Application for a project grant

(1)

Application for a project grant

Title:

Model of Exchange of the Energy and Matter in Ecosystem The Gulf of Gda

ń

sk

(MEXEM BAY)

1. Applicant(s)

Head of project Co-Applicant Co-Applicant 2

Surname Renk Jędrasik Cyberski

Forename(s) Henryk, Edward Jan Jerzy

Title

professor doctor

hab.

doctor doctor

Age 63 years 47 years 58 years

Private address Telephone No Gdynia 81-352 ul. Abrahama 9/ 4 tel. (48 58) 21-90-94 Gdynia 81-417 ul. Dąbrowskiego 3/ 9 Gdynia 81- 621 ul. PCK 3/ 81 tel. (48 58) 24-30-04 Post held Department Institution Address University of Gdańsk Institute of Oceanography Gdynia 81-378 Al. J. Piłsudskiego 46 tel. (48 58) 20-21-35 fax. (48 58) 20-21-65 University of Gdańsk Institute of Oceanography Gdynia 81-378 Al. J. Piłsudskiego 46 tel. (48 58) 20-21-35 fax. (48 58) 20-21-65 University of Gdańsk Institute of Oceanography Gdynia 81-378 Al. J. Piłsudskiego 46 tel. (48 58) 20-21-35 fax. (48 58) 20-21-65

(2)

2. Curriculum vitae of applicant(s)

1). Surname Forename

Renk Henryk Edward

2). Posts held (with dates); please identify tenure

Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk professor

3). Degree, etc. (subject, class, university and date)

Master of Science - Physics, 1959, Mikołaj Kopernik University, Toruń

Department of Mathemathics, Physics and Chemistry

Doctor of Physics, 1966, University of Łódź

Department of Mathemathics, Physics and Chemistry

Assistant Professor of Earth Science - Oceanography,

1973, Agriculture Academy, Szczecin

Department of Marine Fisheries

Professor of Earth Science, 1985, Marine Fisheries Institute, Gdynia

4). Experience in foreign scientific organization

country institution kind of stay duration

East Germany Academy of Science scientific 1 month (1965) Soviet Union WNIRO Institute scientific practice 2 months (1974) East Germany Institute für scientific cruise 3 weeks (1972)

Meereskunde

West Germany Institute für scientific cruise 10 days (1975) Meereskunde

5). Recent publication; also papers in press

Renk H., 1989, Description of seasonal changes of hydrobiological parameters in the Gulf of Gdańsk using a trigonometric polynomial, Oceanologia, 27, 79-92,

Renk H., 1990, Primary production (in Polish), [in:] The Gulf of Gdańsk, Ed. A. Majewski, Wyd.Geolog. Warszawa, 329-361,

Renk H., 1990, Primary production of the southern Baltic in 1979-1983, Oceanologia, 29, 51-75,

(3)

Nakonieczny J., H. Renk, J. Wiktor, 1991, Chlorophyll-a concentration and distribution in the Southern Baltic in the years 1979-1983, Oceanologia,30, 77-91,

Nakonieczny J., S. Ochocki, H. Renk, 1991, Long-term changes in primary production and chlorophyll concentration in the soutern Baltic, Acta Ichthyol.et Piscat., 21-Suppl., 117-124,

Renk H., 1991, Spatial variability and temporal changes in the primary production parameters as indices of Baltic Sea eutrophication, Pol.Arch.Hydrobiol., 38, 163-175,

Renk H., J. Bralewska, Z. Lorenc, J. Nakonieczny, S. Ochocki, 1992, Primary production of the Baltic Sea, Biul. MIR, Gdynia, 126, 35-42,

Renk H., 1993, Primary production in Puck Bay (in Polish), [in:] Puck Bay, Ed. K. Korzeniewski, Wyd. Uniwersytet Gdański, 338-365,

Renk H., 1993, /in press/ Estimation of carbon release from phytoplankton cells during photosyntesis in the Gulf of Gdańsk, Oceanologia, 34.

(4)

1/ Surneme Forename(s)

Jędrasik Jan

2/ Post held (with dates); please identify tenure

a/ Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk - adiunkt

Master of Science 1969, PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY IN GDAŃSK

Department of Geography

Specialization: Hydrology

Doctor of Earth Sciences 1976, UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK

Department of Biology and Earth Sciences

CANADA National Water Research Postdoctoral 30.XI 1981

Institute, Burlington Fellowship 31.III 1983

CANADA the section above Visiting 1.V-30.VI

1991

Scientist

GERMANY Intitute Für Meereskunde Tempus Nobility 2-31.VIII 1993

Kiel Grant

GERMANY Internationales Ostsee Presentation 23-30.IX 1991 Symposium in Salkenmark of paper

RUSSIA Conference of Baltic Presentation 22-29.XI.1992

Oceanographers, of paper

Skt Petersburg

5). Recent publication; also papers in press

Cyberski J., Jędrasik J., 1992, Ausbreitung der Abwasserbelastung aus Gdańsk, in: Die Belastung der Danzieger Bucht - ein europaisches Problem globaler Bedeutung, edit. Dories Kremser und Dieter Schuller, 77 - 86,

(5)

Jędrasik J., and Kowalewski M., 1993, Transport model of pollutants in the Gulf of Gdańsk, Marine Pollution (3), Studia i Materialy Oceanologiczne nr 64, 61 - 75,

Cyberski J., Jędrasik J., Kowalewski M., 1993, Transport of pollutants in the Bay (in Polish), [in:] Puck Bay, Ed.. K. Korzeniewski, 520 - 532,

Jędrasik J., Staśkiewicz A.,1990, Currents in Żarnowiec Lake influenced by electric plant station work (in Polish), Wiadomości Instytutu Meteorologii i Gosp. Wod., 13, 1-4, 115-125.,

(6)

1). Surname Forename

Cyberski Jerzy

2). Posts held (with dates); please identify tenure

Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk

Master of Science 1959, ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY IN POZNAŃ

Department of Geography

Doctor of Earth Sciences 1966, WARSAW UNIVERSITY

Department of Biology and Earth Sciences

USSR LOMONOSOW UNESCO course of 1972

UNIVERSITY hydrology

GDR TECHNICAL long-term training 1975

UNIVERSITY DREZDEN

SWEDEN UNIVERSITY OF training 1980

UPPSALA

5). Recent publication; also papers in press:

Cyberski J.,1992, Hydrological characteristics of the catchement (in Polish) [in:] Łupawa catchement and its lake, Ed. K. Korzeniewski, Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna w Słupsku, Słupsk, 43-8,

Cyberski J., Jędrasik J., 1992, Water exchange and circulation in Gardno Lake (in Polish), [in:] Łupawa catchement and its lake, Ed.. K. Korzeniewski, Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna w Słupsku, 190, Słupsk, 199-220,

Cyberski J.,1992, River outflow from the Poland, [in:] An Assessment of the effects of pollution on the Polish coastal area of the Baltic Sea 1984-1989, Marine Pollution (2), Polish Academy of Sciences National Committee on Oceanic Research, Studia i Materiały Oceanologiczne, 61, 53-66,

(7)

Cyberski J., Jędrasik J., 1992, Ausbreitung der Abwasserbelastung aus Gdańsk, Die Belastung der Danzieger Bucht - ein europaisches Problem globaler Bedeutung, BIS, Oldenburg, 77-87,

Krężel A., Cyberski J., 1993, Influence of the Vistula river on suspended matter content in the Gulf of Gdańsk waters, Studia i Mat. Oceanologiczne, 64, Marine Pollution, 3, 27-40, Cyberski J., 1993, Catchement hydrology (in Polish), [in:] Puck Bay, Ed. K. Korzeniewski,

Gdańsk, 40-70,

Cyberski J., Szefler K., 1993, Climate of Bay and its catchement (in Polish), [in:] Puck Bay, Ed. K. Korzeniewski, Gdańsk, 40-70,

Cyberski J., Jędrasik J., Kowalewski M., 1993, Transport of pollutants in the Bay (in Polish), [in:] Puck Bay, Ed.. K. Korzeniewski, 520-532,

Cyberski J., 1993, Changes of seasonal differentiation of water outflow into Baltic sea (in Polish), [in:] Proceedings of the International Conference: Contemporary Climatic Change, Szczecin 31.05-1.06 1993, Ed. K. Kożuchowski, 173-188,

(8)

3. Report on previous research work carried out by a head of project over a past four years

1). Title of investigation

Primary production in the Southern Baltic, on: State of pollution and biomass of the Baltic Sea, Helsinki Monitoring.

2). Place, starting and finishing date

1982 - 1991 Marine Fisheries Institute, Gdynia

3). Source of founding

Ministry of Environment Protection of Poland

4). Scientific papers directly resulting from this work a) Participation in forming of monitoring programme:

Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission Helsinki Commission Guidelines for the Baltic Monitoring . Programme / 1978, 1980, 1983, 1988

b) Renk H., J. Nakonieczny, S. Ochocki, S. Gromisz, J. Wiktor 1986, Primary production and chlorophyll-a concetration in the southern Baltic in 1982 and 1983, Annales Biologiques 40, 81-83

c) Renk H., J. Nakonieczny, S. Ochocki, 1988, Primary production in the southern Baltic in 1985 and 1986 compared with the long-term mean seasonal changes, Kieler

Meeresforschungen Sonderh. 6, 203-209,

d) Renk H., 1989, Temperature of the Southern Baltic euphotic zone (in Polish), Biuletyn Morskiego Instytutu Rybackiego nr 116, 18-23,

e) Renk H., J. Nakonieczny, S. Ochocki, R. Majchrowski, D. Ficek, 1991, Secchi depth-chlorophyll relationship in the Baltic, Acta Ichthol et Piscat, 21-Suppl., 203-211,

f) Renk H., 1992, Primary production and the concetration of chlorophyll-a. An Assessment of the Effects of Pollution in the Polish Coastal Area of the Baltic Sea, 1984 - 1989, PAS Gdańsk, PAN / National Scor. SiMO ,Nr 61, 167-180,

g) Renk H., J. Nakonieczny, S. Ochocki, 1993, /in press/ Primary production as the Baltic Sea monitoring parameter. Environment protection.

(9)

4. Addresses at which the work will be done University of Gdańsk Institute of Oceanography 81- 378 Gdynia Al. J. Piłsudskiego 46, tel. (48 58) 202135 fax. (48 58) 202165

5. Proposed starting and finishing

July 1994 - June 1996

6. Support reguested

Total ($): 84,100.-

7. Key words

Ecological model, Hydrodynamics, Advection, Diffusion, Solar radiation, Light field, Thermics, Pollution, E-Coli bacteria, Nutrients cycles, Primary production, Gulf of Gdańsk, Southern Baltic.

8. Abstract of research (not exceeding 250 words)

Because of ongoing eutrofication of the Gulf of Gdańsk waters (as a result of increase of anthropogenic stress) it is big demand of efficient tool for defining the speed and directions of changes occurring in the ecosystem. In spite of great amount of data characterising the Gulf environment, there is no complex study. In particular, it is lack of investigations of abiotic factors influence on bio- and geochemical cycles and life processes of zoo- and fitoplankton. Because of its complexity the mathematical ecological model seems to be the only solution of the problem.

The aim of the project is to construct and verify the three dimensional numerical model of the Gulf of Gdańsk. The model should enable us to diagnose the state of environment and prognosis of the ecosystem changes without need of very expensive field measurements. It will take into account the environment physics, production and destruction of organic matter as well as biochemical transformation of pollution. On the basis of algorithms describing the main environmental processes the computer programme will be prepared. The results of computer simulation of temporal and spatial distributions of temperature, salinity, oxygen and biogenic substances, fito- and zooplankton, suspended matter and E. coli contents will be verified against field data collected in 1991-1993 years.

(10)

9. Proposed investigation (purpose, background)

9.1. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS

Modelling in hydrodynamics has been introduced into the Polish oceanographic literature in 1970's (Ramming and Kowalik 1980). Some investigations of the exchange matter and energy in the sea as well as between the sea and atmosphere were undertaken. Systematisation of the primary production based on long-term observations (Renk, 1990). Meteorological and actynometric measurements for many years allowed to form model of the solar radiation at the Baltic surface (Krężel, 1985). However, most of the researches referred to the Southern Baltic Sea.

Concerning of the models for bays and lagoons, 'the radiation condition' has been used mainly at the open boundary, which omitted influence of the open sea. Increasing inflow of pollutants from land into the sea caused the necessity to undertake the problem of contamination. Nevertheless in 1980s, the expedition researches dominated, they concerned the structure and concentration fields of pollutants due to propagation at the coastal zone, particularly in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Majewski 1990). Because of imminence of the coastal waters and beaches, spreading of the pollutants in front of the river mouths were investigated (Korzeniewski 1993). Institutions connected with the protection of the environment tried to 'import of the technology' from Holland and Denmark, how to recognise directions of motion severely affected marine waters (Vistula River... 1992). Offered models were based on two dimensional hydrodynamics, the solution of better class (the three dimensional) was too expensive, but they demand adjustment verification.

In 1991-1993 our solution concerning transport of pollutants in the Gulf of Gdańsk has been undertaken, it was financed by Gdańsk University (Jędrasik and Kowalewski 1993). That model was framed on the two dimensional hydrodynamics also but it took into account influence of the sea at the open boundary of te Gulf of Gdańsk. In the next step transformations of the concentrations migrating nutrients due to biochemical processes including the primary production were modelled. Using of the hitherto existing experience and available literature, we are going to solve the task based on 3D hydrodynamics, the main conveyor in the dynamic ecosystem of the Gulf of Gdańsk. Submitted project is the new one, with the possibility of effective research as well as it reduces expensive field measurements to the minimum.

9.2. DESCRIPTION AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The problem of the research on the marine processes caused by the climatic changes and the anthropogenic factors is an essential one in the GLOBAL CHANGE programme. The subject of the presented project is modelling of the marine environment transformation due to inflow of the matter of land origin and energy exchange between sea and atmosphere and is in good agreement with international research programme LOICZ (the Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone).

The great amount of data from the area of the Gulf of Gdańsk have been collected during many years. Now, it seems that there is an urgent need, from both the scientific and economic point of view, to build a mathematical model which would be powerful tool for describing the influence of abiotic factors on the Gulf of Gdańsk ecosystem.

(11)

The basic aim of the project is creation and verification 3D mathematical model of the Gulf of Gdańsk which includes physical and biogeochemical processes as well. The model will enable to estimate overall pollution of the bay waters and follow the ways of spread out of toxic substances without necessity of carrying out expensive in situ measurements. Using the model it will be also possible to make a simulation in order to predict marine environment reaction to climatic and pollution input changes.

The model is planned to be based on interactive partial models dealing with specific oceanographic and hydrological problems. The full list of tasks is presented below.

1. Model of near surface water winds for the area of Southern Baltic allowing to estimate the vector of wind speed at a given point when the atmospheric pressure field is known.

2. Model of the river inflow consisting of two parts:

- stochastic model of the Vistula river inflow which allows determining the most probable fluid flow and the waste load in a given day of the year

- models of the small-courses in order to evaluate the fluid flows and the waste loads basing on the meteorological data.

3. The Gulf of Gdańsk thermal model describing exchange of energy between sea and atmosphere and the downward heat flux. The model will include: atmospheric momentum and heat inflow to the sea surface, advection-diffusion mechanisms in the water, convection, wind induced water mixing, formation of the thermocline, ice-sea formation. All of these components will serve to simulation of the spatial-temporary pattern of water temperature.

4. Model of the solar energy transmission through the atmosphere to estimate the rate of light energy reaching the sea surface under different cloudiness condition. It is intended to improve already existing model SPECTRAL 2 for cloudless sky (Bird and Riordan 1986)

5. Model of the downward transmission of light through the sea surface and in the water including the influence of organic and inorganic suspended matter on the light field.

6. The 3D, baroclinic hydrodynamic model determining on the basis of the wind and water density fields horizontal and vertical components of the unsteady water currents and the free sea surface displacement.

7. The 3D transport model of passive substances in the marine environment including mass advection-diffusion processes. It enables us to describe the spread out of land origin pollution in the Gulf of Gdańsk.

8. Model of the land origin suspended matter spread out, which allows for the sedimentation processes depending on particle sizes, providing its spatial distribution.

9. Model of the organic matter in the Gulf of Gdańsk waters describing: phyto- and zooplankton biomass changes, oxygen concentrations, transformations of nitrate, phosphate and silicon compounds. It will allow for thermal, light and biogenic content.

10. Model of land origin bakteria spreading out (Escherichia coli as an example). It enables to

determine the extent of municipal pollutants under given conditions of light, temperature and salinity.

Above "sub models" will be used to construct a new one that will take into account all the de-pendencies and connections between them. Numerical solution, basing on the differential grid

(12)

methods, is going to be achieve in the way of implementation of the model in the microcomputer systems. The spatial distribution of such parameters of sea water as: temperature, salinity, concentration of biogenic substances (nitrates, ammonium, phosphates, organic nitrogen and phosphorus) and fito- and zooplankton as well as content of suspended matter, oxygen and E. coli

bacteria will be calculated.

The model will be verified primarily against the field measurements carried out in the Gulf of Gdańsk in 1991. After appropriate calibration, we are going to make the three-years (1991-1993) com-puter simulation with the use of real meteorological conditions and land source's outflow. It enables us the final verification of the model including examining of its accuracy, tenderness and fault analysis. Additionally we are going to provide the comparison of the results of simulation made with projected model with the statistical model of biogenic substances which will be prepared on the basis of data collected in 1981-1993 period.

Bibliography

Bird R.E., Riordan C., 1986. Simple solar spectral model for direct and diffuse irradiance on horizontal and tilted planes at the earth's surface for cloudless atmosphere. J. Clim. Appl. Met. 25, 1, 87-97. Blumberg A.F., Mellor G.L., 1987, A description of the three-dimensional coastal ocean circulation

model [in:] Three-dimensional coastal ocean models, ed. by N. Heaps, AGU, 1-16,

Fransz H.G., Momaerts J.P., Radach G., 1991, Ecological modelling of the North Sea, Netherlands Journ. of the Sea Res., 28 (1/2), 67-140,

Jansson B.O., Wulff F., 1977. Ecosystem analysis of a shallow sound in the Northern Baltic. Contr. Asko Laboratory, Stockholm University, Sweden. No 18. pp. 1-159.

Jędrasik J., Kowalewski M., 1993, Transport model of pollutants in the Gulf of Gdańsk, Marine Pollution (3), Studia i Materiały Oceanologiczne nr 64, 61-76,

Korzeniewski K.,(Ed.), 1993, Puck Bay (in Polish), Wyd. Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, 1-532, Krężel A., 1985, Solar radiation at the Baltic Sea surface, Oceanologia, 21, 5-32,

Majewski A., (Ed.), 1990, The Gulf of Gdańsk (in Polish), Wydawn. Geologia., 1-502,

Ramming H.G., Kowalik Z., 1980, Numerical modelling of marine hydrodynamics, application to dynamic physical processess, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., 1-368.,

Renk H., 1990, Primary production (in Polish) [in:] The Gulf of Gdańsk, Wyd. Geolog., 329-360, Vistula River and Gdańsk Bay , 1992, Project Report of Institute of HydroEngineering Polish

(13)

(14)

10. Plan of investigation and for support requested

Title of project:

Model of Exchange of the Energy and Matter in Ecosystem The Gulf of Gda

ń

sk

(MEXEM BAY )

No. Proposed work

Proposed duration (in month) Support ($) 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Purchase of workstation Purchase of two IBM/PC's Purchase of the Laser Jet

Purchase of spare parts to the Coulter Counter Purchase of the 1991-1993 meteorological data Field measurements

Preparing of the data bank Purchase of the GIS software

Model of the near surface water winds A 3D hydrodynamic model

Model of the solar energy inflow

Model of the light transmission in sea water The Gulf of Gdańsk thermal model

A 3D model of passive substances transport Model of suspended matter sedimentation and transport

Model of organic matter behaviour A river outflow model

Model of the Escherichia coli bacteria spreading

Statistical model of temporal and spatial distribution of biogenic substances in the Gulf of Gdańsk

Primary verification and calibration of the models Final verification of the model

Final study (incl. publication cost)

in 1994 in 1994 in 1994 in 1994 in 1994/5 in 1995 12 in 1994 18 12 12 18 12 12 18 18 18 18 18 12 6 6 10000.- 2800.- 2300.- 3700.- 17800.- 5900.- 3000.- 4600.- 2300.- 4600.- 1600.- 1600.- 1600.- 1600.- 1600.- 2800.- 1800.- 1800.- 1400.- 1400.- 2100.- 6800.- TOTAL 841000.-

Signature Name in block capitals Date