. R., Ismail, H. N., & Abdullah, M. K. (2013). The Importance of Metacognitive Reading Strategy Awareness in Reading Comprehension. ELT , 6 (10), 235-244.
2. Aslam, Mohammad. Teaching of English, New Delhi: Foundation Books, 2003.
3. Anderson, R.C, Hiebert, E.H., Scott, J.A., &Wilkinson, I.A.G(1985).Becoming a nation of readers:the report of the commission on reading. Washington, D.C.:National Institute of Education. Chambers, F.and brigham, A.1989.summary writing:a shortcut to success. English teaching Forum 27, 1:43-45.
4. Gupta, Deepti. Communicative language teaching: Then and Now. New Delhi: Book plus, 2006.
5. Johnson, Keith. Language Teaching and Skill learning.Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.
6. Brumfit, C. Communicative Methodology in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
7. Chomsky, N. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Massachusset: M. I.T. Press, 1965
8. Hewings, Martin. Advanced English grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, n.p.
9. Leech, G. and Svartvik, J. A communicative Grammar of Grammar of English. London: Longman, 1975.
A Comparative Study Of Personality Profile Of Opiates
And Non-Opiates
Ruheela
Abstract
The study was conducted to make a comparison between male opiates and non-opiates residing in various rural and urban areas of Kashmir division. In this study, the questionnaire developed by Hans.J.Esyneck (EPI) consists 90 items was used to identify the different dimensions of personality.
1. Psychoticism:- Solitary, insensitive and ego-centric. 2. Extra-version:- Sociable, out-going and optimistic. 3. Neuroticism:- Moody, touchy, anxious and restless.
The study reflects that opiates have low frustration tolerance for unsatisfactory conditions are neurotically fatigued, easily annoyed and emotional. They are suspicious and are often involved in their own ego, interested only in their own mental life. They are unconcerned about other people and are poor in team work. These people tend to worry and to feel anxious over difficulties and are not able to meet the demands of life, they tend to follow their own impulse and do not act according to values or out of sense of duty.
In this study, the comparison is made between how an addict brain is different from non-addict brain. The aim of the study was to compare the personality traits associated with use of drug like opium (papaver-somniferum). A plant of the family (papaveraceae) such as morphine, codeine and heroine acts upon central nervous system and produces physical dependence and addiction. The habitual use of opium produces physical and mental deterioration and shortens life. An acute overdose of opium causes respiratory depression which can be fatal.
Keywords: opium; respiratory depression; drug addiction; chronic disease; fatal; mental deterioration.
1.Introduction
A person’s characteristics way of responding are often referred to as his or her personality. Personality is both complex & unique in that individual differ greatly from one another in multiple components of behavior. Most people’s personality style doesn’t affect their behavior similarly in many situation personality style may be maladaptive, if an individual is unable to modify his or her behavior. When the environment undergo significant changes that call for different approaches. If personality characteristics are not flexible enough to allow an individual to respond adaptively to at least an ordinary variety of situations a disorder may be present.
When personality styles become pathological, they can impair an individual’s functioning important situations and can lead to anxiety, feeling of distress and unhappiness.
One of the most famous psychologists “Allport G.W” who defined personality in a most comprehensive way. According to him, “personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of that psycho-physical system that determines his unique adjustment to his environment”.
Personality is not a fixed state but a dynamic totality, which is continuously changing due to interaction with the environment. The way in which individual adjust with his environment is personality. It is organization of internal and external activities. Individual affect other individual through his personality in short, personality is the total quality of the structure. Attitudes, interests, capacities and behavior pattern which are manifested in man’s relation with environment.
1.1 Understanding drug
Many people don’t understand why or how other people become addicted to drugs. They may mistakenly think that those who use drugs lack moral principles or will power and that they couldn’t stop their drug use simply by choosing to. In reality drug addiction is a complex disease, quitting usually takes more than good intentions/ strong will. It changes the brain that making quitting hard.
1.2 What is drug addiction?
Addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, difficult to control, despite harmful consequences. The initial decision to take drugs is voluntary for most people, but repeated drug use can lead to brain changes that challenges an addicted persons self- control and interfere with their ability to resist interfere urges to take drugs. Their brain changes can be persistent, that is why drug addicted is considered a relapsing disease. People in recovery from drug use disorders are at increased risk for returning to drug use even after years of not taking drugs.
It is common for a person to relapse, but relapse does not mean that treatment does not work. As with other chronic health conditions treatment should be ongoing and should be adjusted on how the patient responses. Treatment plan need to be revived often and modified to fit the patients changing needs.
Addiction is a disease that affects brain and behavior. When a person is addicted to drugs, he cannot resist the urge to use them, no matter how much harm the drug may cause. Drug addiction is not just heroin, cocaine or other illegal drugs, but one can get addicted to alcohol, nicotine, upload pain killer and other legal substances.
At first, a person may choose to take drug because he like the way it makes to feel, he may think he can control how much and how often use it but overtime drugs change how brain works. These physical changes can last for a long time and makes a person to lose self- control and can lead to damaging behavior.
1.3 Addiction Vs Abuse
Drug abuse is when a person use legal or illegal substances in way that he should not. He may take more than the regular doze of pills or use someone elses prescription. He may abuse drugs to feel good, ease stress or avoid reality.
Addiction is when a person cannot stop, not when it puts his health in danger but also causes financial, emotional and other problems.
1.4 What happens to the brain when a person takes drugs?
Brain is wired to repeat experiences that make feel good, so we are motivated to do them again and again.
1. Judgment
2. Decision making Memory 3. Ability to learn.
Together these brain changes can drive to seek out and take drugs in ways that are beyond a person’s control.
2. Method 2.1 Sample
The study was planned to explore the trait profile of substance abusers. The sample consisted 60 male opiates and 60 normal subjects who never used psychotropic drugs and maintained healthy physical life were selected by matching the variables i.e. age, sex, education, and marital status. In this method, general psychiatric unit (O.P.D) of drug de-addiction center, Police Control Room Srinagar was approached to furnish data and all substance abusers satisfying certain criteria of substance abuse were selected for study. The inclusion criteria were period of drug intake which was more than six months, registered patients at the OPD, substance dependence was diagnosed by concerning psychiatrist according to International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (1992) and have minimum age of 18 years and belonging from Districts of Baramulla, Srinagar and Anantnag.
2.2 Procedure
Approval was obtained from the Inspector General (I.G) Police Control Room before approaching patients in drug de-addiction center. The participants were given a brief overview of the study and asked to sign an informed consent form that explained the purpose of the study and assured confidentiality. The respondents filled up questionnaires in the presence of researcher and required approximately 50 minutes to complete.
Ethical consideration: Participants were treated in accordance to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and American Psychological Associations (APA) ethical guidelines.
2.3 instrument
In addition to a socio-demographic, questionnaire developed by a researcher which was divided into socio-demographic and clinical data sheet.
The variables in socio-demographic sheet were name, age, sex, educational qualification, occupation, marital status, religion, residence, family income and family type.
The variables on clinical data sheet were age of onset, type of drug, frequency and severity, last use, any abstinent attempt any family history were asked.
A questionnaire developed by Hans.J.Esyneck- a British borne psychologist was used to identify the different dimensions of personality. It consists of 90 items and are 3 levels reflecting the different dimensions of personality
1. Psychoticism:- Solitary, insensitive and ego-centric. 2. Extra-version:- Sociable, out-going and optimistic. 3. Neuroticism:- Moody, touchy, anxious and restless.
The scoring key for E.P.Q (R) was used to check the responses of subject. The key was placed on the booklet visible through the circles on the key. The scores psychoticism, extra-version and neuroticism was obtained by using this key. One score was added for each answer visible through the squares and was recorded in the table on page 1st.
3. Result
A view of the table 1 shows that there is significant difference between psychoticism score of opiates and non-opiates because (t=3.02) value to reach the significance level criteria. A view of the table 2 shows that there is no significance difference between the mean extraversion score of opiates and non-opiates because (t=1.347) value fail to reach the significance level criteria.
A view of the table 3 shows that there is a significance difference between neuroticism score of opiates and non-opiates because (t=6) value to reach the significance level criteria.
Table 1-Mean scores, SDs and t-value of PEN-scores of opiates and non-opiates. Personality
dimension
Opiates
Mean Standard Deviation
Non-opiates Mean
Standard Deviation
t-value
Psychoticism 5.81 1.90 4.60 2.40 3.02
Extra-version
11.11 5.032 12.16 3.12 1.347
Neuroticism 14.86 2.87 3.12
6
4 Discussion
The result of present study demonstrated that substance abusers had significantly scored higher on psychoticism and neuroticism as compared to non-substance abusers. Substance abusers were more anxious, hostile, vulnerable to stress and depressive traits. The findings also consistent with earlier studies which showed that opiates had more higher neurotic tendencies than non-opiates (Dorus and Senay.1980) (Skinner and Allen.1982). High N is associated with irrational ideas, reduced impulse control and poor adjustment of stress (Costa Mc-Crae.1992)
Much theoretical explanation had vein used to explain the high anxiety level among substance abusers. One of the most prominent work done in this area was Esyneck’s Three Dimensional Theory of Personality Esyneck 1979 put forward the idea that the biological basis of neuroticism originates from the sensitivity of the limbic autonomic system which determines our reactivity to environmental and psychological stimuli. Highly reactive individuals are typically easily agitated. These individuals may be expected to use addictive substance for their calming and rewarding effects.
No significant difference in extraversion scores of opiates and non-opiates was an un-expected result despite that the extraverts had a strong nervous system that is relatively quick to inhibit excessive stimulation. They readily tune out the arousing imports from social situations and can tolerate having a lot of activity. They crave such stimulation and their behavior governed with stimulation seeking behavior (Esyneck.1985). because of their low level of cortical arousal they need more stimulation for maintaining an optimal level of arousal hence they used addictive substance as a form of stimulation.
likely to accept and be less fearful to the consequences, failing to follow cultural norms governing drug abuse (Esyneck 1979).
There is an interesting convergence of thinking on the relationship between reward drive and spontaneous impulsiveness in the development and maintenance of substance misuse. Individuals prone to abuse drugs have been found to have lower levels of Dopamine concentration in neural pathways than those individuals less prone to abuse drugs.
5.Conclusion
its concluded that drug users show highest neurotic tendencies and emotional instability than non drug users. They are more hostile, anxious and vulnerable to stress than non drug users.
6. Acknowledgement
I am grateful to the entire team of Drug De-addiction centre, police control room Srinagar and the patients for their kind co-operation in providing their valuable time during collection of data for this study.
References
▪ Nutt, D.; King L.A.; Saulsbury,W.; Blakermore, C.(2007). “Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse.”
▪ Allport, G.W.(1961) pattern and growth in personality. New York, Holt. ▪ Greene MH, Nightingale SL, DuPont RL. Evolving patterns of drug abuse.
▪ SADAVA, S. W. (1978). Etiology, personality and alcoholism. Canadian Psychological Review, 19,1998-2014.
▪ Alexander M.Survillance of heroin-related deaths in Atlanta, 1971 to 1973. ▪ Copeman M (April 2003). “Drug supply and drug abuse”
▪ Bandura, A. (1997) Self-Efficacy.
Entrepreneurial Intention among Management Students
M. Karthik
Dr. G. Udayasuriyan
Abstract
Creating entrepreneurial intention is the basic steps to evolve various forms of entrepreneurship in any nation. The entrepreneurial intention has a distinctive advantage in nature. The purpose of the research is to identify the entrepreneurial intention among management students in Madurai district. Two objective of this study is reached through methodology. Sample size was 100 obtained through simple random sampling technique in Madurai district. Researcher used standard questionnaire was with 5 point scale in the continuum of agreeing. Path analysis was used for data analysis. The path analysis found that there is influence of personal attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control on entrepreneurial intention among the management students. It is also found that there influence of perceived behaviour control and entrepreneurial intention on entrepreneurial behaviour among the management students in Madurai district. It is observed that the perceived desirability to become an entrepreneur is high in the minds of students. Similarly they were not aware much about how to start a new venture and the required basics. Hence, it is concluded that the management educational institutions should develop curriculum which comprise required basic and macro things which required creating a new firm.
Keywords: personal attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behaviour control, and entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial behaviour.
Introduction
The term “entrepreneurship” was typically borrowed from the French language. It denotes an individual who organizes or engages in a business. The term “entrepreneur” was coined by the French economist Jean-Baptiste Say. Entrepreneurship is believed as a booster to any national income. It also increases the employment opportunity directly and indirectly. In order to create various form of entrepreneurship, a nation needs to seed entrepreneurial intention in the minds of youth, especially in the mind of college students. Most of the researchers observed that creating entrepreneurial intention is the primary steps to get success in nurturing entrepreneurship.
Creating entrepreneurial intention is the basic steps evolve various entrepreneurship in any nation. In addition, the entrepreneurial intention has a distinctive advantage in nature. If any community has high level of entrepreneurial intentions, it can produce various forms of entrepreneurship such as social entrepreneur, ecopreneur, edupruneur and different innovative entrepreneurship which society requires having cumulative growth. It is difficult to create various forms of entrepreneurship in a short span of time, unless the society which has higher entrepreneurial intention. This study is aimed to analyze the management students’ intention to become entrepreneur in the future. This section is to discuss
understanding of the entrepreneurship and to choose variables to measure the entrepreneurial intentions.
Theory of Planned Behavior for Entrepreneurial Behavior
This theory of planned behaviour model (Ajzen, 1991) came from the field of psychology to understand and analyze the intention of nascent entrepreneur. This model demonstrated the relationship between individuals’ intentions and behavior to become an entrepreneur. This model shown three attitudinal antecedents of individuals intentions is correlated to entrepreneurial intentions and form the entrepreneurial behavior.
There were many researches carried this model to study the intentional behavior of the peoples. As displayed above, personal attitudes, subjective norms and perceived control factors had been served as antecedents to influence the future action of the individuals. Apart from that, various factors such as environmental factors, demographic factors, and social factors also added and identified that too served as factors in deciding the future planned behavior of individuals.
• Personal Attitude refers to the personal perception and approach towards the desired action in achieving dream. It is attitude towards the behavior or outcome of the intention. • Subjective Norms indicates tap the perceptions of what important people in respondents’ lives think about performing a particular behaviour. Included would be the individual’s family expectations about the desirability of becoming entrepreneur.
• The Perceived Behaviourial Control (PBC) is defined as the perceived ease or difficulty of performing behaviour. Individuals usually elect to adopt behaviours they think will be able to control and master.
In this model, observed that Theory of Planned Behavior, Ajzen, (1991) depends on three key factors as shown in the diagram. In that, subjective norms are influenced by the knowledge of the individuals as well as environment.
Review of Literature
Zain, et al. (2010) study on Malaysian undergraduate business students in public university in survey using 230 samples selected through systematic sampling revealed that more graduate students have a desire to pursue into entrepreneurship and they are influenced by entrepreneurial courses taken, family members who are entrepreneurs and academics that are in business related disciplines. The findings indicate that personality trait influence intention. The manner in which a person feels and act influences their decision to become an entrepreneur.
Putra (2012) conducted a study to examine the factors determining Management students` interest in entrepreneurship. Samples were used from the Management students of Padang University, using accidental sampling technique, and factor analysis, and twenty-two questionnaire items were given to 100 students. These results proved that there were six factors determining Management student interests in entrepreneurship, namely environmental factors, self-esteem factors, opportunity factors, personality factors, vision and confidence factors.
(4). there was no significant difference in the entrepreneurial success based on gender differences. (5.) Locus of control and risk-taking behavior did not collectively predict/determine entrepreneurial success. On the basis of the findings, entrepreneurs are advised to take cognizance of their personality since it can go a long way to determine the success or failure of an enterprise.
Krishna (2013) ascertains that motivational factors can be classified into internal and external factors. Internal factors are related to the personality of the entrepreneur and generate an inclination to adopt entrepreneurial activity. Internal factors include educational background, occupational experience, the desire to do something pioneering and innovative, the desire to be free and independent and family background. Entrepreneurial ambitions cannot fructify without a supporting environment. External factors provide support and give a spark to entrepreneurship. External factors include assistance from government and financial institutions.
Zahariah, et al. (2010) studied “Entrepreneurship Intention among Malaysian Business Students." This study using a questionnaire survey on undergraduate business students in a Malaysian public university, to examine business students has an intention to pursue entrepreneurship. It also examines whether personality traits and environmental factors influence the students to become entrepreneurs. The results indicate that more than half of the respondents have an intention to become entrepreneurs and their decisions are attributed by the influence from their family members, academics and attending courses on entrepreneurship. The results also show that personality traits and environmental, play an important role in influencing the students’ decision to become entrepreneurs. The findings implicate that academics need to play a significant role in encouraging more students to become entrepreneurs by providing more awareness on the benefits of becoming entrepreneurs and in turn, contributing to the growth of the country’s economy and global competitiveness.
Research Methodology Research Design
Descriptive research design has been adopted for this work. It attempts to describe the behavior of the respondents in relation to a particular practice of the society. The descriptive study is typically concerned with determining the frequency with which something occurs or how two variables vary. Researcher has adopted the survey method to determine the influence of personality on entrepreneurial intention among management students.
Framework
Figure 1: Framework: Theory of Planned Behavior, Ajzen, 1991 Objective of the study
➢ To study the influence of Personal attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control on entrepreneurial intention among the management students.
➢ To identify the influence of entrepreneurial intention on entrepreneurial behaviour among the management students in Madurai.
Hypothesis of the Study
➢ There is no influence of personal attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control on entrepreneurial intention among the management students.
➢ There is no influence of entrepreneurial intention on entrepreneurial behaviour among the management students in Madurai district.
Questionnaire Construction
S.No. Variable Author
1 Personal attitude
Ajzen, (1991) 2 Perceived behavioural control
3 Subjective norms
4 Entrepreneurial intention 5 Behaviour
The scales were developed by (Ajzen, 1991). The responses towards personal attitude, perceived behavioural control, subjective norms, entrepreneurial intention and behaviour were five point likert scales from strongly agree to strongly disagree.
Area of sample and justification
Madurai district have been chosen for this study as area of sampling. Hence there is a need to influence of personal attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control on entrepreneurial intention among management students.
Sample Size
Sample size was 100 management students of Madurai district. Sampling Technique
Tool for data analysis
Path analysis was used to identify the influence of personal attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control on entrepreneurial behaviour with respect to entrepreneurial intention among management students in Madurai.
Analysis and Interpretation
Model Fit Indication Indicators Observed
Value
Recommended Value (Premapriya, et al. 2006)
Chi-Square 3.532 --
P Value 0.317 Greater Than 0.050 GFI 0.977 Greater Than 0.90 AGFI 0.906 Greater Than 0.90 CFI 0.977 Greater Than 0.90 NFI 0.981 Greater Than 0.90 RMSEA 0.055 Less Than 0.080 Source: Primary data
From the above table it is found that the calculated chi-square value is 3.532, p- value is 0.317 which is greater than 0.05, which indicates that perfectly fit. It is found that RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation) value is 0.055 which are less than 0.08, which indicates that it is perfectly fit Velaudham and Baskar (2016). Here GFI (Goodness of Fit Index) value and AGFI (Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index) values are greater than 0.90 which represent it is a good fit. The calculated CFI (Comparative Fit Index) value and NFI (Normed Fit Index) values are greater than 0.90 which means that it is a perfectly fit Velaudham and Baskar (2015).
Regression Weights: (Group number 1 - Default model)
DV IV Estimate S.E. C.R. Beta P
Entrepreneurial Intention <---
Personal
Attitudes 0.347 0.028 12.493 0.468 0.001 Entrepreneurial
Intention <--- Subjective Norms 0.140 0.035 4.005 0.146 0.001
Entrepreneurial Intention <---
Perceived Behaviour Control
0.103 0.032 3.262 0.118 0.001
Entrepreneurial Behaviour <---
Entrepreneurial
Intention 0.717 0.060 12.007 0.397 0.001
Entrepreneurial Behaviour <---
Perceived Behaviour Control
0.641 0.052 12.327 0.407 0.001
Source: Primary data
Ho:Personal attitudes do not influence by entrepreneurial intention.
Through the path analysis, regression weight as the value of CR was 12.493. The Beta value was 0.468 which indicates that 46.8% of influence is through personal attitudes towards entrepreneurial intention. The p-value was 0.001; was less than 1% and the hypothesis was rejected. Hence, it can be concluded that the personal attitudes influences entrepreneurial intention among management students in Madurai district.
Ho:Subjective norms do not influence by entrepreneurial intention.
Through the path analysis, regression weight as the value of CR was 4.005. The Beta value was 0.146 which indicates that 14.6% of influence is through subjective norms towards entrepreneurial intention. The p-value was 0.001; was less than 1% and the hypothesis was rejected. Hence, it can be inferred that the subjective norms influences entrepreneurial intention among management students in Madurai district.
Ho:Perceived behaviour control do not influence by entrepreneurial intention.
Through the path analysis, regression weight as the value of CR was 3.262. The Beta value was 0.118 which indicates that 11.6% of influence is through perceived behaviour control towards entrepreneurial intention. The p-value was 0.001; was less than 1% and the hypothesis was rejected. Hence, it has been found that the perceived behaviour control influences entrepreneurial intention among management students in Madurai district.
Ho:Perceived behaviour control do not influence by entrepreneurial behaviour.
Through the path analysis, regression weight as the value of CR was 12.327. The Beta value was 0.407 which indicates that 40.7% of influence is through perceived behaviour control towards entrepreneurial behaviour. The p-value was 0.001; was less than 1% and the hypothesis was rejected. Hence, it can be decided that the perceived behaviour control influences entrepreneurial behaviour among management students in Madurai district.
Ho:Perceived behaviour control do not influence by entrepreneurial behaviour.
Ho:Entrepreneurial intention do not influence by entrepreneurial behaviour.
Through the path analysis, regression weight as the value of CR was 12.007. The Beta value was 0.397 which indicates that 39.7% of influence is through entrepreneurial intention towards entrepreneurial behaviour. The p-value was 0.001; was less than 1% and the hypothesis was rejected. Hence, it can be inferred that the entrepreneurial intention influences entrepreneurial behaviour among management students in Madurai district.
Findings
➢ The path analysis found that there is influence of personal attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control on entrepreneurial intention among the management students.
➢ It is also found that there is influence of perceived behaviour control and entrepreneurial intention on entrepreneurial behaviour among the management students in Madurai.
Recommendations
➢ Proper training needs to given to the faculties who involved in developing the entrepreneurial intentions.
➢ University should tied up/MOU with more enterprises to get fruitful experiences to the students.
➢ The academic institutions should develop curriculum which comprises of basic and macro things which required for.
➢ Basic management lessons also should be added in their academics.
➢ Entrepreneurship education should be added in the academic programs in both theoretical and practical form.
Conclusion
The path analysis found that there are influences of personal attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control on entrepreneurial intention among the management students. It is also found that there is an influence of perceived behaviour control and entrepreneurial intention on entrepreneurial behaviour among the management students in Madurai. It is observed that the perceived desirability to become an entrepreneur is high in the minds of students. Similarly they were not aware much about how to start a new venture and the required basics. Hence, it is concluded that the management institutions should develop curriculum which comprises of entrepreneurship lessions.
Reference
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Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behaviour. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Akinbola Olufemi Amos, Ogunnaike Olaleke Oluseye and Amaihian Augusta Bosede (2015) "Influence of Contextual Factors on Entrepreneurial Intention of University Students: The Nigerian Experience." IBIMA Publishing, Journal of South African Business Research, Article ID 750622, 13.
Ekundayo B. Babatunde & Babatunde E. Durowaiye (2014) "The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Intentions among Nigerian Undergraduates." IMPACT: International Journal of Research in, Humanities, Arts and Literature, Vol. 2, Issue 11, 15-26.
Mai Ngoc Khuong and Nguyen Huu An (2016) "The Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Intention of the Students of Vietnam National University — A Mediation Analysis of Perception toward Entrepreneurship." Journal of Economics, Business and Management, Vol. 4, No. 2, February 2016.
Premapriya, Velaudham and Baskar (2016) Nature of Family Influenced by Consumer Buying Behavior: Multiple Group Analysis Approach, Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol. 6, No.9, pp. 908-915.
Sari Lestari Zainal Ridho, Dewi Fadila, Yusleli Herawati and Achmad Leofaragusta K. (2015) "Identifying Supporting Factors of Students` Entrepreneurship Intention: A Case Study of Palembang, Indonesia." World Review of Business Research, Vol. 5, No. 1, Issue, Pp. 58 – 71.
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Study of Women Empowerment in Haryana Prisons
Sunita Rani
Abstract
The degree of civilization in a society can be judged by entering its prisons. A society can’t be recognized as civilized unless it treats the prisoners with sympathy and affection which is only possible after acceptance of importance of basic human rights and fundamental rights. A prisoner, be a convict or under trial or a detenue, does not cease to be a human being. There are number of provisions in the form of laws, rules and guidelines that protect women from exploitation in prisons and guarantee them basic services. However, the implementation of these provisions is found to be myriad lacking and women face a variety of problems in prisons. There are severe lack of female staff, adequate accommodation arrangements, adequate sanitation and hygienic environment, female medical personnel and facilities mean to cover physical, sexual, reproductive and mental health needs of women in prison. Women are entitled to have access to education while in prison but apart from provisions for basic literacy educational facilities are most missing. Availability of legal aid services, professional education, Skill development programmes and vocational training are just paper dressing and mendacious. Physical and sexual violence is a common scenario and it occurred in myriad in the prisons, faced by inmates at the hands of authorities and other prisoners. The provisions for guaranteed safety to women in prison and addressing to hark their complaints need to be followed strictly, which is not being done. Prisons ate thesaurus and is important that women in particular to contact their social network outside the prison to ensure to rehabilitation a calm and peaceful life in the society after her release. This paper gives a look on need of necessary modifications and implementation mechanism of laws, the steps taken by the jail administration, the reality faced by the women prisoners and the some way ahead in the direction of women empowerment in prisons of Haryana.
Keywords: Women Empowerment, Haryana Jail Study, Reality of facilities in Jail.
Introduction
“Life is secured, if safety is ensured.”
Take the prisoners from the world of killing to the world of healing; from the world of pain to the world of happiness; from the world of lock to the world of no lock; from the world wall to the world of no walls: “Trust begets trust.”
“Hate and crime and not the criminals.” All men are born equal and are endowed by the creator with some basic rights.” These rights are mainly right to life and liberty but if any person does not comply with ethics of the society then that person is deprived of these rights with proper punishment. Many experts believe that the main objective of prisons is to bring the offenders back to the mainstream of the society.
The medieval period witnessed merciless torture of prisoners such as execution, mutilation, flogging, burning and other corporal punishment. The life of prisoners in the medieval period was hard, unbearable and painful. Imprisonment as way of punishment has evolved over the
centuries. In India and most of the world today, prisons are viewed as centres for the reform of nefarious criminals.
A person is a correctional facility meant to house individuals who break the law. The purpose of prisons is the reformation of inmates. Despite this prison systems often hide violence and depravity behind their iron cages which is detrimental to the reform of offenders. It is thus pertinent to recognize and fulfill the basic rights of prisoners to encourage their reformation. The problems related to imprisonment become even more pronounced in the context of women inmates. Prison systems are primarily designed to cater to men and are not well equipped to address the particular need of women in prison. In the end of 2015, Indian Prisons were home to 17,834 women. Only 17% of these women live in exclusively female prisons, while the majority are housed in female enclosures of general prisons, there is national and international agreement that the condition of prisons and of women living in them needs urgent improvement. These reports are from jail visits conducted by National Commission for Women between November 2017 and May 2018 and a comprehensive review of Prison Manuals carried out by the National Law University, Delhi between March and June, 2018.
There are number of provisions in the form of laws, rules and guidelines that protect women from exploitation in prison and guarantee them basic services. However the implementation of these provisions is found to be largely lacking and women face a variety of problems while living in prison.
Definition Of Women Empowerment
There are different ways and principles to define women’s empowerment such as far one to be empowered they must come from a position of disempowerment. Furthermore one must acquire empowerment themselves rather than have it given to them by an external party. Empowerment definitions entail people having the capability to make important decisions in their lives while also being able to act on them. Empowerment and disempowerment related to each other, therefore empowerment is a process not a product. Women empowerment refers to the ability for women to enjoy their right to control and benefit from the resources, assets, income and their own time as well as the ability to manage risk and improve their financial status. A more qualitative form of assessing women’s empowerment is to identify constraints to action. This allows for the identification of power relations between genders.
MOTTO
The motto of the subject is to build more effectiveness condition of women in Prison in India in order to consider the action to be taken for improvement of the women in different Jails of Haryana.
Objectives Of Women Empowerment
The objective of this research is to build more powerful, mind full skull of women in prisons. First of all we have to consider that:-
• What are the entitlements of women in Prison?
• How much problems to be faced by women in Prison?
• What should be done to obviate from existing situation and what efforts to be made to improve such critical condition of women Prisoners in different Jails?
a) Working Group on Prisons, 1972.
b) National Expert Committee on Women Prisoners, 1987. (Justice Krishna Iyer Committee.)
During l986 a committee headed by Shri R. K. Kapoor to examine and review various factors to edify the critical condition of the women in Prisons.
Later in the year 1987 the National Expert Committee on Women Prisoners under the chairmanship of Justice Krishna Iyer debunk the perilously situation of women in Jails and made various assertive recommendations which follows as under:-
1. The women in prison should be well conversant about their rights provided under the law.
2. Only Constables (Women) may assign the duties to access the search on women prisoners.
3. The Lady Medical Officer may physically examine and search the women prisoners when they are entered mewed to prison.
4. Women Prisoners should be allowed to make contact with their families and may communicate with the Lawyers, social workers and as well as to Social voluntary organizations.
5. Women in Prison should be allowed to keep their children with them in the Prison.
6. There must be a separate Jail for women prisoners.
7. There must also be a separate Lawyer to prosecute to present the cases of women prisoners before the Hon’ble appropriate Courts.
Some More Realities Being Faced By Women In Prisons
•
The National Model Prison Manual 2016 is a progressive document outlining the basic entitlements of women in prison and has its strength to provide a national perspective on prisons to be adopted by all the Prisons in the State, this has been recommended by theMulla Committee.
•
Special procedures will be followed at the time of arrest of women to ensure their best interest as well as that of their children. Since searches at time of admission and throughout prison life can be an experience where women inmates face humiliation and violence.•
Adequate provisions shall be made for pregnancy and childbirth in prison including medical, dietary and accommodation-related improvements. Children of prisoners both the ones living with them or the ones living outside, would never be treated as prisoners themselves.•
The essential requirement both physical and mental health shall appropriately and regularly. Women inmates will be accessed to doctors and psychologists as and when needed.•
Educational facilities in prison will also be provided as per abilities of women prisoners besides vocational training and skilling faculties in prison shall be upgraded as it could improve the daily lives of women prisoners and give them economic support after release.•
Provisions of Legal Aid would be implemented with linkages with District and State Legal Service Authorities. All rights and entitlements will be explained to women in a language they can understand.•
For preventing recidivism and help in the solace transaction of women in the society government must have to observe comprehensive after care action.Prison Staff: The National Model Prison Manual 2016 recommended that there should be one guarding staff for every six prisoners. Each prison must have :
1. Executive Staff to control the jail system efficiently.
2. Lady Medical Officers for the treatment of women prisoners.
3. The Welfare Officer to for maintaining the prison in better conditions & to reform status of the women prisoners in the Jails.
4. Educational and vocational training programs must be introduced in the Jails for the betterment of life of women prisoners to rehabilitation in the society after their release. The vocational programs must be suitable to women such as cutting and tailoring, embroidery, Mushroom cultivation and many more.
In the year 2015 the total number of women jail officers/staff was 4,391 which are only 8.28% of total. (Prison Statistics India-2015). There is scarcity of supervisory level female officers. The National Prison Manual prescribes only One Lady DIG attached to the prison Head quarter to look after women prisoners, staff and prisoners in the Jails.
Hon’ble Supreme Court during the year May, 2017 also noted that there is an utter deficiency of staff almost in every Jail of India. Hon’ble court desired that necessary steps be taken to fill up all the vacant posts without further delay. (Supreme Court-Re-inhuman conditions in 1382 prisons dated 2.5.2017, WP(c) No. 406 of 2013.)
The lack of staff pertaining to women prisoners describes the facts that male staff often becomes responsible for female inmates. The presence of women inmates necessitates gender-specific services, which should be provided by female staff. To solve the situation the Prison Administration may hire female doctors, gynecologists, ANM’s, teachers, psychologists, socio-legal counselors, NGO’s locally to ensure that women prisoners are not bereft of these basic services.
Accommodation
The National Prison Manual specified the size for each cell and barracks in the prison. Only 20 prisoners should be in one barrack and each dormitory may accommodate only 4 to 6 prisoners. It is also provided that if any prisoner is in need of a private cell for the purpose of study etc. as well as segregated cells he/she may be given the same on priority. Segregated cells where prisoners may be kept due to concerns of violence or contagious diseases. It is also provided that adequate cooling and heating, washroom facilities, laundries and to secure individual belongings be made available in each barrack.
It is also hard fact that overcrowding is one of the basic problems plaguing Indian prisons. The national average occupancy was reported at 114.4% in 2015. UTs/States such as Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Chhattisgarh and Delhi have reported the status of overcrowding in prisons as high as 276.7%, 233.9% and 226.9% respectively. (BPR&D report No 165, www.bprd.nic.in).
Steps Being Taken By Jail Authority For Empowerment Of Women
Jails were primarily designed to cater to male inmates; special steps need to be taken to ensure adequate conditions for women as well. Female inmates are often faced with prison infrastructure and administrative systems, which are largely oblivious to their gender-specific need.
The courts in India have purported the need to recognize the rights of women prisoner and improve their conditions. The Hon’ble Supreme Court has affirmed the basic rights of women prisoner. While compensatory justice has an emotional aspect, safety and security concerns or in more general term, the common weal element, gives a rational core to the reformation process.
The most neglected aspect of reformation is the need to give some different shape to the individuals undergoing the process by focusing on the need for personality change and transformation. The sustainable way of ensuring the safety and security of society is by focusing on this object of reformation.
Importance of Women’s Empowerment in Societies
Entire Nations, businesses communities and other groups can benefit from the implementation of programs and policies that adopt the notion of women empowerment. Empowerment of women is a necessity for the development of a society since it enhances both the quality and the quantity of human resources available for development. Empowerment is one of the main procedural concerns when addressing human rights and development.
The Ministry Home Affairs are running various schemes not only for improvement of prison infrastructure with emphasis on hygiene condition but also organizing national as well as international conferences on correctional administration for sensitization of prison staff.
It is observed that all States are working towards the welfare and rehabilitation since similar kind of inputs on various initiatives in this regard have been received from States hence overall snapshots of welfare/rehabilitation measurements. Vocational Training cum Production Scheme
In the Prisons of Haryana the women are the part of various vocational training cum production schemes mainly Weaving, Bakery Products bread cake and biscuits etc. Tailoring, Printing, Book binding. Preparing of soft toys, soaps, phenyl, stamp pad ink, sealing wax, detergent powder, utensil powder and many other courses and Beauty Parlor, Pillows, detergent and toilet soaps and coir products. These are such type of vocational courses which empowered the women for their rehabilitation in society.
Education is sine qua non for reformation.
Various literacy/education programs like Sakashrata, Secondary, Senior Secondary by
National Institute of Open Schooling and B.P.P, B.A. level programs have been introduced by Indira Gandhi National Open University. In addition to this the prisoners especially Women Prisoners are also encouraged to join higher education with the results that in some of the prisons the educated prisoners are being encouraged to technical in computing keeping in that when they release from Jail they could make their lively hood in a better way.
Conclusion and Suggestions
of prisons and of women living in them needs urgent improvement. These reports are from jail visits conducted by National Commission for Women between November 2017 and May 2018 and a comprehensive review of Prison Manuals carried out by the National Law University, Delhi between March and June, 2018.
According to an agreement that the condition of prisoners especially for women prisoners is dismal and in need votive and ameliorative program in all the jails of Haryana.
United Nation General Assembly in convention at Bangkok, 2011 adopted Rules which lay out for the treatment of women in prisons and prescribe certain non-custodial measures for women offenders.
In the year 2015 Mr. Nelson Mandela Rules were adopted by the United Nation General Assembly which set out the international minimum standard for the treatment of prisoners including Women.
As per State List provided in the seventh schedule of Indian Constitution, all problems related to prisons, re correctional activities, borstal institutions and other institutions like prisons in which the persons detained therein. All the arrangements for healthy gaol of the prisoners come under the domain of State Governments.
Special provisions may be made for pregnant women prisoners for granting parole. Para medicos Staff and more doctors where there is shortage of medical staff may be provided immediately so that time medical aid is provided to the pregnant women and others. More medical camps are organized in the women jails for maintaining healthy environment.
Wages may be given to those women prisoners who worked in the different field in Jail and credit the in their saving bank accounts opened in various Nationalized Banks for their economic strength.
Every state should have such open jails where the prisoners having good conduct and who spent considerable years of their sentence could be sent.
Necessary steps should be taken by each of the State Governments to prevent supply of drug in Jail.
Prison workshops need to be urgently modernized and they should function like small modern industrial units with the latest equipments.
Our mindset towards prisoners should undergo a change so that a prison truly reflects the spirit of correction and reformation by treating the inmates as human beings.
References
1. Sc order in re- inhuman condition in 1382 prison dated February 2016.w.p.{c}No406of2013.
2. http://mahal.nic.in/prisonreforms/pdf/prisonAdmin17072009.pdf.
3. http://www.unodc.org/documents/justiceandprisonreform/Bankok_rules_ENG_220320 15.pdf.
4. Crimein India2016,NCRB
5. Prison Statistics India2015,NCRB
6. A dvisery no. 17014/3/2009/-PR dated 17th July 2000 issued by Ministry of Home Affairs
7. http://on.. wikipedia.org/wiki/women%27s_empowermet
8. Reformative Exploration by Dr. Francis Kudiyanvol 2/1March 2004
9. M attend WillemHJ,"The Vinden Suffering of the Psychopath"Phychiatric Times,19/1(2002).
Impact of Information Technology on The Agricultural
University Libraries in Uttar Pradesh: A Study
Neelam Devi
Dr. R.K. Choudhary
Abstract
Role of information technology in India has made a tremendous achievement since last one decade. In every sector of our economy ICT is playing a pivotal role and making all workings easy and smart in every corner of the country. Similarly, ICT has enriched our Educational system widely, whether it is use of computer in collages, libraries and universities or other various e-sources in all these institutions. ICT has created more jobs, and demands more skilled manpower to utilize it fully. Therefore, this paper is a review paper to study How ICT plays its significant role in Indian Libraries via Digitalization, Availability of ICT services in Libraries and its yielding benefits by the use of internet in our libraries.
Keywords: ICT, Libraries, Digitalization, Services, Skilled-Manpower.
Introduction
Agricultural science has various branches such as Forest Science, Horticulture, Fisheries Science, Sericulture, etc. This special branch of science in today’s world is not restricted to farmers only, but it has spread its involvement into other fields or disciplines thereby becoming a multidisciplinary field in itself. Therefore, due to different kinds of agricultural areas, there is a vast amount of literature available which includes various forms of subjects. There comes the role of libraries which help the users to gather information required. These libraries of agricultural sciences have a special focus in the field of agriculture. Apart from farming agricultural sciences also play a major role in the field of education and research and development. The agricultural libraries help in promoting research and development in the field of agriculture and possess a special collection of books, journals, pamphlets, research reports, patents, standards, thesis/dissertations, brochures, films, CD/DVDs and other materials which serve the information needs of its users within a limited period of time. Technology today plays an important role in making things easier thereby saving the time of the users which in earlier days was not possible. Use of unified on-line library mechanization systems, knowledge of classification and cataloguing schemes, access to a local, national and international database, agricultural research information systems, etc. can all be considered as part of technological developments in this field. Agricultural libraries can hardly function today without computers and information technology. Information technology helps to ease the major challenges faced by the agricultural libraries and its users. It helps to provide better quality, increased productivity, more effective operations, better resource sharing and more efficient services to its users. With the involvement of Information technology agricultural libraries are now capable to manage information in a
Research Scholar, Department of Library and Information Science (School for Information Science & Technology)
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Lucknow
Assistant Professor, Department of Library and Information Science (School for Information Science & Technology)
