constitution article 16.docx

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

ART

ARTICLE

ICLE 16

16

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by:- Rachit Gupta

 Rachit Gupta

BA LLB !

BA LLB !

 Seme"te#

 Seme"te#

$%&1'

$%&1'

Contents

Contents

C()te)

C()te)t"t" $$ IN*E

IN*E+ + O, O, AUTAUTORITORITIESIES .. CASES CASES .. BOOKS REFERRED BOOKS REFERRED...4...4 WEBSITES WEBSITES... 55

A#tic/e 16 (0 The C()"tituti() (0 I)dia

"ay":-A#tic/e 16 (0 The C()"tituti() (0 I)dia "ay":-...5...5

Natu#e a)d Sc(pe

Natu#e a)d Sc(pe... 77

A#tic/e 162134

A#tic/e 162134... 77

E5ua/ity (0 Opp(#tu)ity-State may /ay d() 7ua/i0icati() (# c()diti()"

E5ua/ity (0 Opp(#tu)ity-State may /ay d() 7ua/i0icati() (# c()diti()"...8...8

8embe#" (0 Sepa#ate a)d I)depe)de)t C/a""e" (0 Se#9ice

8embe#" (0 Sepa#ate a)d I)depe)de)t C/a""e" (0 Se#9ice...8...8

C(##ecti() (0 *ate (0 Bi#th

C(##ecti() (0 *ate (0 Bi#th...9...9

Cut-(00 *ate 0(# E/iibi/ity

Cut-(00 *ate 0(# E/iibi/ity...9...9

E5ua/ity (0 Opp(#tu)ity-;#(ce"" (0 Se/ecti()

E5ua/ity (0 Opp(#tu)ity-;#(ce"" (0 Se/ecti()...10...10

W#itte) Te"t 9i"-<-9i" =i9a =(ce Te"t

W#itte) Te"t 9i"-<-9i" =i9a =(ce Te"t...10...10

A))ua/ C()0ide)tia/ Rep(#t-C(mmu)icati() (0 E)t#ie"

A))ua/ C()0ide)tia/ Rep(#t-C(mmu)icati() (0 E)t#ie"...11...11

,i//i) up the ;("t" O9e# a)d Ab(9e Th("e Ad9e#ti"ed

,i//i) up the ;("t" O9e# a)d Ab(9e Th("e Ad9e#ti"ed...11...11

Reu/a#i"ati() (0 Ad (c Emp/(yee"

Reu/a#i"ati() (0 Ad (c Emp/(yee"...11...11

Ab"(#pti() (0 E/iib/e pe#"()"

Ab"(#pti() (0 E/iib/e pe#"()"...12...12

C(mpa""i()ate App(i)tme)t&*ie-i)-ha#)e"" Scheme

C(mpa""i()ate App(i)tme)t&*ie-i)-ha#)e"" Scheme...12...12

ARTICLE 162$3

ARTICLE 162$3... 1313

N( *i"c#imi)ati() () the G#(u)d (0 Re/ii()> Race> Etc

N( *i"c#imi)ati() () the G#(u)d (0 Re/ii()> Race> Etc...13...13

A#tic/e 162.3

A#tic/e 162.3... 1414

Re5ui#eme)t a" t( Re"ide)ce i) a State

Re5ui#eme)t a" t( Re"ide)ce i) a State...14...14

ARTICLE 162!3

ARTICLE 162!3... 1414

Sc(pe (0 A#tic/e 162!3

Sc(pe (0 A#tic/e 162!3... 1515

Reservation in Promotion [Article 16(A!"

Reservation in Promotion [Article 16(A!"...18...18

ARTIC#E [16(B!"

ARTIC#E [16(B!"... 1919 AR

ARTICLE TICLE 16(5...16(5... 1919

E$%A# PA& FOR E$%A# WORK 

IN*E+ O, AUTORITIES

CASES

1. A. Rajendran v. Union of India, AIR 1968 SC 507 : (1968) 1 SCR 721. 2. A.P..C.S. v. !.S.". #edera$ion , AIR 2006 SC 281%.

&. A'' India S$a$ion a$er and Ai$an$ S$a$ion a$er Ao*ia$ion +e'i v. -en. an. Cen$ra' Rai'a/, AIR 1960 SC &8% : (1960) 2 SCR &11

%. A'' India S$a$ion a$er Ao*ia$ion v. -enera' anaer, Cen$ra' Rai'a/ AIR 1960 SC &8%.

? Aa +. a$$ v. +ire*$or of Priar/ d3*a$ion, AIR 200& -3j. 197. 6. Ao4 3ar Son4ar v. Union of India, AIR 2007 SC 17%6.

7. Aani 3ar v. S$a$e of iar, AIR 1997 SC 1628. 8. Ci$ra'e4a v. S$a$e of /ore , AIR 196% SC 182&. 9. +ev +3$$ v. Union of India AIR 2008 SC 251&. 10. +evi v. S$a$e of aara$ra, 1986(1) SCR 7%&.

11. +i$ia/ee Parida v. S$a$e of ria AIR 2009 SC 9&5.

12. -overnen$ of A.P. v. . raanand3, AIR 2008 SC &170. 1&. Indian +r3 and Para*e3$i*a' v. or4en, (2007) 1 SCC %08.

1! Indra Sane/9Union of India AIR 199& SC %77.

15. !aanna$ Praad Sara v. S$a$e of U$$ar Prade, AIR 1961 SC 12%5.

16 .C. "aan$ 3ar9S$a$e of arna$a4a AIR 1985 SC 1%95. 17. e$ri/a ian -rain an4 v. +.. Sara, AIR 2001 SC 168. 18. i'a +ar v. S$a$e of Raja$an AIR 1981 SC 1777.

19. . aaraj v. Union of India (2006) 8 SCC 212.

$' .R. a'aji v. S$a$e of /ore, AIR 1963 SC 649.

21. ; a$ern Coa'fie'd $d. ". Ani' ad/a4ar AIR 2009 SC 25&%. 22. 343' Sai4ia v. S$a$e of Aa AIR 2009 SC 7%7.

$. araia Rao9S$a$e of Andra Prade AIR 1970 SC %22.

2%. a$iona' </droe'e*$ri* Poer Corn. ". ana4 Cand AIR 2005 SC 106. 25. P. oanan Pi''ai v. S$a$e of aer'a, AIR 2007 SC 28%0

26. Pand3ranarao v. Andra Prade P3='i* Servi*e Coiion AIR 196& SC 268.

27. Pradee 3ar ia v. Indian In$i$3$e of Cei*a' io'o/, (2002) 5 SCC 111 : (2002) & SCR 100.

28. Pre Sin v. <ar/ana S$a$e 'e*$ri*i$/ oard, (1996) % SCC &19. 29. Raja$an P.S.C. v. .. Pa'ia', AIR 2007 SC 17%6.

.' Randir Sin9Union of India AIR 1982 SC 879. &1. S.P. a$$a*erjee v. S.+. aj3dar, AIR 2007 SC 2012 &2. S.P. -3$a v. S$a$e of ! > , 200% (5) SCA 90.

&&. S$a$e of arna$a4a v. Uadevi, AIR 2006 SC 1806.

.! S$a$e of era'a v. .. ?oa, AIR 1976 SC 490.

&5. S$a$e of .P. v. !.S. ana', AIR 1998 SC 1015 : (1998) & SCC 71%. &6. S$a$e of /ore v. araina Rao, AIR 1968 SC &%9.

&7. S$a$e of ria v. Raj4iore anda, AIR 2010 SC 2100. &8. S$a$e of U.P. v. Ra Adar AIR 2008 SC &2%&.

.@ S$a$e f e$ ena' > Anr. v e$ ena' ini3 ae Civi' Aea' o. &855 of  2007.

%0. S$a$e Pv$. Co''ee S$o@-a e*$3rer Ao*ia$ion v. S$a$e of arna$a4a, (1992) 2 SCC 29.

%1. S3raj an eena > Anr. v. S$a$e f Raja$an SP o. 6&85 # 2010.

!$ ?. +evadaan9Union of India AIR 196% SC 179.

!. ?. +evadaan v. Union of India, AIR 1964 SC 179.

%%. ?. +evada v. Union of India, AIR 196% SC 179 : (196%) % SCR 680 %5. ?ri'o4na$ v. S$a$e of ! > , 1969 1 SCR 10& : AIR 1969 SC 1.

%6. Union of India v. <arna Sin AIR 199& SC 1&67. %7. Union of India v. Par3' +e=na$ AIR 2009 SC 2809. %8. Union of India v. "inod 43ar, AIR 2008 SC 5.

%9. UPSC v. -iri !a/an$i'a' "ae'a, (2006) 2 SCC %82.

50. "en4a$araana v. S$a$e of adra, AIR 1951 SC 229 : 1951 SC! &18. 51. oe 3ar v. -overnen$ of ?C, +e'i, AIR 200& SC 12%1.

1. a3, +3ra +a, BCommentary on the Constitution of India, 8$ _{di$ion "o'. I, 2007,}

ada Co.

2.  +e, +.!. ‘he Constitution of India! , &rd _{di$ion, Aia a <o3e.}

3. Prof. 3ar, arendra, BConstitutiona" "a# of India! , 7$ _{di$ion, A''aa=ad 'a aen*/.}

4. !ain, .P., B Indian Constitutiona" $a#! , 5$  _{di$ion, "o'. I, ei ei 3$$eror$}

ada and Co.

WEBSITES

A#tic/e 16 (0 The C()"tituti() (0 I)dia

"ay":-1) ?ere a'' =e eD3a'i$/ of oor$3ni$/ for a'' *i$iEen in a$$er re'a$in $o e'o/en$ or  aoin$en$ $o an/ offi*e 3nder $e S$a$e.

2) o *i$iEen a'', on ro3nd on'/ of re'iion, ra*e, *a$e, e, de*en$, 'a*e of =ir$, reiden*e or an/ of $e, =e ine'ii='e for, or di*riina$ed aain$ in ree*$ of, an/ e'o/en$ or offi*e 3nder $e S$a$e.

&) o$in in $i Ar$i*'e a'' reven$ Par'iaen$ fro a4in an/ 'a re*ri=in, in reard $o a *'a or *'ae of e'o/en$ or aoin$en$ $o an offi*e 1_{F under the}

%overnment of, or any "o&a" or other authority #ithin, a State or 'nion territory, any re(uirement as to residen&e #ithin that State or 'nion territoryG rior $o 3* e'o/en$ or aoin$en$.

%) o$in in $i Ar$i*'e a'' reven$ $e S$a$e fro a4in an/ roviion for $e reerva$ion of aoin$en$ or o$ in favo3r of an/ =a*4ard *'a of *i$iEen i*, in $e oinion of $e S$a$e, i no$ adeD3a$e'/ rereen$ed in $e ervi*e 3nder $e S$a$e.

2

)4A* +othin in this arti&"e sha"" -revent the State from main any -rovision for reservation in matters of -romotion 3_{)#ith &onse(uentia" seniority/ to any &"ass or &"asses of -osts in the}

 servi&es under the State in favour of the S&hedu"ed Castes and the S&hedu"ed ries #hi&h, in the o-inion of the State, are not ade(uate"y re-resented in the servi&es under the State./

4_{)42* +othin in this Arti&"e sha"" -revent the State form &onsiderin any unfi""ed va& an&ies}

of a year #hi&h are reserved for ein fi""ed u- in that year in a&&ordan&e #ith any -rovisions  for reservation made under C"ause 4* or 4A0 as a se-arate &"ass of va&an&ies sha"" not e

&onsidered toether #ith the va&an&ies of the year in #hi&h they are fi""ed u- for determinin the &ei"in of fifty -er &ent reservation on tota" numer of this year./

5) o$in in $i Ar$i*'e a'' affe*$ $e oera$ion of an/ 'a i* rovide $a$ $e in*3=en$ of an offi*e in *onne*$ion i$ $e affair of an/ re'iio3 or denoina$iona' in$i$3$ion or an/ e=er of $e overnin =od/ $ereof a'' =e a eron rofein a  ar$i*3'ar re'iion or =e'onin $o a ar$i*3'ar denoina$ion.

Natu#e a)d Sc(pe

1he ita"i&ied #ords #ere sustituted y the Constitution Seventh Amendment* A&t, 196, s. 59

2 C"ause 4A* inserted y t he Constitution 77 th _{Amendment* A&t, 199, s.5}

3 Inserted in C"ause 4A* y Constitution th _{Amendment* A&t 5001, s.5 #.e.f. 8une 17, 199*}

?e ain o=je*$ of Ar$i*'e 16 i $o *rea$e a *on$i$3$iona' ri$ in eD3a'i$/ of oor$3ni$/ and e'o/en$ in 3='i* offi*e.5  _{Ri$ $o eD3a'i$/ no no$ on'/ ean $e ri$ no$ $o =e}

di*riina$ed aain$, =3$ a'o ro$e*$ion aain$ ar=i$rar/ or irra$iona' a*$ion of $e S$a$e. ?e aroa* of $e Co3r$ i $o *3r= $e ar=i$rar/ eer*ie of oer =/ $e S$a$e aain$ individ3a' and $ere i *orreondin e'ana$ion on $e *on*e$ of $e S$a$e 3nder Ar$i*'e 12 of $e Con$i$3$ion.6 _{?e f3ndaen$a' ri$ 3nder ar$i*'e 16 i avai'a='e even$ $o a de'inD3en$}

e'o/ee.7 _{?e 3aran$ee 3nder Ar$i*'e 16(1) i $o ea* individ3a' *i$iEen and $erefore, ever/}

*i$iEen o i ee4in e'o/en$ or aoin$en$ $o an offi*e 3nder $e S$a$e i en$i$'ed $o =e afforded an oor$3ni$/ for ee4in 3* e'o/en$ or aoin$en$ enever i$ i in$ended $o  =e fi''ed.8_{Ar$i*'e 16(2) i a'o an e'a=ora$ion of a fa*e$ of Ar$i*'e 16(1). ?ee $o *'a3e $3}

 o$3'a$e $e 3nivera'i$/ of Indian Ci$iEeni. A $ere i Coon *i$iEeni, reiden*e D3a'ifi*a$ion i no$ reD3ired for ervi*e in an/ S$a$e. D3a' ro$e*$ion of $e 'a doe no$  o$3'a$e eD3a' $rea$en$ of a'' eron i$o3$ di$in*$ionH i$ ere'/ 3aran$ee $e a'i*a$ion of $e ae 'a a'i4e i$o3$ di*riina$ion $o a'' eron ii'ar'/ i$3a$ed.9 _{C'a3e (%) of} 

on'/ eri$ reerva$ion for B=a*4ard *'ae of *i$iEen o are no$, in $e oinion of $e S$a$e, adeD3a$e'/ rereen$ed in $e ervi*e of $e S$a$e. I$ doe no$ eri$ reerva$ion for an/  eron o doe no$ =e'on $o $e *a$eor/ of B=a*4ard *'ae, nor doe i$ ena='e $e S$a$e $o reerve o$ on *o3na' 'ine.10 _{A di$ri=3$ion of offi*e aon$ *o3ni$ie a**ordin $o a}

fied ra$io or D3o$aH or a roviion for dire*$ re*r3i$en$ of eron B$o reove *o3na' diari$/11 _{infrine C'a3e (1) and (2) of Ar$i*'e 16.}

A#tic/e 162134

5';SC v. %irish 8ayanti"a" <ahe"a, 5006* 5 SCC 45.

6 ;radee- =umar 2is#as v. Indian Institute of Chemi&a" 2i o"oy, 5005*  SCC 111 > 5005* 3 SCR 100.

7 State of ?.;. v. 8.S. 2ansa", AIR 199 SC 101 > 199* 3 SCC 714.

8. @evadsam v. 'nion of India, AIR 1964 SC 179 > 1964* 4 SCR 60 A. RaBendran v. 'nion of India, AIR 196 SC 07 > 196* 1 SCR 751.

9 A"" India Station ?asters and Assistant Station ?asters Asso&iation @e"hi v. %en. ?an. Centra" Rai"#ay, AIR 1960 SC 34 > 1960* 5 SCR 311 > 8aannath ;rasad Sharma v. State of 'ttar ;radesh, AIR 1961 SC 154.

10 <enataramana v. State odf ?adras, AIR 191 SC 559 > 191 SC8 31 .

E5ua/ity (0 Opp(#tu)ity-State may /ay d() 7ua/i0icati() (#

c()diti()"

Ar$i*'e 16 doe no$ reven$ $e S$a$e fro re*ri=in $e reD3ii$e D3a'ifi*a$ion and $e e'e*$ion ro*ed3re for re*r3i$en$ or aoin$en$. I$ i f3r$er oen $o $e aoin$in a3$ori$/ $o 'a/ don 3* re@reD3ii$e *ondi$ion of aoin$en$ a o3'd =e *ond3*ive $o $e ain$enan*e of roer di*i'ine aon$ overnen$ ervan$.12 ?e D3a'ifi*a$ion re*ri=ed a/, $erefore, =eide en$a' e*e''en*e, in*'3de /i*a' fi$ne, ene of di*i'ine, ora' in$eri$/, and 'o/a'$/ $o $e S$a$e.1&

<oever, $e D3a'ifi*a$ion or $e e'e*$ive $e$ 3$ no$ =e ar=i$rar/. ?ee 3$ =e  =aed on reaona='e ro3nd and 3$ ave ne3 i$ $e effi*ien$ erforan*e of $e d3$ie of 

$e ar$i*3'ar offi*e or o$. In ;a)du#a)a#a( 9 A)dh#a ;#ade"h ;ub/ic Se#9ice C(mmi""i()1! _{$e R3'e re'a$in $o D3a'ifi*a$ion for $e aoin$en$ $o $e o$ of +i$ri*$}

3niff, =/ dire*$ re*r3i$en$ re*ri=ed $a$ J$e a'i*an$ 3$ ave =een ra*$i*in a an Advo*a$e in $e <i Co3r$ and e 3$ ave =een a*$3a''/ ra*$i*in in $e *o3r$ of Civi' or  Criina' j3ridi*$ion in India for a eriod no$ 'e $an $ree /earK. ?e o=je*$ a $a$ $e  eron $o =e aoin$ed $o $e o$ of +i$ri*$ 3niff 3$ =e avin 4no'ede of 'o*a' 'a a e'' a 4no'ede of $e reiona' 'an3ae and adeD3a$e eerien*e a$ $e =ar. ?e a'i*a$ion of $e e$i$ioner, D3a'ified in a'' o$er ree*$ e*e$ $a$ e a no$ a$ $a$ $ie,  ra*$i*in a an Advo*a$e in $e Andra Prade <i Co3r$ =3$ in /ore <i Co3r$, a

reje*$ed. ?e S3ree Co3r$ e'd $a$ $e R3'e i* reD3ired $a$ on'/ a 'a/er ra*$i*in in $e Andra Prade <i Co3r$, ad in$rod3*ed a *'aifi*a$ion =e$een one *'a of Advo*a$e and $e re$ and $e aid *'aifi*a$ion a irra$iona' ina3* a $ere a no ne3 =e$een $e  =ai of $e aid *'aifi*a$ion and $e o=je*$ in$ended $o =e a*ieved =/ $e re'evan$ R3'e. ?e

r3'e a $r3*4 don a 3n*on$i$3$iona' and u"tra vires.

8embe#" (0 Sepa#ate a)d I)depe)de)t C/a""e" (0 Se#9ice

12 'nion of India v. <inod umar, AIR 500 SC .

13 State of ?ysore v. +arasina Rao, AIR 196 SC 349.

?ere *an =e no r3'e of eD3a'i$/ =e$een e=er of eara$e and indeenden$ *'ae of  ervi*e. In A// I)dia Stati() 8a"te#" A""(ciati() 9 Ge)e#a/ 8a)ae#> Ce)t#a/ Rai/ay>1? _a

R3'e i* rovided for $e roo$ion of -3ard $o $e o$ of S$a$ion a$er i'e inorin $e Road@Side S$a$ion a$er, a e'd $o =e va'id, in*e, $e -3ard and Roadide S$a$ion a$er ere re*r3i$ed eara$e'/ and $rained eara$e'/ and ad eara$e aven3e of   roo$ion. ?e/, $3, fored $o di$in*$ and eara$e *'ae and for $a$ reaon $ ere a no

*oe for redi*a$in eD3a'i$/ or ineD3a'i$/ of oor$3ni$/ in $e a$$er of roo$ion.16

C(##ecti() (0 *ate (0 Bi#th

In $e a$$er of *orre*$ion of da$e of =ir$, $e Co3r$ reD3ire $a$ $e e'o/ee o3'd a4e an a'i*a$ion i$in $ie fied =/ R3'e or rder and in a=en*e of 3* R3'e, i$in reaona='e $ie and no$ on $e eve of re$ireen$, 3n'e ria fa*ie eviden*e 3niea*a='e *ara*$er a  rod3*ed.

In U)i() (0 I)dia 9 a#)am Si)h>1% _{$e S3ree Co3r$ *a3$ioned $e Co3r$, ?ri=3na'}

or <i Co3r$ $a$@

Jan a'i*a$ion for *ane of da$e of =ir$ o3'd no$ =e dea'$ i$ 4eein in vie on'/ $e  3='i* ervan$ *on*erned. ?e Co3r$ oin$ed o3$ $a$ an/ 3* dire*$ion for dire*$ion for 

*orre*$ion of $e da$e of =ir$ of $e 3='i* ervan$ *on*erned ad a *ain rea*$ion, ina3* a o$er ai$in for /ear, =e'o i for $eir ree*$ive roo$ion o$ affe*$ed in $e ro*e and oe i$ 3ffer irreara='e inj3r/.

Cut-(00 *ate 0(# E/iibi/ity

I$ i $ri$e $a$ ordinari'/, $e D3a'ifi*a$ion or e$ra@ D3a'ifi*a$ion 'aid don for $e re*r3i$en$ o3'd =e *onidered a on $e 'a$ da$e for fi'in of $e a'i*a$ion.18 _{In *iptimayee ;a#ida 9} State (0 O#i""a1@ _{$e ae''an$, a *andida$e for $e o$ of Ananadi or4er a e'd no$} 15 AIR 1960 SC 34.

16 See a"so =shetriya =isan %ramin 2an v. @.2. Sharma, AIR 5001 SC 16.

17 AIR 1993 SC 1367.

18 Asho =umar Sonar v. 'nion of India, AIR 5007 SC 1746.

en$i$'ed $o Je$ra & ar4K reerved for arried oen, in*e $e 'a$ da$e for fi'in $e a'i*a$ion a 20@09@2000 and e o$ arried in 2001. ?e Se'e*$ion Coi$$ee, in *oniderin er ari$a' $a$3 a on $e da$e of e'e*$ion ra$er $an on $e 'a$ da$e of referrin a'i*a$ion a e'd $o ave a*$ed i$ a$en$ i''ea'i$/.

I$ i e'' e$$'ed, 3or$ed =e evera' de*iion20 _{of $e Ae Co3r$ $a$ $e *3$@off} 

da$e =/ referen*e $o i* $e e'ii=i'i$/ reD3ireen$ 3$ =e a$ified =/ $e *andida$e ee4in a 3='i* e'o/en$ i@

a) $e da$e aoin$ed =/ $e re'evan$ ervi*e r3'eH

 =) if $ere =e no *3$@off da$e aoin$ed =/ $e r3'e, $an 3* da$e a a/ =e aoin$ed for  $e 3roe, in $e adver$ieen$ *a''in for a'i*a$ionH $a$

*) if $ere =e no 3* da$e aoin$ed $en $e e'ii=i'i$/ *ri$eria a'' =e a'ied, =/ referen*e $o $e 'a$ da$e aoin$ed, =/ i* $e a'i*a$ion ave $o =e re*eived =/ $e *oe$en$ a3$ori$/.

E5ua/ity (0 Opp(#tu)ity-;#(ce"" (0 Se/ecti()

Re*r3i$en$ $o 3='i* ervi*e o3'd =e e'd $ri*$'/ in a**ordan*e i$ $e $er of  adver$ieen$ and $e re*r3i$en$ r3'e, if an/. +evia$ion fro $e r3'e a''o en$r/ $o ine'ii='e eron and derive an/ o$er o *o3'd ave *oe$ed for $e o$. I$ i r3'ed $a$  3='i* *on$ra*$ are no$ 'aree.21 _{In Li/a *ha# 9 State (0 Raa"tha)>}$$ _{oin$ed o3$ $a$ $e}

o=je*$ of an/ ro*e of e'e*$ion for en$r/ in$o 3='i* ervi*e a $o e*3re $e =e$ and $e o$ 3i$a='e eron for $e jo=, avoidin a$ronae and favo3ri$i.

W#itte) Te"t 9i"-<-9i" =i9a =(ce Te"t

<o'din $a$ i$ a no$ for $e Co3r$ $o 'a/ don e$er in$ervie $e$ o3'd =e e'd a$ a'' or o an/ ar4 o3'd =e a''oed for in$ervie $e$, $e Co3r$ in

Li/a *ha# ca"e$. _{aid $a$ $e ar4 3$ =e inia' o a $o avoid *are of}  20 See S.;. 2hatta&herBee v. S.@. ?aBumdar, AIR 5007 SC 5015 ;. ?ohanan ;i""ai v. State of =aer"a, AIR 5007 SC 540 RaBasthan ;.S.C. v.  =.=. ;a"i#a", AIR 5007 SC 1746.

21See Doesh =umar v. %oernment of +C, @e"hi, AIR 5003 SC 1541.

22 AIR 191 SC 1777.

ar=i$rarine, $o3 no$ ne*ear/ a'a/. ?e Co3r$ oined $a$ riid r3'e *o3'd no$ =e 'aid don in $ee a$$er and $a$ $e a$$er i$ ore aroria$e'/ =e 'ef$ $o $e ido of $e eer$. A reard $e a''o*a$ion of ar4 for viva vo*e vi@L@vi $e ar4 for ri$$en eaina$ion, i$ a =een e'd $a$ $ere *anno$ =e an/ ard and fa$ r3'e of 3nivera' a'i*a$ion. I$ o3'd deend 3on $e o$ and na$3re of d3$ie $o =e erfored.2%

A))ua/ C()0ide)tia/ Rep(#t-C(mmu)icati() (0 E)t#ie"

In *e9 *utt 9 U)i() (0 I)dia>$? $e Ae Co3r$, o'din $a$ fairne and $ranaren*/ in  3='i* adini$ra$ion reD3ired $a$ a'' en$rie e$er, oor, fair, averae, ood or ver/ ood, in

$e ACR, 3$ =e *o3ni*a$ed, r3'ed $a$ non@*o3ni*a$ion of even a in'e en$r/ i* vio'a$ive of Ar$i*'e 16 read i$ Ar$i*'e 1%.

,i//i) up the ;("t" O9e# a)d Ab(9e Th("e Ad9e#ti"ed

I$ i $ri$e $a$ $e S$a$e *anno$ a4e aoin$en$ $o $e o$ over and a=ove $an $e n3=er of   o$ adver$ied.26 _{In 8uu/ Saiia 9 State (0 A""am>}$% _{$e Aa P3='i* Servi*e Coiion}

(APSC) adver$ied 27 o$ of Ci'd +eve'oen$ Proje*$ ffi*er (C+P). P3r3an$ $o i$ a e'e*$ion ro*e a e'd. ?e fina' e'e*$ 'i$ reared and 3= 'ied =/ Coiion *on$ained $e nae of 6% *andida$e far in e*e of $e no$ified va*an*ie. ?e Ae Co3r$, referrin $o $eir ear'ier rono3n*een$,28 _{e'd $a$ aoin$en$ *o3'd =e ade on'/ $o 27 o$ and $e}

e'e*$ion 'i$ o$ ea3$ed en a'' $e 27 o$ ere fi''ed.

Reu/a#i"ati() (0 Ad (c Emp/(yee"

24 S.;. %u-ta v. State of 8  =, 5004 * SCA$ 90.

25 AIR 500 SC 513.

26State of Erissa v. RaBishore +anda, AIR 5010 SC 5100.

27 AIR 5009 SC 747.

?e S3ree Co3r$ a reea$ed'/ dere*a$ed $e re3'ariEa$ion and a=or$ion of or4in a  ar$@$ie e'o/ee or an ad o* =ai,29 _{a i$ ad =e*oe a *oon e$od of a''oin =a*4} 

door en$rie.&0 _{I$ a =een r3'ed $a$ aoin$en$ ade on *on$ra*$ =ai or on dai'/ ae or in}

vio'a$ion of R3'e, =ein void a= ini$io *anno$ =e re3'aried.&1 _{A'o $a$, re3'ariEa$ion *an on'/}

 =e done in a**ordan*e i$ $e R3'e and no$ deor $e R3'e.&2 _{In State (0 U; 9 Ram} Adha#>.. _{$e Ae Co3r$ r3'ed $a$ a $eorar/ e'o/ee ad no ri$ $o $e o$. ?ere a no}

 rin*i'e of 'a, $e Co3r$ aid $a$ a eron aoin$ed in a $eorar/ *aa*i$/ ad a ri$ $o *on$in3e $i'' re3'ar e'e*$ion. on *on$in3an*e of e'o/ee on irre3'ar =ai, o3'd no$ en$i$'e $e, $o *'ai eD3a'i$/ i$ re3'ar'/ re*r3i$ed e'o/ee.&%

Ab"(#pti() (0 E/iib/e pe#"()"

In U)i() (0 I)dia 9 ;a#u/ *eb)ath>.? _{$e S3ree Co3r$ di$in3ied =e$een a=or$ion of} 

e'ii='e eron fro re3'aria$ion of ad o* e'o/ee. In $i *ae, $e reonden$ *'aian$ ere aoin$ed 3nder $e Andaan and i*o=ar I'and <.-. Re3'a$ion, a e=er of $e <oe -3ard rania$ion for $ree /ear. Sin*e $en $e/ ere *on$in3o3'/ ade $o erfor d3$ie of a re3'ar na$3re. ?e/ ere a'o de'o/ed $o or4 3nder $e oera$iona' *on$ro' and 3erviion of $e Po'i*e and $e overa'' *on$ro' of $e adini$ra$ion i$o3$ an/ =rea4. ?e/ ad =een or4in for eriod ranin fro 12 $o 2& /ear. ?e <i Co3r$ dire*$ed $e ae''an$ $o frae a *ee for $e a=or$ion of $e reonden$ in $e re3'ar e$a='ien$ of $e Andaan and i*o=ar I'and, in one o and no$ in ae. Uo'din $e dire*$ion of $e <i Co3r$, $e SC r3'ed $a$ a=or$ion of $e reonden$ did no$ ao3n$ $o ne aoin$en$ and $a$ $ere o3'd no$ arie an/ D3e$ion of reerva$ion of va*an*ie. ?e *ee a fraed =/ $e a3$ori$ie i* rovided for reerva$ion of 20M of $e va*an$ o$ $o a**ooda$e $e reonden$ in a aed anner, i'e e$$in aar$ 80M of va*an*ie for o$er *andida$e. ?e

29 =arnataa State ;vt. Co""ees Sto-%a- $e&turers Asso&iation v. State of =arnataa, 1995* 5 SCC 59.

30 Ash#ani =umar v. State of 2ihar, AIR 1997 SC 165.

31 State of =arnataa v. 'madevi, AIR 5006 SC 106.

32 Indian @rus and ;harma&euti&a"s v. Gormen, 5007* 1 SCC 40.

33 AIR 500 SC 3543.

34 %overnment of A.;. v. =. 2rahmanandum, AIR 500 SC 3170.

*ee fraed a e$ aide =/ $e Ae Co3r$ a i$ a e'd $o =e ar=i$rar/ and di*riina$or/. ?e S*ee o3'd ave *rea$ed a *'a i$in a *'a.

C(mpa""i()ate App(i)tme)t&*ie-i)-ha#)e"" Scheme

In a$$er of aoin$en$, $e S$a$e i o='ia$ed $o ive effe*$ $o $e *on$i$3$iona' *ee of  eD3a'i$/ a ad3=ra$ed in Ar$i*'e 1% and 16. ?e Co3r$, oever, a *arved o3$ an e*e$ion in favo3r of $e *i'dren or o$er re'a$ive of $e offi*er o die or o =e*oe in*aa*i$a$ed i'e renderin ervi*e. ?e a'i*a$ion for 3* aoin$en$ 3$ =e ade i$o3$ an/ reaona='e de'a/. In Nati()a/ yd#(e/ect#ic ;(e# C(#p) = Na)a Cha)d>.6 _{a'i*a$ion for} 

*oaiona$e aoin$en$, ade af$er $en /ear of dea$ of $e fa$er, a e'd iroer. In

8&" Ea"te#) C(a/0ie/d" Ltd = A)i/ Badyaa#>.% _{one a'o +oe, in ervi*e of C died in}

1981. ?ere =ein di3$e =e$een i ife and i da3$er a $o o a $e eir of $e de*eaed, i$ $oo4 a'o$ 12 /ear en a'' eir of $e de*eaed 3=i$$ed Jo o=je*$ionK in favo3r of $e reonden$, o a $en aoin$ed on *oaiona$e ro3nd. ?e aoin$en$, oever, a *an*e''ed, =ein ade af$er 12 /ear of $e dea$ of $e e'o/ee.

ARTICLE 162$3

N( *i"c#imi)ati() () the G#(u)d (0 Re/ii()> Race> Etc

C'a3e (2) of  Ar$i*'e 16 de*'are > No *i$iEen a'', on ro3nd on'/ of re'iion, ra*e, *a$e, e, de*en$, 'a*e of =ir$, reiden*e or an/ of $e, =e ine'ii='e for, or di*riina$ed aain$ in ree*$ of, an/ e'o/en$ or offi*e 3nder $e S$a$eN. ?e ereion Hdis&riminated  aainstH in Arti&"e 165* =ear $e ae eanin a in Arti&"e 1 and inifie differen$ia$ion i$ a =ia aain$ a ar$i*3'ar *'a or individ3a'. ?erefore, if $e differen$ia$ion and =ia are  =aed on an/ of $e ro3nd en$ioned in  Arti&"e 165*,  $e i3ned 'a or S$a$e a*$ion

36 AIR 500 SC 106.

 =e*oe i-so fa&to re3nan$ $o $e Con$i$3$ion.

I) CB 8uthamma v.U)i() (0 I)dia>. _{$e S3ree Co3r$ e'd R3'e 8(1) of} 

 Indian :orein Servi&e Condu&t and @is&i-"ine* Ru"es, 1961 and R 18(%) of $e  Indian  :orein Servi&e Re&ruitment, Cadre Seniority a, ;romotions* Ru"es, 1961,  a di*riina$or/ aain$ oen. R3'e 8(1) rovided $a$ a oan e=er of $e ervi*e o3'd o=$ain  eriion of -overnen$, in ri$in, =efore er arriae a o'enied&9 _{and *o3'd =e}

reD3ired $o rein fro ervi*e af$er er arriae, if $e -overnen$ a a$ified $a$ er  fai'/ and doe$i* *oi$en$ ere 'i4e'/ $o *oe in $e a/ of $e d3e and effi*ien$ di*are of er d3$ie a a e=er of $e ervi*e. 3$ oen a/ =e =arred fro e'o/en$ in a ar$i*3'ar e'o/en$ if $e di*riina$ion i =aed no$ o'e'/ on $e ro3nd of e on a**o3n$ of $eir non@3i$a=i'i$/.

A#tic/e 162.3

Re5ui#eme)t a" t( Re"ide)ce i) a State

C"ause 3* em-o#ers the ;ar"iament to mae Nan/ 'a re*ri=in in reard $o a *'a or *'ae of e'o/en$ or aoin$en$ $o an offi*e 3nder $e -overnen$ of, or an/ 'o*a' or o$er  a3$ori$/ i$in, a S$a$e or Union $erri$or/, an/ reD3ireen$ a $o reiden*e i$in $a$ S$a$e or  Union $erri$or/ rior $o 3* e'o/en$ or aoin$en$N.

In $e eer*ie of $e oer *onferred =/ C'a3e(&) of Ar$i*'e 16 , Par'iaen$ ena*$ed $e P3='i* 'o/en$ (ReD3ireen$ a $o Reiden*e) A*$, 1957. ?e A*$ reea'ed a'' $e 'a in for*e, re*ri=in an/ reD3ireen$ a $o reiden*e, i$in a S$a$e or Union ?erri$or/, for  e'o/en$ or aoin$en$ in $a$ S$a$e or Union ?erri$or/ i$ fe e*e$ion.

In Na#a"imha Ra( v.State (0 A)dh#a ;#ade"h>!'_{$e S3ree Co3r$ $r3*4 don}

Se*$ion & of $e P3='i* 'o/en$ (ReD3ireen$ a $o Reiden*e *, A*$, 1957 , i* re'a$ed $o ?e'enana ar$ of Andra Prade, a 3'$ra vire $e Par'iaen$. C'a3e (&) of Ar$i*'e 16 , $e Co3r$ e'ained, 3ed $e ord H S$a$eH, i* inified H S$a$eH  a a 3ni$ and no$ ar$ of a State

38 AIR 1979 SC 16.

39See a"so ?aya @evi v. State of ?aharashtra, 1961* SCR 743, #herein re(uirement that a married #oman  shou"d otain her husand!s &onsent a--"yin for -u"i& em-"oyment #as he"d inva"id as un&onstitutiona".

a di$ri*$ or o$er 3ni$ of a State. ?erefore, Par'iaen$ar/ 'a *o3'd rovide for reiden*e in $e o'e of Andra Prade and no$ in ?e'enana, i* a a ar$ of $e State.

ARTICLE 162!3

C'a3e (%) of Ar$i*'e 16 ere'/ eri$ $e S$a$e $o a4e Nroviion for $e reerva$ion of  aoin$en$ or o$ in favo3r of an/ =a*4ard *'a of *i$iEen i*, in $e oinion of $e S$a$e, i no$ adeD3a$e'/ rereen$ed in $e ervi*e 3nder $e S$a$eOO.

Sc(pe (0 A#tic/e 162!3

In  T *e9ada"a) v. U)i() (0 I)dia>!1 _{o3'ar'/ 4non a N*arr/ forard r3'e *aeN , $e}

S3ree Co3r$ *onidered $e *oe of Ar$i*'e 16(%). In $i *ae, $e *arr/ forard r3'e , re3'a$in reerva$ion of va*an*ie for *andida$e =e'onin $o S*ed3'ed Ca$e and S*ed3'ed ?ri=e, a $r3*4 don =/ $e Co3r$, a inva'id and 3 n*on$i$3$iona'.

A a re3'$ of $e a'i*a$ion of $e i3ned R3'e, in $e /ear 1961, o3$ of $e %5 va*an*ie, a*$3a''/ fi''ed, 29 en$ $o $e *andida$e =e'onin $o S*ed3'ed Ca$e;?ri=e. ?a$ *ae $o a=o3$ 6%M of reerva$ion.

In DC =a"a)th Duma# v. State (0 Da#)ataa>!$ _{five <on='e !3de *on$i$3$in $e}

en* of $e S3ree Co3r$ ereed eara$e oinion on $e i3e of reerva$ion. ?e  rooi$ion i* are di*erni='e fro $eir oinion a/ =e 3aried a fo''o 

(a) ?a$, reerva$ion in favo3r of S*ed3'ed Ca$e and S*ed3'ed ?ri=e 3$ *on$in3e a a$ reen$, i$o3$ $e a'i*a$ion of a ean $e$, for a f3r$er eriod no$ e*eedin 15 /ear. <oever, reerva$ion 3$ no$ =e a''oed $o =e*oe ve$ed in$ere$.

(=)In o far a $e o$er a*4ard C'ae are *on*erned, $o $e$ o3'd =e *onj3n*$ive'/ a'ied for iden$if/in $e for $e 3roe of reerva$ion, nae'/: (i) $e/ o3'd =e *oara='e $o $e SC;S? in $e a$$er of $eir =a*4ardneH and

41 AIR 1964 SC 179.

(ii) $e/ o3'd a$if/ $e ean $e$, 3* a, a S$a$e -overnen$, a/ 'a/ don in $e *on$e$ of revai'in e*onoi* *ondi$ion, in*e o*ia' and e*onoi*  =a*4ardne differ fro area $o area.

(*)?a$, $e o'i*/ of reerva$ion o3'd =e revied ever/ five /ear or o. S3* revie o3'd afford an oor$3ni$/ 

(i) $o $e S$a$e of re*$if/in di$or$ion ariin o3$ of ar$i*3'ar fa*e$ of $e reerva$ion o'i*/, and

(ii)_{$o $e eo'e $o ven$i'a$e $eir vie in a 3='i* de=a$e on $e ra*$i*a' ia*$ of} 

$e o'i*/ of reerva$ion.

i$ a vie $o e$$'e $e 'a, in an a3$ori$a$ive a/, a e*ia' en* of nine !3de of $e S3ree Co3r$, a, for $e fir$ $ie, *on$i$3$ed in I)d#a Sah)ey v. U)i() (0 I)dia>!.

i* i o3'ar'/ 4non a 8a)da/ C(mmi""i() ca"e ?e i3e a $oro3'/ eained  =/ $e Co3r$ in i$ i$ori*a' roe*$ive. ?e ajori$/ oinion on vario3 ae*$ of 

reerva$ion a/ =e 3aried a fo''o: 

(1)C'a3e (%) of Ar$i*'e 16 i no$ an e*e$ion $o Ar$i*'e 16(1).  I$ i an in$an*e of  *'aifi*a$ion i'i*i$ in and eri$$ed =/ C'a3e (1) of Ar$i*'e 16.

In o 'a/in don, $e Co3r$ overr3'ed 8R Ba/ai!! _and*e9ada"a)!? _{and rei$era$ed i$}

arova'Th(ma"!6

(2)?e ord Nroviion for $e reerva$ion of aoin$en$;o$N in Ar$i*'e 16(%) do no$ *on$e'a$e on'/ one for of roviion nae'/ reerva$ion i'i*i$er. ?e ord $a4e in o$er for of e*ia' roviion 'i4e referen*e, *on*eion and ee$ion.%7

(&) A =a*4ard *'a *anno$ =e de$erined on'/ and e*'3ive'/ i$ referen*e $o e*onoi* *ri$erion. I$ a/ =e a *onidera$ion or =ai a'on i$ and in addi$ion $o

43 AIR 1993 SC 477.

44 ?.R. 2a"aBi v. State of ?ysore, AIR 1963 SC 649.

45. @evadasan v. 'nion of India, AIR 1964 SC 179.

46 46State of =era"a v. +.?. homas, AIR 1976 SC 490.

47he Court e-"ained that Arti&"e 164 * -ermitted not on"y reservation of a--ointmentsJ-osts #hi&h #as the hihest form of s-e&ia" -rovision, ut a"so -referen&es, &on&essions and eem-tions, #hi&h #ere 'eer  for of e*ia' roviion.

o*ia' =a*4ardne, =3$ i$ *an never =e $e o'e *ri$erion.%8

(%) I$ i erii='e for $e -overnen$ or o$er a3$ori$/ $o iden$if/ a =a*4ard *'a of  *i$iEen on $e =ai of o**3a$ion@*3@in*oe i$o3$ referen*e $o *a$e.%9

(5) ?ere i no *on$i$3$iona' =ar $o *'aif/ $e =a*4ard *'ae of *i$iEen in$o  =a*4ard and ore =a*4ard *a$eorie.

?e Co3r$ e'd $a$ 3=@*'aifi*a$ion =e$een =a*4ard *'ae and ore =a*4ard o3'd =e advia='e $o en3re $a$ $e ore =a*4ard aon $e =a*4ard *'ae o3'd o=$ain $e =enefi$ in$ended for $e. If i$ a no$ o done $en $e advan*ed e*$ion of $e =a*4ard *'ae i$ ove aa/ i$ a'' $e =enefi$ of reerva$ion. ?e ajori$/ $3 overr3'ed 8R Ba/ai>?'_{and arovedBa/#am}?1

(6)In order $a$ $e =a*4ard *'ae are iven adeD3a$e rereen$a$ion in $e S$a$e ervi*e and $o en3re $a$ $e =enefi$ of reerva$ion rea* $e oorer and $e ea4e$ e*$ion of $e =a*4ard *'a,the c#eamy /aye#o3'd =e e*'3ded in $a$ *'a, fro *'aiin $e =enefi$.

?e Co3r$, $erefore, dire*$ed $e -overnen$ of India $o e*if/ $e =ai of e*'3ion  e$er on $e =ai of in*oe, e$en$ of o'din or o$erieofc#eamy /aye#

(7) ?e reerva$ion *on$e'a$ed in C'a3e (%) of  Arti&"e 16  o3'd no$ e*eed 50M <oeverH in e$raordinar/ i$3a$ion $i er*en$ae a/ =e e*eeded. 3$, ever/ e*e over 50M i'' ave $o =e j3$ified on va'id ro3nd. Reerved *a$eor/ *andida$e e$$in e'e*$ed in oen *oe$i$ion on $e =ai of $eir eri$, o3'd no$  =e *o3n$ed aain$ $e D3o$a reerved for $e.52

(8) #or $e 3roe of a'/in $e r3'e of 50M, a /ear o3'd =e $a4en a $e 3ni$ and no$ $e en$ire $ren$ of $e *adre, ervi*e or $e 3ni$, a $e *ae a/ =e.

48 Re"yin on this Budment, the %uBarat Fih Court in Asha @. 2hatt v. @ire&tor of ;rimary du&ation, AIR 5003 %uB. 197, he"d reservation to the etent of 5K for e&onomi&a""y a&#ard &"asses as &ontrary to Arti&"e 1.

49See a"so on this as-e&t, Chitra"eha v. State of ?ysore, AIR 1964 SC 153.

50.R. a'aji v. S$a$e of /ore , AIR 1963 SC 649.

51See a"so A.P..C.S. v. !.S.". #edera$ion , AIR 5006 SC 514.

52he rationa"e ehind im-osin an u--er &ei"in of 0K ena"ed y Arti&"e 14* and 164* &annot e readi"y

etended to the domain of -o"iti&a" re-resentation at the ;an&hayat "eve" in S&hedu"ed Areas. See Union of India v. Ra4e 3ar  , AIR 5010 SC 3544. See a"so . Sreedevi v. Union of edi*a' S*ien*e, A.P. , 8 5000* SC 314. Su&h &andidates are re(uired to -ay &oa&hin fee at susidised rate "ie other reserved &andidates and not fu"" fee re(uired from enera" &ateory &andidates. See S$a$e of Raja$an v. !/o$i a'a , AIR 5004 +EC 361 RaB.*.

(9) ?e *arr/ forard of 3nfi''ed reerved va*an*ie i no$  -er se 3n*on$i$3$iona'. <oever, $e oera$ion of *arr/ forard r3'e

(10) I$ o3'd no$ re3'$ in =rea* of 50M r3'e.5& _{?e Co3r$ a overr3'ed +evadaan}5%

erein $e &arry for#ard ru"e a $r3*4 don on $e ro3nd $a$ i$ a'i*a$ion re3'$ed in reerva$ion of ore $an 50M va*an*ie in favo3r of $e =a*4ard *'ae of *i$iEen.

(11) Ar$i*'e 16(%) doe no$ *on$e'a$e or eri$ reerva$ion in roo$ion a e''. ?e reerva$ion are $3 *onfined $o ini$ia' aoin$en$ on'/.55

(12) Reerva$ion for =a*4ard *'ae o3'd no$ =e ade in ervi*e and oi$ion ere eri$ a'one *o3n$.

Reservation in Promotion [Article 16(A!"

I) I)d#a Sah)ey v.U)i() (0 I)dia>?6 _{the ?anda" Commission &ase*, af$er $a4in in$o}

*onidera$ion a'' $e *ir*3$an*e, aid $a$  Arti&"e 164* did no$ *on$e'a$e or eri$ reerva$ion in roo$ion, $o3 $e ereion Naoin$en$N in  Arti&"e 164*, in*'3ded aoin$en$ =/ dire*$ re*r3i$en$ or =/ roo$ion or =/ $ranfer. ?e a=ove r3'e 'aid don =/ $e S3ree Co3r$ a =een odified a reard $e e=er =e'onin $o $e S&hedu"ed  Castes and $e S&hedu"ed ries,  =/ $e C()"tituti() 2Se9e)ty-"e9e)th Ame)dme)t3 Act> 1@@?>i* a added a ne C'a3e (%A) $o Arti&"e 16 i* rovide :

 o$in in $i Ar$i*'e a'' reven$ $e S$a$e fro a4in an/ roviion for reerva$ion in a$$er of roo$ion $o an/ *'a or *'ae of o$ in $e ervi*e 3nder $e S$a$e in favo3r of 

53 After the in&or-oration of C"ause 42* in Arti&"e 16 y $e Con$i$3$ion (81$ Aenden$) A*$, 2000,  this oservation #ou"d not stand in the #ay of the State to reserve -osts in e&ess of 0K in res-e&t to &arry for#ard  va&an&ies.

54?. +evadaan v. Union of India , AIR 1964 SC 179.

55?i r3'e aaffired in 'nion of India v. <ir-a" Sinh Chauhan, AIR 1996 SC %%8. ?i r3'e $and n3''ified =/ $e 77th Amendment, 199 in ree*$ $o SC;S?.

56 Iid 43. he Court overru"ed the "a# "aid do#n over 30 years a& in %.?., Southern Rai"#ay v. Rana&hari,  AIR 1965 SC 36., ho"din reservation in -romotion -ermissi"e under Arti&"e 164*. See a"so 'nion of India v. <ir-a" Sinh Chauhan, AIR 1996 SC 44. $ater, the maBority of the Su-reme Court in State of 2ihar v. 2a" ?uund  Sah, AIR 5000 SC 1596, he"d that even if under Arti&"e 164*, the State -ro-osed to -rovide reservation on the  round of inade(uate re-resentation of &ertain 2a&#ard C"asses in Servi&es, if it #as &onsidered y the a--ro-riate authority that su&h reservation #ou"d adverse"y affe&t the effi&ien&y of the administration, then eer&ise under Arti&"e 164* #ou"d not e -ermissi"e. See a"so Indra Sa#hney v. 'nion of India, AIR 5000 SC 49.

$e S*ed3'ed Ca$e and $e S*ed3'ed ?ri=e i*, in $e oinion of $e S$a$e are no$ adeD3a$e'/ rereen$ed in $e ervi*e 3nder $e S$a$e.

Con$i$3$ion en* of $i Co3r$ in 8 Naa#a 9" U)i() (0 I)dia>?% _o=erved:

S$a$e i'' ave $o o in ea* *ae $e ei$en*e of $e *oe''in reaon, nae'/,  =a*4ardne, inadeD3a*/ of rereen$a$ion and overa'' adini$ra$ive effi*ien*/ =efore a4in  roviion for reerva$ion. ?e S$a$e i no$ =o3nd $o a4e reerva$ion for SC;S? in a$$er of   roo$ion. <oever if $e/ i $o eer*ie $eir di*re$ion and a4e 3* roviion, $e S$a$e

a $o *o''e*$ D3an$ifia='e da$a oin =a*4ardne of $e *'a and inadeD3a*/ of  rereen$a$ion of $a$ *'a in 3='i* e'o/en$ in addi$ion $o *o'ian*e of Ar$i*'e &&5. I$ i ade *'ear $a$ even if $e S$a$e a *oe''in reaon, a $a$ed a=ove, $e S$a$e i'' ave $o ee $a$ i$ reerva$ion roviion doe no$ 'ead $o e*eivene o a $o =rea* $e *ei'in@'ii$ of 50M or o='i$era$e $e *rea/ 'a/er or e$end $e reerva$ion indefini$e'/.

ARTIC#E [16(B!"

?e ena*$en$ of the C()"tituti() 2Eihty-0i#"t Ame)dme)t3 Act> $'''> i* a added $e fo''oin C'a3e (%) $o Arti&"e 16>

(%) o$in in $i Ar$i*'e a'' reven$ $e S$a$e fro *oniderin an/ 3nfi''ed va*an*ie of a /ear i* are reerved for =ein fi''ed 3 in $a$ /ear in a**ordan*e i$ an/ roviion for  reerva$ion ade 3nder C'a3e (%) or C'a3e (%A) a a eara$e *'a of va*an*ie $o =e fi''ed 3 in an/ 3**eedin /ear or /ear and 3* *'a of va*an*ie a'' no$ =e *onidered $oe$er i$ $e va*an*ie of $e /ear in i* $e/ are =ein fi''ed 3 for de$erinin $e *ei'in of fif$/ er  *en$ reerva$ion on $o$a' n3=er of va*an*ie of $a$ /ear.

In Su#a Bha) 8ee)a  A)# 9 State O0 Raa"tha)>?_{a'/in $e id$ $e$ and iden$i$/ $e$,}

$e Con$i$3$ion en* e'd $a$ fir$'/ i$ i $e id$ of $e oer 3nder $e i3ned aenden$ in$rod3*in aended Ar$i*'e 16(%@A) and 16(%@) $a$ ad $o =e $e$ed.

ARTICLE 16(5

I$ $a$e $a$:

 o$in in $i ar$i*'e a'' affe*$ $e oera$ion of an/ 'a i* rovide $a$ $e in*3=en$ of 

575006*  SCC 515.

an offi*e in *onne*$ion i$ $e affair of an/ re'iio3 or denoina$iona' in$i$3$ion or an/ e=er of $e overnin =od/ $ereof a'' =e a eron rofein a ar$i*3'ar re'iion or   =e'onin $o a ar$i*3'ar denoina$ion.

C'a3e (5) of Ar$i*'e 16 i $e $ird e*e$ion $o $e enera' r3'e of eD3a'i$/ of oor$3ni$/ *on$ained in Ar$i*'e 16(1). C'a3e (2) roi=i$ di*riina$ion in $e a$$er of e'o/en$ 3nder $e S$a$e, on $e ro3nd of Nre'iionN. C'a3e (5) of Ar$i*'e 16 , $3, eri$ $a$ an offi*e in *onne*$ion i$ $e affair of <ind3 re'iion or <ind3 re'iio3 denoina$ion *an =e e'd on'/ =/ a <ind3, if i$ i o rovided in $e do*3en$ re'a$in $o i$. i4eie, an/ offi*e 3nder a 3'i in$i$3$ion a/ =e reD3ired $o =e e'd on'/ =/ a 3'i. ?i e*e$ion a/ =e read i$ $e f3ndaen$a' ri$ $o freedo of re'iion *on$ained in Ar$i*'e 25 $o 28 and $e ri$ of  $e inori$ie 3nder Ar$i*'e 29 and &0.59

E$%A# PA& FOR E$%A# WO RK 

In Ra)dhi# Si)hv. U)i() (0 I)dia>6' $e S3ree Co3r$ en3n*ia$ed $e rin*i'e of H eD3a'  a/ for eD3a' or4 H. ?e Co3r$ o=erved $a$ i$ a $r3e $a$ $e rin*i'e of H eD3a' a/ for 

eD3a' or4 H  a no$ ere'/ de*'ared =/ $e Con$i$3$ion $o =e a f3ndaen$a' ri$. 3$, i$ *er$ain'/ a $e *on$i$3$iona' oa'. ?e Co3r$ e'd $a$ $i rin*i'e *o3'd =e ded3*$ed fro Ar$i*'e 1% and 16 , en $ee roviion ere *on$r3ed in $e 'i$ of $e Prea='e and Ar$i*'e &9(d) of $e Con$i$3$ion. ?e Co3r$ f3r$er 'aid don $a$ $e rin*i'e *o3'd =e  roer'/ a'ied $o *ae of 3neD3a' *a'e of a/ =aed on no *'aifi*a$ion or irra$iona'

*'aifi*a$ion.

In State O0 We"t Be)a/  A)# 9 We"t Be)a/ 8i)imum Wae">61 _{$e Co3r$ o=erved $a$}

$e =enefi$ of ier a/ *a'e *an on'/ =e *'aied =/ e$a='iin $a$ o'der of $e 3=je*$  o$ and o'der of referen*e *a$eor/ o$, di*are d3$ie and f3n*$ion iden$i*a' i$, or 

ii'ar $o, ea* o$er and $a$ $e *on$in3a$ion of diari$/ i irra$iona' and 3nj3$.

59See enera""y Arti&"es 5 to 5 and Arti&"es 59 and 30.

60 AIR 195 SC 79.