Highway and Traffic Engineering

(1)

DCC3113 - Highway

and Traffic

Engineering

Lecturer’s name: Sapinah binti Hadi

Civil Engineering Department (Level 0)

(2)

Course outline

1. Introduction to Highway and Traffic

2. Transportation Planning 3. Pavement Materials

4. Construction of Flexible Pavement 5. Construction of Rigid Pavement

6. Traffic Control Equipment and Road Furniture 7. Flexible Pavement Design

8. Junction Design

9. Traffic Management 10. Highway Maintenance

(3)

Assessment

 Final Examination Assessment (FE) – 50%

 Coursework Assessment (CA) – 50%

DCC 3113 HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Assessment Percentage (%) Test(2) 20% Quiz(2) 5% Case Study(2) 15% Presentation (2) 10% TOTAL 50% 3

(4)

Chapter 1:

Introduction to Highway and

Traffic

(5)

Subtopic:

O 1.1 History of highway construction and road laws and

acts

O 1.2 Concept of traffic, highway and road laws and acts

in Malaysia

O 1.3 Concept of road laws and acts of traffic and

transportation

(6)

What is traffic engineering?

“ Traffic Engineering is an engineering division which involved planning, geometric design and traffic operations of roads and highways, road network maintenance of roads, road drainage, road furniture”

(7)

What is highway engineering?

 Definition : Highway engineering is an

engineering discipline branching from civil engineering which involves the design,

construction and maintenance of Highway Systems.

 Highway Engineers must take into account future

traffic flows, design of highway

intersections/interchanges, geometric alignment and design, highway pavement materials and

design, structural design of pavement thickness, and pavement maintenance.

(8)

O Transportation

O Is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. O Common forms of transportation include planes, trains, automobiles,

and other two-wheel devices such as bikes or motorcycles. O Transportation Engineering

O Is the application of technology and scientific principles to the

planning, functional design, operation and management of

facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and

environmentally compatible movement of people and goods transport.

(9)

Functions of Transportation

(10)

(11)

Construction structure

Flexible Pavement Structure

(12)

(13)

Flexible Rigid

(14)

Profession

 Profession that involve in transportation construction of

road and highway:

a. Surveyor

b. Road and highway engineer c. Traffic engineer d. Geologist e. Structural engineer f. Hydrologist g. Mechanical engineer h. Electrical engineer i. Electronic engineer j. Socialist k. Psychologist l. Architect

(15)

Act related to road

a)Road Transport Act 1976

b)Environmental Quality Act 1974 c)Urban and Rural Planning Act 1976

d)Local Government Act 1976 and Federal Territory Act 1973.

(16)

a)Road Transport Act 1976 rev. 1987

O An Act to make provision;

• for the regulation of motor vehicles and of traffic on roads and

other matters with respect to roads and vehicles thereon;

• for the protection of third parties against risks arising out of

the use of motor vehicles

• for the co-ordination and control of means of and facilities for

transport;

• for the co-ordination and control of means of and facilities for

construction and adaptation of motor vehicles;

• for connected purposes.

• ENACTED by the Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong

with the advice and consent of the Dewan Negara and Dewan Rakyat in Parliament assembled, and by the authority.

(17)

Local Authority Parking Notice

(18)

b)Environmental Quality Act 1974

O Environmental Quality Act 1974 came into

force on 1 April 1988. Act relating to the prevention, abatement, control of pollution, coordinate all activities relating to discharge of wastes into the environment and

enhancement of environment quality.

(19)

c) Urban And Rural Planning Act 1976

O An act for the proper control and regulation

of town and country planning in peninsular Malaysia.

O Local authorities responsible for organizing,

controlling and planning of land use and building development in the area, the Structure Plan and Local Plan.

(20)

Local Government Act 1976 And Federal Territory Act 1973.

O An act to revise and consolidate the laws

relating to local government. Local authority area, boundaries and status of an area

declared by the state authority.

(21)

History of Development of Roads

a)

Early Road (laterite road)

b)

Roman Road

c)

After Roman Road

d)

Modern Road

21 DCC 3113 HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

(22)

a)Early Road (Laterite Road)

• After invention of wheel, animal drawn

bullock carts continued to be popular mode of transport for quiet a long time.

• This necessitated providing hard surface for

wheeled carts.

• The first hard surface was discovered in

Mesopotamia at about 3500 B.C.

(23)

b)Roman Road

• Roman’s developed very elaborate systems of

roads mainly for the purpose of military movements.

• The main characteristics of Roman roads were

as follows:

 They were very thick. In some places the road was

as much as 1.22metres thick.

 They were straight

 They were usually made for military purposes.  Roads were not built on soft soil formations but

on hard stratum reached after excavation.

(24)

Cross section of Roman Road

(25)

c)After Roman Roads

i. Pierre Tresaguet

ii. John Metcalf

iii. Thomas Telford

iv. John Macadam

(26)

i.Pierre Tresaguet

O The main characteristics of Tresaguet’s design were: O He improved the drainage by the formation of

convex.

O Thickness of the road was about 30cm. O Wearing surface are camber.

O He also emphasised the need for continuous

maintenance of road to keep it in good shape.

O A cross slope of about 1 in 45 was used to be

developed in the road surfaced by adjusting

thickness mainly in top and intermediate layers.

(27)

Cross section of Pierre Tresaguet

(28)

ii.John Metcalf

O The main characteristics of John Metcalf’s design

were:

O Drainage is important to maintain strength of road.

O The strength of road depend to the stability of

foundation layer. Used large stone at foundation

layer.

(29)

Cross section of John Metcalf

(30)

iii.Thomas Telford

The main characteristics of Telford’s design were:

O Used big sized stones in foundation wearing from 17-22cm to

develop a firm base.

O Provided cross drains under foundation layer to keep the

sub-grade in dry condition.

O Level sub-grade on embankment or cutting was prepared in

the required width.

O It was essential that each stone of the base course should be

laid perpendicular to the finished surface or subgrade.

(31)

Cross section of Thomas Telford

(32)

iv.John Macadam

The main characteristics of Macadam’s design were:

O Using entirely new concept of road construction.

O Recognized the importance of sub-grade compaction and drainage.

O Using a broken stone layer of few centimeter thickness can sustain much heavier load than a thick layer of big size stones.

O Size of the aggregate to be used in wearing course was decided according to requirements of stability under the effect of vehicles.

O Subgrade was prepared and compacted to the required width of the

road.

O Prepared subgrade was given the same camber, as to be given to the finished road surface.

(33)

Cross section of John Macadam

(34)

Comparison between Macadam and Telford Roads.

Telford Road Macadam Road

Roads are costlier. They were cheaper. Subgrade was kept horizontal due to which

drainage of subgrade was not proper.

Subgrade was given in 1 in 36 cross slope. This aspect helped in better subgrade drainage.

Used larga sized for foundation. Size of stone varied from 17cm near egdes to 22cm at the centre of road.

A 5cm was the maximum size of the aggregate used for foundation layer. There have four layers namely foundation

layer, two layers of intermediate coat and 4cm thick wearing top layer.

There have three layers which is two layers each of 13cm compacted thickness as foundation layers and 5cm thick surfacing layer.

Total thickness of road structure was about 40cm

Total thickness of road structure was about 25cm.

(35)

History Of Road Laws In Malaysia

• _{Road Transport Department (RTD) had been set up on 1937, under the}

Traffic Enactment 1937, British Army Law of Federated Malay States. By that time, the administration was known as Road Transport Board, performed its function to control and issue the license of good

transportation vehicles manufacturing and public vehicles. Since the administration of Tanah Melayu on 1st April 1946, the authority of the board has been replaced by Register Office and Motorcar Inspection for the whole Tanah Melayu.

• Before 1937, the controlling of motorcars was placed under 4 (four) Federated Malay States governed by Perak and Selangor District Police, Chief Inspector of Negeri Sembilan and six (6) District Officer in Pahang. The controlling was not enforced at Federated Malay States. Apart 4 (four) states mentioned above, there were 11 (eleven) separated administration was given the authority of motorized vehicles until Traffic Enactment 1037 was approved.

(36)

• _{Due to launching of the department, a road law which was known as}

Road Traffic Ordinance 1958, was approved to replace Traffic Enactment 1937. Since the duty of enforcing the laws was very important especially for commercial vehicles, Enforcement Department had been set up to carry out the function of enforcement.

• _{On 1st April 1946, Road Transport Department had been set up}

purposely to coordinate all aspects related to transportation of the nationwide. Accordingly to its existence, various acts related to the roads transportation have been regulated such as Road Traffic

Ordinance 1958 and Road Transport Act 1987. The objectives is to standardize the nation transportation system increased rapidly in 1980. By each day, RTD getting loaded with its burden of

responsibilities in improving its quality of service.

• _{Therefore, restructuring has been done to improve the efficiency in}

order to suit the need and current interests. Since there is existence of the various functions in every department, the various

innovations have been created to improve the quality of efficiency in the services. The era of 90's showed the rapid development because there was quite a high demand in the transportation system.

(37)

• RTD is one of the organization under land department of Ministry of Transport. It is responsible to cater the counter services for vehicle and driving license and enforces Road Transport Act 1987 to ensure the quality of good driver and the road worthiness vehicle. RTD is also an organization that directly give its services to public and committed to provide high quality services, managing its income and enforce the transportation act transparently and effectively.

(38)

Category of highway in Malaysia

• Toll Highway • Federal Road • State Road • Council/city Road • Rural road

(39)

a)Toll highway

O Prepared to continue the path of moving

vehicles in and out of control and involves the

interchange, has two land and one emergency

lane.

O Highway maintenance work is under the Federal

Government and implemented by the Malaysia Highway Authority (LLM)

O Have interchanges, especially in the exit path. O Has two to three lanes and one emergency lane. O Rest and reaction facilities, places of refuge for

motorcyclists shelter when it rains, the emergency phone and other.

(40)

b)Federal Road

O The ordinance is enacted under the Federal Roads. O Linking the state capital, airport, railway station and

ports.

O There is 3 way:

O Federal Road 1, Kangar – JB O Federal Road 2, KL – Kuantan

O Federal Road 3,Kuantan – Kota Bahru.

O Federal government is responsible for maintaining

this road.

O Maintenance work done through the State Public

Work Department and paid by the federal government.

(41)

c)State Road

O Is the branches of the federal route to

connect the cities and towns.

O Work on state maintenance is the duty of

the State Government and implemented by the State Public Works Department.(PWD)

(42)

d)Council/city Road

O Roads within the jurisdiction of local

authorities such as the Town Council, City Council, District Council.

O Where is the ability of local council workers

is limited, so maintenance work can be carried out by PWD District.

O Branch of the state road.

(43)

e)Rural Road

O Road are not paved with gravel if the lower

specification

O Under the jurisdiction of the District Office.

O Road types of land.

O The maintenance work is the responsibility

of the District Office.

(44)

Agencies That Are Involved In Highway And

Roads:

• Road and Highway construction

• Public Work Department (JKR), Malaysia Highway

Authority(LLM), Town/City/District/Local Council, Highway Planning Unit,

• Road Laws and Acts

• Jabatan Alam Sekitar

• Traffic

• Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan

• Transportation

• Lembaga Pelesenan Pengangkutan Jalan

(45)

Summary of the function government agencies in road and transport administration

Function Department/agency involved

Planning, financing, and control of road construction

Economic Planning Unit Highway Planning Unit Design, construction and maintenance of

roads and highways

Public work Department Malaysian Highway Authority Road licensing Road Transport Department

Commercial Vehicle Licensing Board Control and enforcement State Police

Road Transport Department Road Safety Road Safety Council

Preservation of environment Department of Environment.

Town and country planning Department of town and country planning Providing urban traffic facilities Local Authorities

(46)

(47)

Important/purpose of the

introduction of acts related to roads

O An Act to provide for the safety of Malaysia,

preventive detention, the prevention of subversion, elimination of organized

violence against persons and property in certain areas in Malaysia, and for matters incidental thereto.

(48)

Important of act enforcement aspect related

to roads and road laws

O To change the mentality of road user has

tough and arrogant on the road.

O To reduce the rate of road accidents and

fatalities

O Improvement approaches or methods of

operation.

(49)

Environmental Quality Act 1974

• Air

• Sound