Volume4 Issue4

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International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 4 (4) 9

RESEARCH ARTICLE

International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences

Pri

-

ISSN: 2394 - 5826

http://www.irjpbs.com e-ISSN: 2394 - 5834

Formulation and Evaluation of ethanolic extract of

Cissus

quadrangularis

herbal gel

Ayesha Siddiqua*_{and Sirisha Mittapally}

Deccan School of Pharmacy, Dar-Us-Salam, Aghapura, Hyderabad, Telangana-500001.

Article info Abstract

Article history: Received 29 July 2017 Accepted 04 AUG 2017

*Corresponding author:

[email protected]

Copyright  2017 irjpbs

In this study topical as well as ethosomal gels of Ethanolic extract of

Cissus quadrangularis was formulated and is made for better patient

compliance. The topical gels F1-F8 were formulated using different concentrations of polymer carbopol (1-2.5%). The ethosomal gels E1-E8 were formulated with ethanol (10%) and phospholipid (2-3%). The prepared topical and ethosomal gels were subjected to physical evaluations, in vitro diffusion studies, PH_{determination, viscosity,}

spreadability, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential and SEM. The diffusion studies have shown that the percentage drug release of optimized formulations F4,F8 and E2,E6 after 6 hours were found to be 78.21%, 83.78 % of 20 and 40% topical gels of Cissus quadrangularis and 97.68, 99.76 of 20 and 40% ethosomal gels of Cissus quadrangularis

respectively. All the formulations were found to be easily washable, spreadable and free from grittiness. The in vitro drug release studies, evaluation, stability and accelerated stability studies of the topical and ethosomal gels shown that the entrapment efficiency of ethosomes containing 10% w/w ethanol has highest value 96.45% with respect to all other formulations. Hence, the formulation E6 containing 40% w/w of Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis has shown the promising results with 99.76% drug release after 6 hours with PH_{6.8, viscosity}

40,300 cps, Zeta potential -60.9 (mV), with specific vesicular size and shape was observed by SEM.

Key words:-Cissus quadrangularis gel, Herbal gel, Ethosomes, Phosholipids, Entrapment efficiency.

INTRODUCTION

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International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 4 (4) 10 Transdermal route offers several potential advantages over conventional routes like avoidance of first pass metabolism, predictable and extended duration of activity, minimizing undesirable side effects, utility of short half-life drugs, improving physiological and pharmacological response, avoiding the fluctuation in drug levels.

Ethosomes has permeation of drug molecules (relatively small vesicle size) to and through the skin to the systemic circulation. In ethosomes, ethanol interacts with lipid molecules in the polar head group region resulting in a reducing the rigidity of the stratum corneum lipids, increasing their fluidity. In addition to the effect of ethanol on stratum corneum structure, the ethosome itself may interact with the stratum corneum barrier. Better stability, solubility and

patient compliance. Though, Ethosomes are advantageous over other vesicular system these

have poor yield.

Cissus quadrangularis is a succulant herbal plant belonging to family, Vitaceae. It is fleshy, cactus in nature. It is also known as Vitis quadrangularis, Lycopodium imbricatum or Heliotropium indicum. In Ayurveda, it is used as Pachana (digestive aid), Sara (relieves constipation), Athiyuk (strengthening bones), Vrushya (Aphrodisiac), etc. In Unani, it is used to treat gastritis. The whole plant is used in treatment of asthma, Powdered root is specifically used in treatment of bone fractures.

The usual dose of the powder is 30-40 grains. Leaves and young shoots are frequently taken with curry in Southern India. In Chennai, young shoots of the plant are dried, powdered, burnt to ashes in a closed vessel. These ashes are administered in dyspepsia, indigestion and certain bowel complaints. Leaves and young shoots are also considered as powerful alternatives in the gastro intestinal treatments. Juice of stem is dropped into the ear in otorrhoea and into the nose in epistaxis. The plant has many therapeutic uses [13].

Phytochemical studies on ethanolic extract revealed the presence of triterpenes including β-sitosterol, α- and β- amyrins, ketosteroids, phenols, tannins, carotene and vitamin C. Seven

alicyclic lipids constituents have also been reported from Cissus quadrangularis. unsymmetric

tetracyclic triterpenoids such as d-amyrin, onocer-7-ene-3a, 21b-diol, d-amyrone and 3,3',4,4'-tetra hydroxy biphenyl, 3,3',4,4'-tetrahydroxybiphenyl have been isolated from plant and were quantitatively determined by HPTLC method.Several other constituents such as flavonoids quercetin and kaempferol, and stilbene derivatives, quadrangularins A,B,C and many others e.g. resveratrol, piceatanon, pallidol, perthenocissi and phyto-sterols have been isolated from plant.Stem extract contains a high percentage of calcium ions and phosphorus, both essential for bone growth [1] .

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Quadrangularin-A

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Table no.1: Table showing list of materials with manufacturer

S.NO NAME OF THE

MATERIAL CATEGORY MANUFACTURER

1. ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF

CISSUS

QUANDRANGULARIS

HERBAL PLANT

EXTRACT HIMALAYA DRUG COMPANY, BANGAL ORE,

KARNATAKA.

2. LECITHIN

CHOLESTEROL PHOSPHOLIPID S.D FINE CHEMICALS, MUMBAI, INDIA.

3. POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL AS A SKIN

PENETRATION ENHANCER

FISCHER SCIENTIFIC, MUMBAI, INDIA.

4. CARBOPOL 934 GELLING AGENT RESEARCH LAB FINE

CHEM. INDUSTRIES, MUMBAI, INDIA.

5. ETHANOL VOLATILE SOLVENT SIGMA-ALDRICH

CORPORATION.

6. SODIUM BENZOATE BACTERIOSTATIC

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International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 4 (4) 12 PHYTO CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS The qualitative tests for various phytoconstituents were carried out by using Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis.

Table no.2: Qualitative Chemical Examination of Cissus quadrangularis

S.NO Test Test for

Phyto-constituent

Ethanolic extract

1. Libermann-Burchard test Sterols +

2. Gelatin test, Ferric chloride test Tannins +

3. Vanillin hydrochloride test Phenols +

4. Shinoda test, Zn-HCL reduction test Flavonoids +

5. Salkowski reaction. Triterpenoids +

6. Millon’s test, Nin-hydrin test Proteins and

amino acids

-7. Extract+ Fehling’s reagents (A and B) Glycosides

-8. Mayer’s test, Dragendroff’s test Alkaloids

-HPTLC

HPTLC systems equipped with Linomat-5 applicator with WinCATS-4 software were used. All

the solvents used for HPTLC analysis were of selective grade. Cissus quadrangularis ethanolic

extract was dissolved in methanol and used for HPTLC analysis. The samples (5 μl) spotted in the bands of width 8 mm with a Camag microlitre syringe on pre-coated silica gel glass plate. The sample loaded plate was kept in TLC twin trough developing chamber (after saturated with Solvent vapour) with respective mobile phase and the plate was developed up to optimum level. The Toluene: Ethyl acetate (80:20) and Hexane:Ethyl acetate (70:30) were employed as mobile phase for separation. Linear ascending development was carried out in glass chamber saturated with the mobile phase. The developed plate was dried by hot air to evaporate solvents from the plate. The plate was scanned by UV at 254 and 366 nm. Densitometric scanning was performed on Camag scanner and operated by CATS software.

Preparation of Ethanolic Extract of Cissus quadrangularis Ethosomal gels

A gift sample of ethanolic extract of the Plant Cissus quadrangularis was given by Himalaya

Drug Company, Bangalore, Karnataka.

Ethosomal gels containing Ethanolic Extract of Cissus quadrangularis were prepared by using

the method suggested by Touitou et al., with modification. The ethosomal formulation of

Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis was formulated using different compositions of

2-3% phospholipid, 10-30% ethanol, 5% of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 5g of cholesterol.

The ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis was dissolved separately in a covered vessel at

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International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 4 (4) 13 constant mixing at 800 rpm. Mixing was continued for additional 5 minutes. The size of the ethosomes vesicles can be decreased using sonication or extrusion method. Ethosomes formulation was stored under refrigeration.

Ethosomal vesicles suspension were incorporated into carbopol gel (1%, 1.5%, 2% and 2.5% w/w). the specified amount of carbopol 934 powder was slowly added to ultrapure water and

kept at 1000C for 20min. tri ethanolamine was added to it drop wise. Appropriate amount of

formulation of ethosomes containing Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis was then

incorporated into gel-base. Water q.s was added with other formulation ingredients with continuous stirring until homogenous formulation were achieved [16].

Table no.3: Composition of different ethosomal formulations NAME OF THE

INGREDIENTS Quantities in w/w %(100 gm)

E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8

Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis

20 20 20 20 40 40 40 40

Lecithin (w/v) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Cholesterol 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Ethanol (V/V) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

PEG 400 (V/V) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Carbapol 934 gel

base (% W/V) 1 1.5 2 2.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Sodium benzoate

(W/W) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Preparation of Ethanolic extracts of Cissus quadrangularis topical gels

Topical Gels containing 20 and 40% of ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis were

prepared by using different concentrations of polymer such as carbopol 934 1% to 2.5%. The specified amount of carbopol 934 powder was slowly added to ultrapure water and kept for

12 hours for the polymer to swell. Appropriate amount of ethanolic extract of Cissus

quadrangularis was dissolved, polyethylene glycol and sodium benzoate was added to it, this mixture is incorporated to the above mixture. Water q.s was added with other formulation ingredients with continuous stirring at 800rpm after complete addition the mixture is stirred

till the homogeneous gels was obtained.(23) These formulations were then stored in the wide

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International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 4 (4) 14 Figure 1: Ethosomal Formulation

Table.4: Composition of different Topical formulations NAME OF THE

INGREDIENTS F1 F2 F3 Quantities in W/W % (100gm) F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 Ethanolic extract of

Cissus quadrangularis 20 20 20 20 40 40 40 40

Carbapol 934 gel base

(% w/w) 1 1.5 2 2.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

PEG 4000 (w/w) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Sodium benzoate 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Figure.2: Topical Formulation

Evaluation of Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis ethosomal and topical gels

Visualization

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International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 4 (4) 15 Entrapment Efficiency

Separation of unentrapped drug and evaluation of entrapment efficiency can be measured by ultracentrifugation.

Zeta Potential Measurement

Zeta potential was used to measure the electrostatic or charge repulsion or attraction between particles of ethosomal formulation. Zeta potential was determined using a computerized inspection system.

In-Vitro Drug Release Studies Using Franz Diffusion Apparatus

In vitro absorption studies are generally carried out in vertical Franz diffusion apparatus. It has

a receptor and a donor chamber, which is filled with phosphate buffer (PH_{6.8). The dialysis}

membrane (Hi media 60) is sandwiched between the two chambers and clamped in place tightly.

Figure.3: Diffusion release of gels by using Franz-diffusion apparatus

PH_measurements

The PH of topical and ethosomal gels was measured by using electrode based digital PH meter.

Drug Content

The drug content of topical and ethosomal gel formulation was determined by using

phosphate buffer PH _6.8.

Drug entrapment efficiency

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International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 4 (4) 16 Spreadability and density of topical and ethosomal gels

The spread ability of gel formulations was determined by measuring the spreading diameter of 1g of gel between two horizontal plates (20 cm × 20 cm) and the density of gels is determined by using densitometer.

Viscosity

Viscosities (in cps) of the prepared topical gels and ethosomal gels formulations of Ethanolic

extract of Cissus quadrangularis were determined with LV Brookfield, DV-E viscometer using

spindle no 64.

The viscosities of the formulations were found to be 38,200 of cps for topical F8 gel formulation and 40,300 of cps for ethosomal E6 formulation were found to be satisfactory.

Stability study

The stability study was studied by using ICH guidelines. Ethosomal formulations were observed for any change in appearance or color for a period of 8 weeks. Loss in percentage of drug release during stability studies of the optimized batch (4±2°C & 30±2° C).

The prepared formulations were tested for accelerated stability. They were kept in stability

chambers at 30°C ± 2°C and 60% ± 5 % Relative humidity for 6 months and observed for the

physical appearance.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

FTIR Drug-Excipient Compatibility Studies

FTIR of the formulation of topical and ethosomal gels of ethanolic extract of Cissus

quadrangularis have shown that there is no change in the functional groups. Hence, the activity of active constituent i.e, β-sitosterol is protected in the formulations showing compatibility with the formulations of gels.

FTIR of β-sitosterol

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FTIR of Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis

Figure.5: FTIR of Ethanolic Extract of Cissus quadrangularis

FTIR of 20% Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis topical gel

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FTIR of 40% Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis topical gel

Figure.7: FTIR of 40% Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis topical gel

• FTIR of 20% Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis ethosomal gel:

Figure.8: FTIR of 40% Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis ethosomal gel

CALIBRATION CURVE OF β-SITOSTEROL

Preparation of Standard curve of β-sitosterol in Phosphate buffer PH_6.8

Table.5: Calibration curve data of β-sitosterol CONCENTRATION (µg/ml) ABSORBANCE

50 0.101

100 0.221

150 0.325

200 0.489

300 0.655

400 0.882

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International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 4 (4) 19 Figure.9: Calibration curve of β-sitosterol

HPTLC Of Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis

Figure.10: HPTLC of Cissus quadrangularis

Mobile phase: Toluene : Ethyl acetate:- 80:20 Spray: Vanillin/H2SO4

Sample preparation: 0.5 gm of sample in 10ml methanol Volume of injection: 5ul

Figure.11: HPTLC of Cissus quadrangularis by employing different mobile phase

y = 0.0021x + 0.0207 R² = 0.9897

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

0 200 400 600

Absorban

ce

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International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 4 (4) 20 Mobile phase: Hexane : Ethyl acetate:- 70:30

Spray: Vanillin/H2SO4

Sample preparation: 0.5 gm of sample in 10ml methanol Volume of injection: 5ul

Evaluation of topical gel

 Color: Dark brown

 Physical Appearance: The gel containing 1.5 and 2.0%

of carbapol was too liquidy in appearance.  Greasiness: Non greasy

 Grittiness: Free from grittiness  Ease of application: Easily/smoothly applied  Skin irritation: No skin irritation

 Washability: Easily washable

 Size And Shape Analysis: Microscopic analysis was performed under different magnification to visualize the vesicular structure, lamellarity and to determine the size of topical preparations.

Scanning Electron microscopy of Topical formulations

Figure.12 and 13: SEM of 20% and 40% of Ethanolic extract of Cissus quandrangularis topical gels.

Evaluation of Ethosomal gels

 Colour: Dark brown

 Physical Appearance: The gel containing 2.0 and 2.5% of carbapol was too tough in nature.  Greasiness: Non greasy

 Grittiness: Free from grittiness  Ease of application: Easily/smoothly applied  Skin irritation: No skin irritation

 Washability: Easily washable

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International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 4 (4) 21 Scanning Electron microscopy of Ethosomal formulations

Figure.14 and 15: SEM of 20% and 40% of Ethanolic extract of Cissus quandrangularis Ethosomal gels.

Zeta Potential

Zeta potential of Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis Topical gel.

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International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 4 (4) 22 Zeta potential of Ethanolic extract of Cissusquadrangularis Ethosomal gel

Figure.17: Zeta potential of Cissus quadrangularis Ethosomal gel

PH measurements

The PH _{of topical and ethosomal gels was measured by using electrode based digital P}H _meter.

Table.6: PH Values of gels.

Formulation PH Value Formulation PH Value Ethanolic extract of

Cissus quadrangularis

20% Topical gel (F4)

6.9 Ethanolic extract of Cissus

quadrangularis 20% Ethosomal gel (E2)

7.2

Ethanolic extract of

7.1 Ethanolic extract of Cissus

quadrangularis 40% Ethosomal gel (E6)

7.3

Drug Content

The drug content of topical and ethosomal gel formulations of the extract was also evaluated.

Table.7: Drug content in gel formulations

Formulation Drug content (%) Formulation Drug content (%) Ethanolic extract of

20% Topical gel (F4) 88.6 ±1.3

20% Ethosomal gel (E2)

98.3 ±1.1

89.8 ±1.8 Ethanolic extract of _{Cissus quadrangularis} 40% Etosomal gel (E6)

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International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 4 (4) 23 Spreadability and density of topical and ethosomal gels

The Spreadability and density of gel formulations was also evaluated.

Table.8: Spreadability, Density and Viscosity of Formulation gels.

Formulation Spreadability [cm] Density [gm/ml] Viscosity (in cp)

8.3 2.15 37200

7.2 2.21 38200

7.0 1.20 39600

8.6 1.22 40300

Drug entrapment efficiency

Drug entrapment efficiency of Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis ethosomal gel was

evaluated.

Table.9: Drug entrapment efficiency of Ethosomal gels

Formulation β-sitosterol Entrapment efficiency(%)

Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis

20% Ethosomal gel (E2) 94.34%

Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis

40% Ethosomal gel (E6) 96.45%

In-vitro Diffusion studies

Table.10 showing % Drug Release Of Topical Gel containing Ethonolic extact of Cissus

quadrangularis In Phosphate Buffer PH_6.8.

Time % CDR of 20% Ethanolic extract of Cissus

quadrangularis topical gel (F4) % CDR of 20% Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis topical gel (F8)

10 22.42 25.65

15 29.23 33.64

30 39.67 43.87

45 47.74 53.55

60 52.98 58.98

90 56.78 60.58

120 60.79 68.54

180 68.43 74.66

240 73.98 79.38

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International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 4 (4) 24 Figure.18: Diffusion Profile of Cissus quadrangularis Topical gels

Table 11. Showing % Drug Release Of Ethosomal Gel containing Ethonolic extact of Cissus

quadrangularis In Phosphate Buffer PH_6.8.

Time % CDR of 20% Ethanolic extract of Cissus

quadrangularis ethosomal gel (E2) % CDR of 40% Ethanolic extract of quadrangularis ethosomal gel (E6) Cissus

10 39.56 48.37

15 49.98 56.28

30 57.85 68.32

45 69.78 74.45

60 77.82 79.75

90 80.54 83.87

120 87.76 90.12

180 89.73 93.98

240 94.39 95.31

360 97.68 99.76

Figure. 19: Diffusion Profile of Cissus quadrangularis Ethosomal gels 0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0 50 100 150

% CDR F4 %CDR F8

%

CDR

Time in mins

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

0 100 200 300

%CDR OF E2 % CDR OF E6

%

CDR

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International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 4 (4) 25 Stability study

Ethosomal formulations were observed for any change in appearance or color for a period of 8 weeks. There was no change in appearance in Ethosomal formulations throughout the period of study.

The prepared formulations were tested for accelerated stability. They were kept in stability

chambers at 30°C ± 2°C and 60% ±5 % Relative humidity for 6 months and observed for the

physical appearance. It was found that there was no change in the formulations and were stable even after 6 months.

Table.12 : Stability study of Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis Ethosomal gels

Stability study

period % CDR of Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis 20% Ethosomal gel (E2)

% CDR of Ethanolic extract of

Cissus quadrangularis 40%

Ethosomal gel (E6)

Initial 4±2 ° C _99.5 _99.7

30±2° C _98.6 _99.8

After 2 weeks 4±2 ° C _98.4 _99.6

30±2° C _98.4 _99.4

After 4 weeks 4±2 ° C _98.3 _99.1

30±2° C _98.1 _98.9

After 6 weeks 4±2 ° C _97.9 _98.8

30±2° C _97.8 _98.7

After 8 weeks 4±2 ° C _97.5 _98.5

30±2° C _97.3 _98.3

RELEASE KINETIC PROFILE FOR ETHOSOMAL GEL (E6)

Table. 13: Release kinetic profile for Ethosomal gel (E6)

ZERO ORDER FIRST ORDER HIGUCHI PEPPAS

%CDR Vs T Log % Remain

Vs T % CDR Vs √𝐓 Log C Vs Log T

Slope 1.5183393 -0.0179672 1.0476754 0.2819543

Intercept 15.720984 2.6221986 2.3677891 -0.0546732

Correlation 0.9678531 0.8954319 0.8795213 0.8943561

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International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 4 (4) 26 Figure.20: Zero order Kinetics for E6 gel

Figure 21: First Order Kinetics for E6 gel

Figure 22: Higuchi’s model for E6 gel

y = -0.0172x + 2.6227 R² = 0.9417

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

0 20 40 60 80

LO G % DRUG RE M AI NE D TIME FIRST ORDER

y = 1.0474x + 2.3677 R² = 0.9672

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

0 50 100 150

% C D R

SQUARE ROOT OF TIME

HIGUCHI PLOT

y = 1.5181x + 15.721 R² = 0.9498

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

0 20 40 60 80

TIME IN HRS %

C D R

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International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 4 (4) 27 Figure.23: Peppas model for E6 gel

R² of E6 formulation was found to be 0.949 of Zero order Kinetics therefore release pattern of E6 formulation follows zero order release.

R² of E6 formulation was found to be 0.967 of Higuchi therefore release pattern of E6 formulation follows diffusion release mechanism.

CONCLUSION

The Ethosomal system is a highly efficient drug delivery system. The Ethanolic extract of

Cissus quadrangularis is used to prepare the gels.

The method described by Touitou et al., (2000) was employed with modification for the preparation of various ethosomal formulations containing concentration of ethanol (10%) with sonication. The entrapment efficiency of ethosomes containing 40% w/w ethanolic

extract of Cissus quadrangularis (E6) has shown highest value with respect to all other

formulation The PH_{values for ethosomal gels formulations were in the range of 7.2 to 7.3. The}

PH _{values for topical gels formulations were in the range of 6.9 to 7.1.}

The viscosities of the formulations were found to be 38200 of cps for topical F8 gel formulation and 40300 of cps for ethosomal E6 Gel formulation.

The maximum entrapment efficiency of ethosomal vesicles as determined by

ultracentrifugation was 94.34 % for 20% Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis ethosomal

gel (E2) and 96.45% for 40% Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis ethosomal gel

(E6).Results of entrapment efficiency also suggest that 2% phospholipids is optimal concentration for entrapment efficiency.

Ethosomal gel of Ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis has shown 99.76% drug release,

zeta potential of -60.9 (mV), viscosity was found to be 40,300 of cps, with specific vesicular size and shape observed by SEM

Stability studies was carried out for a period of 8 weeks and showed no significance changes in the characteristics of ethosomes and further the loss of drug is not more than 2%.

From the above observations it was concluded that ethosomal gel formulation E6 was found to be the best formulation among all the formulation of topical gels and ethosomal gels.

y = 0.2815x - 0.0544 R² = 0.9697

-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

0 2 4 6

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International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences (IRJPBS) 4 (4) 28 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Successful accomplishment of this Article would not have been possible but by the timely help and guidance rendered by many people. I would like to take this opportunity to place it in record. Though it’s not possible to name all of them, I would like to mention few of them. My first salutation goes to Almighty Allah and my Parents for being ever so kind and courteous. It gives me an immense pleasure to acknowledge a debt of gratitude to my guide Mrs. Sirisha Mittapally M.Pharm, PGDCA,(Ph.D) Associate Professor, Deccan School of Pharmacy for

her constant encouragement, suggestions, supervision and support and also to Dr. Roshan.S

M.Pharm, Ph.D Professor and Head of the Department of Pharmacognosy, Deccan School of

Pharmacy for his strong support, guidance and co-operation.

I would like to express profound gratitude to Dr. Syed Abdul Azeez Basha, honourable

Principal of Deccan School of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, for guiding me as well.

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