ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
In addition to this paper you may require a calculator and a ruler.
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page.
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES
The number of marks is given in brackets at the end of each question or part-question.
You are reminded of the necessity for good English and orderly presentation in your answers.
The Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of the examination paper and the formulae for some common ions on the inside of the back cover.
GCSE 240/02
ADDITIONAL SCIENCE
HIGHER TIER CHEMISTRY 2
A.M. THURSDAY, 4 June 2009 45 minutes
CJ*(S09-240-02)
0
For Examiner’s use only Question Maximum
Mark
Mark awarded 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Total
5 6 4 5 5 5 6 7 7 50
(240-02)
Answer all questions.
1. The graph below shows the solubility of ammonium chloride in water at various temperatures.
70 80
60 70
0 10 20 30 40 50
X 60
0 10 20 30 40 50 80
Solubility / g per 100 g
water
Temperature / °C
Turn over. 5
(240-02)
Use the graph to answer parts (i) to (iii).
(i) Give the
I. solubility of ammonium chloride at 40 °C,
. . . .g per 100 g water. [1]
II. lowest temperature at which 100 g of water can dissolve 45 g of ammonium chloride.
. . . .°C [1]
(ii) State, in full, the information that can be obtained from the point marked X on the graph. [1]
. . . .
. . . .
(iii) Calculate the mass of ammonium chloride solid that would form when a saturated solution
in 100 g of water at 30 °C cools to 5 °C. [2]
. . . .
(240-02)
6 2. (a) (i) The following metals are listed in order of their reactivity.
Most reactive: magnesium zinc
iron Least reactive: copper
When a mixture of powdered magnesium and copper oxide is heated, a violent reaction takes place. In the reaction, the magnesium is oxidised to magnesium oxide.
I. Complete the word equation below for the reaction between magnesium and copper oxide.
magnesium + copper oxide . . . . + . . . . [1]
II. Explain the meaning of the term oxidised. [1]
. . . .
(ii) Tin does not react with iron oxide but it reduces lead oxide.
I. Explain the meaning of the term reduce. [1]
. . . .
II. Arrange tin, iron and lead in order of decreasing reactivity. [1]
Most reactive: . . . . . . . .
Least reactive: . . . .
(b) A pupil had four metals A, B, C and D. She placed each metal in turn into separate solutions of the nitrate of the other three. The results were:
A displaced D B displaced A B displaced D
C displaced A, B and D
Place the metals in order of reactivity. [2]
Most reactive: . . . . . . . .
. . . .
Least reactive: . . . .
Turn over.
(240-02)
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3. (i) The following table shows some properties of three different types of structures.
Structure
giant ionic
giant covalent
simple covalent
Particle model
consists of charged ions
single molecules consisting of very many atoms small molecules, each consisting of a few atoms
Melting points and boiling points
high
high
low
Electrical conductivity
only when molten or in solution
poor
poor
Use the information above to complete the following table by stating the type of structure
found in each of the substances, A, B and C. [2]
Substance
Melting point
/ °C
Boiling point
/ °C
Electrical conductivity
Type of structure
A
B
C 801 1413 good when dissolved . . . .
poor . . . .
poor . . . .
–182 –161
3550 4827
(240-02) Turn over. 4 (ii) The diagram below shows a model of the structure of a metal.
State the physical property of metals which can be explained by I. the presence of free electrons,
. . . . [1]
II. layers of ions being able to slide over each other.
. . . . [1]
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
– –
– – – –
– – –
–
–
– – – – – –
– – free electrons
layers of ions
(240-02)
4. (i) Four samples of water, A, B, C, and D, from different parts of Britain were tested in a laboratory.
The volume of soap solution needed to obtain a lather was measured. Each sample was then boiled for two minutes. After boiling the water, the volume of soap solution needed to form a lather was measured again. The results are shown in the table below.
Water sample
A B C D
Volume of soap solution needed for a lather / cm3
Before boiling
1 3 21 24
After boiling
1 1 21
1
Give the letter of a sample which is
I. permanent hard water, . . . . [1]
II. temporary hard water, . . . . [1]
III. the softest water. . . . . [1]
(ii) State one other method, apart from boiling, of softening water. [1]
. . . .
(iii) Give one disadvantage, apart from wasting soap, of living in a hard water area. [1]
. . . .
5
(240-02) Turn over. 5 5.
Copper coins once contained 97% copper. Coins made today are made from steel with a thin copper coating. One tonne of old copper coins would have a face value of about £3000 and yet would be worth approximately £4000 for the copper content alone.
(i) State why the Royal Mint now uses steel rather than copper to make coins. [1]
. . . .
(ii) The graph below shows the price of copper between 1994 and 2006.
Use the graph to explain why, from 2005, old copper coins (containing no steel) became
worth more if melted down. [1]
. . . .
(iii) Suggest one reason for the increasing demand for copper in modern society. [1]
. . . .
(iv) Most copper, 88%, is obtained from ore mined directly from the ground. State how the need
to mine copper ore can be reduced. [1]
. . . .
(v) State one property that makes copper a suitable material for making water pipes. [1]
. . . .
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 500
1000 2000 3000 4000
Year Price /
£ per tonne
(240-02)
6. The table below shows the electronic structures of four elements.
Element
hydrogen nitrogen
oxygen calcium
Electronic structure
1 2,5 2,6 2,8,8,2
Show, by means of diagrams or otherwise, the electronic changes that take place during the formation of
(i) calcium oxide from calcium and oxygen (include charges on the diagram of the ions), [3]
(ii) ammonia, NH3, from nitrogen and hydrogen. [2]
5
(240-02)
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Turn over.
(240-02)
7. Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
The graphs below show the yield of ammonia at different pressure and temperature conditions.
(i) Use the appropriate graph to answer parts I and II.
Find the
I. temperature needed to obtain 25% yield of ammonia at a pressure of 200 atmospheres,
. . . .°C [1]
II. percentage yield of ammonia at a pressure of 350 atmospheres and a temperature of 350 °C.
. . . .% [1]
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0 100 200 300 400
% yield of ammonia
pressure / atmospheres
(240-02) Turn over.
(ii) Ammonia is used to make the nitrogenous fertiliser ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4. Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr) of ammonium sulphate. [2]
Ar(H) = 1; Ar(N) = 14; Ar(O) = 16; Ar(S) = 32
. . . .
. . . .
(iii) One advantage of the use of nitrogenous fertilisers is the increase in crop yield. One disadvantage is that nitrogenous fertilisers pollute our drinking water.
I. Apart from increasing crop yield, give one other advantage of using nitrogenous
fertilisers. [1]
. . . .
II. Apart from the pollution of our drinking water, give one other disadvantage of the use
of nitrogenous fertilisers. [1]
. . . .
6
(240-02)
8. Cracking is the process that oil companies carry out on large hydrocarbons to form smaller, more useful hydrocarbon molecules.
(i) Ethene is one of the products of the cracking of decane, C10H22.
I. Complete the symbol equation below for the cracking of decane. [1]
C10H22 C2H4 + . . . .
II. Give one of the conditions necessary for cracking to take place. [1]
. . . .
(ii) Ethene undergoes addition polymerisation to form polythene.
I. Complete and balance the symbol equation below to show the addition
polymerisation of ethene. [2]
II. Give the reason why ethene can undergo addition polymerisation. [1]
. . . .
(iii) Polythene is an example of a thermoplastic polymer and is the plastic used to replace glass in making milk bottles. Glass bottles are sterilised using super-heated steam before being re- used. State and explain, in terms of structure, why this method is unsuitable for bottles
made from polythene. [2]
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
7 C C
H H
H n
H
(240-02) Turn over. 7 9. Aluminium is extracted from molten aluminium oxide by electrolysis.
(i) Complete the following electrode equations [2]
At the cathode: . . . . + 3e– Al
At the anode: 2O2– – . . . . O2
(ii) The overall equation for the extraction of aluminium is shown below.
2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2
Ar(O) = 16; Ar(Al) = 27 Use the above equation to
I. calculate how many tonnes of aluminium could be obtained from 2040 tonnes of
aluminium oxide, [3]
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
II. calculate the atom economy of the reaction for the production of aluminium. [2]
. . . .
. . . .
oxygen gas
aluminium
molten aluminium oxide anode (+)
cathode (–)
(240-02)
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(240-02)
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(240-02)
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FORMULAE FOR SOME COMMON IONS
POSITIVE IONS
Name Formula
NEGATIVE IONS
Name Formula
Aluminium Al3+
Ammonium NH +
Barium Ba2+
Calcium Ca2+
Copper(II) Cu2+
Hydrogen H+
Iron(II) Fe2+
Iron(III) Fe3+
Lithium Li+
Magnesium Mg2+
Nickel Ni2+
Potassium K+
Silver Ag+
Sodium Na+
Bromide Br–
Carbonate CO 2–
Chloride Cl–
Fluoride F–
Hydroxide OH–
Iodide I–
Nitrate NO –
Oxide O2–
Sulphate SO 2–
4
4 3 3
(240-02) Turn over.
Helium NeonFluorine Chlorine BromineSelenium
Boron Aluminium GalliumZincCopperNickelCobaltIronManganeseChromiumVanadiumTitaniumScandiumCalciumPotassium
MagnesiumSodium
BerylliumLithium Arsenic
Phosphorus
NitrogenCarbon Silicon Germanium
Sulphur
Oxygen Argon Krypton
4 2 Ne20 10F19 9O16 8C12 6N14 7B11 5 Ar40 18S32 16P31 15Si28 14Al27 13 Kr84 36Br80 35Se79 34As75 33Ge73 32Ga70 31Zn65 30Cu64 29Ni59 28Fe56 26Co59 27Mn55 25V51 23Cr52 24Ti48 22Sc45 21Ca40 20K39 19 IodineTelluriumIndiumCadmiumSilverPalladiumRhodiumRutheniumMolybdenumNiobiumZirconiumYttriumStrontiumRubidiumAntimonyTinXenonXe131 54I127 53Te128 52Sb122 51Sn119 50In115 49Cd112 48Ag108 47Pd106 46Ru101 44Rh103 45Tc99 43Nb93 41Mo96 42Zr91 40Y89 39Sr88 38Rb86 37 AstatinePoloniumThalliumMercuryGoldPlatinumIridiumOsmiumRheniumTungstenTantalumHafniumLanthanumBariumCaesiumBismuthLeadRadon
Rn222 86At210 85Po210 84Bi209 83Pb207 82Tl204 81Hg201 80Au197 79Pt195 78Os190 76Ir192 77Re186 75Ta181 73W184 74Hf179 72La139 57Ba137 56Cs133 55 ActiniumRadiumFrancium
Ac227 89Ra226 88Fr223 87
Mg24 12Na23 11
Be9 4Li7 3
Hydrogen
H1 1
12 3 0 56 7 4 Gr oup
PERIODIC T A BLE OF ELEMENTS
He Cl35 17 ZX
A Name
Element Symbol Atomic number
Mass number
Key:
Technetium
(240-02)
