ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
BY
KARTHIK PREMANAND XII ROSE
INDEX:
Aim
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Apparatus
Introduction
Theory
Conclusion
Bibliography
AIM:
To determine the faraday’s
law of electromagnetic
induction using a copper wire
wound over an iron rod and
a strong magnet
CERTIFICAT
E
This is to certify that the PHYSICS project titled
‘ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION’
has
been
successfully completed by KARTHIK PREMANAND of
Class XII ROSE in partial fulfillment of curriculum of
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
(CBSE) leading to the award of annual examination of the
year 2012-2013.
SCHOOL SEAL PRINCIPAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I thank my teacher Mrs.
VEMURI who has assigned me this term paper to bring
out my creative capabilities.
I express my gratitude to my parents for being a continuous
source of encouragement for all their financial aid.
I would like to acknowledge the assistance provided to me by
the library staff of BAL BHARATI PUBLIC SCHOOL.
My heartfelt gratitude to my classmates and for helping me to
complete my work in time.
APPARATUS
1. Insulated copper
wire
2. A iron rod
3. A strong magnet
and
4. A light emitting
diode (LED)
INTRODUCTION:
araday's law of induction is a basic law
of electromagnetism that predicts how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors, and many types of electrical motors and generators.
Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently
by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was the first to publish the results of his experiments. Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he
called lines of force. These equations for electromagnetics are extremely important since they provide a means to precisely describe how many natural physical phenomena in our universe arise and behave. The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena not only allows us to gain a better understanding of our universe, but it also makes possible a host of technological innovations that define modern society. Understanding Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction can be beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function because of the principles behind Faraday’s Law. From natural phenomena such as the light we receive from the sun, to technologies that improve our quality of life such as electric power generation, Faraday’s Law has a great impact on many aspects of our lives.
Faraday’s Law is the result of the experiments of the English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday . The concept of
electromagnetic induction was actually discovered simultaneously in 1831 by Faraday in London and Joseph Henry, an American scientist working in New York , but Faraday is credited for the law since he published his work first . An important aspect of the
equation that quantifies Faraday’s Law comes from the work of Heinrich Lenz, a Russian physicist who made his contribution to Faraday’s Law, now known as Lenz’s Law, in 1834 (Institute of Chemistry).
Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby an electric field is induced, or generated, by a changing magnetic field. Before expanding upon this description, it is necessary to develop an understanding of the concept of fields, as well as the related concept of potentials.
Faraday's first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around
opposite sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar to a modern toroidal transformer) to induce current
Figure 1 Faraday's First Experiment
Some physicists have remarked that Faraday's law is a single equation describing two different phenomena: the motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a moving wire
(see Lorentz force), and the transformer EMF generated by an electric force due to a changing magnetic field (due to the
Maxwell–Faraday equation). James Clerk Maxwell drew attention to this fact in his 1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force. In the latter half of part II of that paper, Maxwell gives a separate
to these two aspects of electromagnetic induction is made in some modern textbooks.
THEORY:
Magnetic flux:
The magnetic flux (often denoted Φ or ΦB) through a surface is
the component of the B field passing through that surface.
The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in derived units: volt-seconds), and the CGS unit is the maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a fluxmeter, which contains measuring
coils and electronics that evaluates the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the magnetic flux.
If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a surface of vector area S is
where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic flux density) having the unit of Wb/m2 (Tesla), S is the area of the
surface, and θ is the angle between the magnetic field lines and the normal (perpendicular) to S.
For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux through an infinitesimal area element dS, where we may consider the field to be constant
:
From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and
the fundamental theorem of the curl the magnetic flux may also be defined as:
where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface S, which is denoted ∂S.
LAW:
The most widespread version of Faraday's law states:
The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to
the negative of the time rate of change of the magnetic
flux through the circuit.
This version of Faraday's law strictly holds only when the closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is invalid in other
circumstances as discussed below. A different version,
the Maxwell–Faraday equation (discussed below), is valid in all circumstances.
When the flux changes—because B changes, or because the wire loop is moved or deformed, or both—Faraday's law of induction says that the wire loop acquires an EMF , defined as the energy available per unit charge that travels once around the wire loop (the unit of EMF is the volt). Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by cutting the wire to create an open circuit, and attaching a voltmeter to the leads.
According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units), the EMF on a wire loop is:
where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka magnetic flux density, magnetic induction), dℓ is an infinitesimal arc
length along the wire, and the line integral is evaluated along the wire (along the curve the conincident with the shape of the wire).
The Maxwell–Faraday equation states that a time-varying
non-conservative electric field, and vice-versa. The Maxwell–Faraday equation is
where is the curl operator and again E(r, t) is the electric
field and B(r, t) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally be functions of position r and time t.
The four Maxwell's equations (including the Maxwell–Faraday equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a sufficient foundation to derive everything inclassical electromagnetism. Therefore it is possible to "prove" Faraday's law starting with these equations. Faraday's law could be taken as the starting point and used to "prove" the Maxwell–Faraday equation and/or other laws.)
