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Y10 Foundation Revision
101 Questions!
Q1. The diagrams show the cross-section of three double glazed windows.
The gap between the two sheets of glass can be filled with either air or a mixture of air and argon.
The U-values for different types of double glazed windows, using different types of glass
X and Y, are given in the table.
Type of window 12 mm gap 16 mm gap 20 mm gap
1 Glass type X with air 2.9 2.7 2.8
2 Glass type X with air and argon 2.7 2.6 2.6
3 Glass type Y with air 1.9 1.8 1.8
4 Glass type Y with air and argon 1.6 1.5 1.5
(a) Which type of window, 1, 2, 3 or 4 is the least energy efficient?
... (1)
(b) Which two windows should be compared to decide if adding argon to the gap improves the energy efficiency of the window?
... (1)
(c) A householder is going to buy new windows. The sales assistant recommends that the householder buys windows with a 20 mm gap. These windows are much more expensive than those with a 16 mm gap.
It is not worth the householder paying the extra cost to buy 20 mm windows rather than 16 mm windows.
... ... ... ... ... (2)
(d) Windows are given an energy rating, from A down to G. The diagram shows the energy label from one type of double glazed window.
All new double glazed windows must have an energy rating of C or above. Windows having a C rating have a U-value of 1.9.
Which windows given in the table would the householder be unable to buy? ...
(1)
(e) Glass transmits infrared radiation and visible light. The amount transmitted depends on the type and thickness of the glass. The data from tests on two different types of glass is displayed in the graph below.
A homeowner has a glass conservatory built on the back of the house. The homeowner tells the builder that the inside of the conservatory should stay as cool as
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possible throughout the summer.Explain why the builder uses ‘Type B’ glass for the conservatory.
... ... ... ... ... (2) (Total 7 marks) Q2. The bar chart shows the different energy sources used to generate the UK’s electricity in
2007.
(a) (i) The wind is a renewable energy source.
Name one more renewable energy source used to generate electricity. ...
(1)
(ii) Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct line in the box.
decrease
Using less fossil fuels to generate electricity will not change the
increase
amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere.
(b) The graph shows how the demand for electricity in the UK varied over one day in the winter.
(i) Describe how the demand for electricity varied between 4.00 am and 10.00 am. ... ... ... ...
(2)
(ii) Which type of power station has the fastest start-up time? Draw a ring around your answer.
coal natural gas nuclear oil (1) (Total 5 marks)
Q3. The diagram shows how electricity gets from power stations to consumers.
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(i) The network of cables and transformers linking power stations to consumers is
called the national
grid line network (1) (ii) A step-up transformer decreases voltage increases current increases voltage (1) (iii)
Electricity is supplied to consumers’ homes at
230 V 25 000 V 400 000 V (1) (iv)
Making the current in the cables smaller will
increase
make no difference to reduce
the
energy lost in the cables.
(1)
(b) Transformers always waste some energy.
(i) What effect does the waste energy from a transformer have on the air around the transformer?
...
(1)
(ii) Which one of the following describes the efficiency of a transformer? Draw a ring around your answer.
always 100 % less than 100 % more than 100%
(1) (Total 6 marks) Q4. (a) Water waves are a renewable energy source.
energy sources. Some people do not think this is a good idea.
What reasons could a government scientist give to show people that using more renewable energy sources is a good idea?
... ... ... ...
(2)
(b) The diagram shows a wave-powered generator. The generator transforms kinetic energy from the waves to electrical energy.
AQA GCSE SCIENCE CORE FOUNDATION STUDENT’S BOOK by Graham Hill, Nigel Heslop, Christine Woodward,Steve Witney and Toby Houghton. Published by Hodder and Stoughton 2006 © Reproduced by permission of John Murray (Publishers) Ltd
The following sentences describe how the wave generator works. The sentences are in the wrong order.
R Waves push air up and down a chamber inside the building.
S The turbine turns the generator.
T The generator transforms kinetic energy to electrical energy.
U The air rushes through a turbine making it spin.
V Strong waves move towards the wave-powered generator. Arrange these sentences in the correct order. Start with letter V.
V
(3) (Total 5 marks)
Q5. (a) The graph compares how quickly hot water cooled down in two glass beakers with different surface areas.
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Describe how the surface area of the water affected how fast the water cooled down. ... ...
(1)
(b) Some foxes live in a hot desert environment.
This type of fox has very large ears.
Explain how the size of the fox’s ears help it to keep cool in a hot desert.
... ... ... ...
(2)
(c) Polar bears and reindeer are adapted to live in cold environments.
Use the words in the box to complete the following sentences.
conduction convection radiation
(i) The white colour of a polar bear’s fur helps to keep the polar bear warm by reducing the heat lost by ... .
(1)
(ii) The hairs of a reindeer are hollow. The air trapped inside the hairs reduces the heat lost by ... .
(1) (Total 5 marks)
Q6. (a) The graph shows the temperature inside a flat between 5 pm and 9 pm. The central heating was on at 5 pm.
(i) What time did the central heating switch off?
...
(1)
(ii) Closing the curtains reduces heat loss from the flat. What time do you think the curtains were closed?
... Give a reason for your answer.
...
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(b) Less heat is lost through double-glazed windows than through single-glazed windows.
Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct words from the box. Each word may be used once or not at all.
conduction conductor convection evaporation insulator radiation
Air is a good ... . When trapped between two sheets of glass it reduces heat loss by ... and ...
(3)
(c) The table gives information about three types of house insulation.
Type of insulation Cost to install
Money save each
year on heating bills Payback time
Double glazing £4000 £200 20 years
Loft insulation £300 £100 3 years
Cavity wall insulation £600 £150
(i) Use the information in the table to calculate the payback time for cavity wall insulation.
...
(ii) Explain why people often install loft insulation before installing double glazing or cavity wall insulation.
... ... ... ... (2) (Total 9 marks) Q7. People do a number of things to reduce the energy loss from their homes.
(a) Describe one thing they may do to cut down the energy loss through: (i) the roof;
...
(1)
(ii) the outside walls;
...
(1)
(iii) the glass in the windows;
...
(1)
(iv) gaps around the front and back doors.
...
(1)
(b) A house is more difficult to keep warm in cold weather. What other type of weather makes it difficult to keep a house warm?
...
(1) (Total 5 marks)
Q8. (a) The block diagram shows the important parts of a coal burning power station.
Use words from the box to complete the block diagram
boiler condenser furnace generator
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(b) The diagram shows the energy transformations in a coal burning power station.
Calculate the efficiency of the power station.
Write down the equation you use, and then show clearly how you work out your answer. ...
... ... Efficiency = ...
(2)
(c) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the following sentence. If fewer coal burning power stations are used to generate electricity the amount of
decrease.
not change. increase. carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere will
(1)
(d) Some types of power station generate electricity by burning a biofuel. Give one example of a biofuel.
...
(1)
Name the process by which a nuclear fuel provides the energy needed to generate electricity.
...
(1) (Total 7 marks)
Now some harder ones – C/D Questions!!
Q9. (a) Coal, gas, oil and wood are all examples of fuels. (i) What are fuels?
...
(1)
(ii) Write the names of these fuels in the table below to show which are renewable and which are non-renewable.
(2)
(b) The list below shows energy resources which are not fuels.
geothermal nuclear solar tides wind
Write the names of the energy resources in the table below to show which are renewable and which are non-renewable.
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(2)
(c) Why is it better to use more renewable energy resources rather than non-renewable resources? ... ... ... ... (2) (Total 7 marks) Q10. State and explain the advantages and disadvantages of using nuclear power stations to
produce electricity. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... (Total 4 marks)
Q11. (a) Electricity is distributed from power stations to consumers along the National Grid.
(i) Transformers are part of the National Grid. Transformers are efficient devices. What is meant by a device being efficient?
... ...
(1)
(ii) When electricity flows through a cable, some energy is transformed into heat. Explain how the National Grid system reduces the amount of energy lost as heat.
... ... ... ...
(2)
(b) Read this information taken from a recent newspaper article.
• Researchers have found that children living close to overhead power cables are more likely to develop leukaemia.
• The researchers studied two groups of children. One group had developed leukaemia, the other group was healthy.
• Although the researchers found a link, they are unable to explain why it happened. They say that the results may have happened by chance. • Other factors that have not been investigated, such as the environment, the
geographical area or the children’s genes, could be important.
• A cancer research charity said that childhood leukaemia was most likely to be caused by factors that parents were unable to control.
(i) Why did the researchers study a group of healthy children?
... ...(1)
(ii) The information does not say how many children were studied. Why should this data have been included in the article?
... ...
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(iii) The researchers could not be certain that the overhead power cables were responsible for the increased chance of children developing leukaemia. Explain why.
... ... ... ...(2)
(iv) The results of the research carried out by scientists may worry some people. What do you think scientists should do?
Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your choice.
Scientists should publish their research findings straight away. Scientists should not publish their research findings until they
have found out as many facts as possible. Give a reason for your choice.
... ...
(1) (Total 8 marks) Q12. A vacuum flask is designed to reduce the rate of heat transfer.
(a) (i) Complete the table to show which methods of heat transfer are reduced by each of the features labelled in the diagram.
The first row has been done for you.
Feature Conduction Convection Radiation
vacuum
silvered surfaces
plastic cap
(2)
(ii) Explain why the vacuum between the glass walls of the flask reduces heat transfer by conduction and convection.
... ... ... ...
(2)
(b) The diagram shows a gas flame patio heater.
(i) Explain why the top surface of the reflecting hood should be a light, shiny surface rather than a dark, matt surface.
... ... ...
(2)
(ii) Most of the chemical energy in the gas is transformed into heat. A small amount of chemical energy is transformed into light.
Draw and label a Sankey diagram for the patio heater.
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(iii) State why the total energy supplied to the patio heater must always equal the total energy transferred by the patio heater.
... ...
(1) (Total 9 marks) Q13. The diagram shows potatoes being baked in a gas oven. Each potato has a metal skewer
pushed through it.
(a) Explain how heat is transferred by the process of convection from the gas flame at the bottom of the oven to the potatoes at the top of the oven.
... ... ... ... ... ... (3)
(b) The metal skewers help the potatoes to cook by transferring heat to the inside of the potatoes.
By what method is heat transferred through a metal skewer? ...
(1)
(c) When the potatoes are taken from the oven, they start to cool down. Suggest one factor that will affect how fast a potato cools down.
...
(1)
(d) If the potatoes need to be kept hot, they may be wrapped in shiny aluminium foil. Why does this help to keep the potatoes hot?
...
(1) (Total 6 marks)
Q14. (a) When an electric kettle is switched on it will take a few minutes to boil the water. Once switched off it will gradually cool down.
(i) When the kettle is switched on the water heats. Explain how all of the water is heated. ...
...
(ii) The kettle is now switched off and begins to cool.
(1) Describe how heat energy is transferred through the walls of the kettle. ... ... ... (2) Describe how the heat energy is transferred from the walls of the kettle.
... ... ...
(iii) Describe how heat losses from the surface of a metal kettle may be kept small. ... ...
(4)
(b) A shiny metal can and a dull black can are filled with the same amounts of cold water. A radiant heater is placed exactly half way between the cans as shown in the
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Two thermometers are used to measure the temperature of the water in each can every minute.
(i) Suggest how the temperature of the water in the dull can would be different from the temperature of the water in the shiny can after ten minutes.
... ... (ii) Explain your answer to part (i).
... ... ... ...
(3)
(c) The radiant heater was removed and both the cans were filled with the same amount of boiling water, as shown in the diagram below.
The temperature was recorded every minute for ten minutes.
(i) Suggest how the temperature of the water in the dull can would be different from the temperature of the water in the shiny can after ten minutes.
... ... (ii) Explain your answer to part (i).
... ...
(3) (Total 10 marks)
Q15. There are many forms of energy. Some of these forms of energy can be “stored” ready to be used when the energy is needed. The chemical energy in fuels is one example of stored energy. (a) Complete the following sentences by adding the missing words.
The chemical energy in fuels such as coal came originally from the ... . Energy from fuels can be used to ... .
(2)
(b) An electric milk float has its batteries charged up overnight. Early in the morning the milkman sets off on his round. Describe the energy transfers which take place in the milk float as the milkman does his rounds.
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... ... ... ... ... (4)(c) Give another example of energy other than fuels which can be classed as “stored” energy. Give a use of the “stored” energy.
Type of “stored” energy ... Use ... ... (2) (Total 8 marks) M1. (a) 1 1 (b) 3 and 4 or 1 and 2 1
(c) U-values for the 20 mm windows are the same or higher than those for the 16 mm windows
1
therefore the 20 mm windows are no more energy efficient than 16 mm windows
accept so the 16 mm windows are as energy efficient as 20 mm windows
1
(d) 1 and 2
must have both and no other
1
(e) Type B glass transmits less infrared than Type A glass
accept radiation / heat for infrared
accept Type B glass absorbs more infrared than Type A glass
1
and as infrared has a heating effect the conservatory will remain cooler
1
[7]
M2. (a) (i) any one from: • waves
do not accept water
• tides
• falling water
accept hydroelectric
• biofuel / biomass • solar
accept sun / sunlight do not accept light
accept solar cells / panels
• geothermal
do not accept heat
1
(ii) decrease
1
(b) (i) increases from 4am (to 8am) remains constant from 8am (to 10am)
accept increases from 30 000 accept stays constant from 40 000
allow 1 mark for goes up then stays the same
for full credit must be some indication of time or power
2
(ii) natural gas
1
[5] M3. (a) (i) grid
accept any way of indicating correct answer
1
(ii) increases voltage
accept any way of indicating correct answer
1
(iii) 230 V
accept any way of indicating correct answer
1
(iv) reduce
accept any way of indicating correct answer
1
(b) (i) increases the temperature
accept make it hotter / heat goes into the air accept convection currents
accept sensible comment eg sound energy / it buzzes ignore pollutes the air
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(ii) less than 100%1
[6] M4. (a) any two from:
• (burning)fossil fuels produces greenhouse gases / pollutant gases / acid rain / leads to global warming
accept a named fossil fuel accept a named pollutant gas
• nuclear fuels produce dangerous waste
accept radioactive for dangerous
accept reference to dangers of nuclear fuels
• fossil fuels are non-renewable
accept running out of fuels
• renewable energy resources produce no pollutant gases • large amounts of energy are available
accept renewable won’t run out
• running costs are low
accept any reasonable benefit of renewables
accept any reasonable drawback of non-renewables do not accept better for the environment on its own
2
(b) R U S T
all in correct order
allow 2 marks for 2 correct allow 1 mark for one correct
3
[5] M5. (a) the bigger the surface area, the faster the water cools down / temperature falls
answers must imply rate
accept heat for temperature provided rate is implied do not accept cools down more unless qualified
1
(b) any two from: the ears:
• have large surface / area
not just has large ears
• radiate heat
accept loses heat, but does not score if the reason given for heat loss is wrong
• keep blood cooler
(c) (i) radiation 1 (ii) conduction 1 [5] M6. (a) (i) 7pm accept 19.00 / 1900 1 (ii) 8pm accept 20.00 / 2000 1
temperature drops more slowly
accept heat for temperature accept line is less steep
1 (b) insulator 1 conduction * 1 convection *
* answers can be either way around
1
(c) (i) 4 (years)
1
(ii) it is the cheapest / cheaper / cheap
do not accept answers in terms of heat rising or DIY
1
has the shortest / shorter payback time
do not accept short payback time
1
[9]
M7. (a) (i) (insulate it) with fibre glass or foam
or felt or polystyrene beads or
rockwool or (aluminium) foil
an example must be included do not credit loft insulation
1
(ii) fill the cavity with fibre glass or foam
or mineral wool or polystyrene or
named liner inside wall or making walls thicker
an example must be included do not credit cavity wall insulation
1
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blinds or thicker glass or secondary glazing describeddo not credit fit smaller windows
1
(iv) put in draught excluder (or described)
or strip or description of filling gaps
or seal gaps or double glazed doors
or build porch or curtains inside door
or mat under door
do not credit just carpet accept buy new doors
accept premise that gap is between frame and wall as well as between frame and door
1
(b) windy or stormy or wet or snow or
rain or sleet or hail or fog or mist
do not credit frosty
1 [5] M8. (a) boiler 1 generator 1 (b) 0.3 or 30%
allow 1 mark for substitution of 2 correct values taken from the Sankey diagram into correct equation
2
(c) decrease
1
(d) any named biofuel eg wood, ethanol, straw
(e) (nuclear) fission
1
[7]
M9. (a) (i) sources of energy
for 1 mark
(ii) wood coal oil gas
all correct gains 2 marks 3 correct gains 1 mark
3
(b) geothermal nuclear tides
wind solar
all correct gains 2 marks 4 correct gains 1 mark
2
(c) non-renewable fuels cause pollution (or reverse) conserve/limit use of coal/gas/oil;
so supplies last longer/renewable sources can be replaced
any 2 from 4 for 1 mark each
2
[7]
M10. Read all the answer first. See below.
Mark the first two advantages and disadvantages (√ or X) ignoring
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disadvantage given. Only allow a third disadvantage if only one advantage is given.
max. 3 advantages (e.g. cheap fuel, good availability, saving fossil fuels, low running costs, reliable, more energy / kg, less fuel needed, no greenhouse gases emitted, no SO2 causing acid rain)
max. 3 disadvantages (e.g. danger to health of local community, non renewable, high cost of decommissioning, long half life of waste materials, need for safe storage of waste, high cost of commissioning, danger involved in transporting fuel / waste)
max. 4 marks
[4]
M11. (a) (i) small proportion of energy / power is wasted
accept little / less energy / power / heat is wasted do not accept it wastes no energy / power
or transfers most / more / a lot of energy power usefully
1
(ii) it decreases the current / uses low current or it increases the voltage / potential difference
accept pd for potential difference
1
or uses high voltage / potential difference smaller the current the smaller the energy loss
accept power / heat for energy
1
(b) (i) as a control
accept to make a comparison do not accept fair test on its own
1
(ii) so people know how much data the link was based on
or
people can judge the significance / reliability of the link
do not accept significance / reliability on its own ignore reference to accuracy
1
(iii) other possible factors may be responsible
1
or have not been investigated
named factor eg environment / genetic
1
(iv) first box ticked plus reason
acceptable reason such as so people know there may be a risk as soon as possible / so that other scientists can use findings
or second box plus reason
acceptable reason such as no point to worry / confuse / panic people (until the research has been confirmed)
accept idea that it may lead to wrong advice do not accept in case they are wrong
1
[8]
M12. (a) (i) silvered surfaces
more than the correct number of ticks in a row negates the mark
radiation
2
plastic cap
conduction, convection (both required)
conduction convection radiation
vacuum
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plastic cap (1)
(ii)
any mention of air or any other substance in a vacuum scores zero
because there are no particles in a vacuum
accept atoms / molecules for particles accept vacuum is empty space
accept there is nothing in a vacuum accept there is no air / gas in the vacuum
conduction and convection need particles / medium
need reference to both conduction and convection accept correct descriptions
2
(b) (i) less heat lost (to air above the heater)
do not accept no heat lost
light shiny surfaces are poor emitters (of radiation)
accept radiators for emitters references to reflection are neutral
or dull, matt surfaces are good emitters (of radiation)
do not credit answers which infer reflection from the underside of the hood
ignore correct reference to absorption
2
(ii) correct diagram drawn with one output arrow narrower than the other
ignore input
arrows correctly labelled with energy form eg
flow charts score zero
2
accept (principle of) conservation of energy
do not accept because energy cannot be lost without clarification
1
[9]
M13. (a) any three from:
ignore reference to skewer
• (air) particles / molecules / atoms gain energy • (air) particles / molecules / atoms move faster
do not accept move more
do not accept move with a bigger amplitude / vibrate more
• (air) particles / molecules / atoms move apart • air expands
do not accept particles expand
• air becomes less dense • warm / hot air rises
do not accept heat rises
if credit is to be given for answers in terms of particles it must be clear they are air particles not gas particles
3
(b) conduction
accept conductor
1
(c) any one from:
• temperature of the potato
do not accept heat for temperature
• temperature of the surroundings / room / surface / atmosphere
accept how hot the potato / room is
• size / mass / weight / volume of the potato • shape of the potato
• surface area of the potato
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• nature of the surface of the potato• type of surface it is placed on • in a draught
• type of potato
• whether the skewers are left in or taken out
1
(d) (foil) reflects heat (back towards potato)
reduces heat loss is insufficient do not accept reflects hot air
or (foil) is a poor emitter (of heat radiation)
accept reduces / stops heat loss by radiation do not accept heat is trapped
1
[6]
M14. (a) (i) Carries heat up (as convection current)
1
(ii) (1) By conduction or from molecule to molecule (2) By radiation or as IR
2
(iii) Use shiny surface (inside or outside) or small area
1
(b) (i) Rise more quickly
1
(ii) Dull surface good absorber
(accept “attract” = “absorb” if context correct, then penalise spg mark.
Shiny surface poor absorber
2
(c) (i) Fall more quickly
1
2 [10] M15. (a) Sun Any valid
for 1 mark each
2
(b) From electric/pe or chemical in battery
for 1 mark
to ke, light, sound, heat
3 for 1 mark each
4
(c) Gravitational pe OR just pe For any gravity feed
OR Elastic pe any valid
OR Food
For maintaining body/life etc.
OR Any descriptive answer
e.g. water in a high lake used to produce hydroelectric power
2 for 1 mark each
2
[8]
