S e c o n d
C o n f e r e n c e
o n
Applied
Natural Language
Processing
Association for
C o m p u t a t i o n a l Linguistics
P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e C o n f e r e n c e
9--12 F e b r u a r y 1988
A u s t i n - M a r r r i o t t at t h e C a p i t o l
A u s t i n , T e x a s , U S A
© 1988, Association for Computational Linguistics
Order copies of this and other ACL proceedings from:
Donald E. Walker (ACL)
P R E F A C E
This
Second Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing
focuses on "the application of natural language processing techniques to real world problems" and represents many of the advances that have been made since the Association for Computational Linguistics organized its first such conference four years ago in Santa Monica, California.In addition to presentations of thirty-two papers, a panel discussion on "Natural Language Interfaces: Present and F u t u r e , " and six tutorials, the conference includes a variety of exhibits and demonstrations. The papers, the introduction to the panel session, and abstracts of the tu- torials are included in this volume.
Such a meeting can be a success only through the efforts of a large number of people. We are first indebted to the authors of the 106 papers that were received, representing over a dozen countries. While the vast majority of these papers reported on interesting and important work, fewer than a third of the papers could be included in the program. For having to make the difficult decisions, we are also indebted to the members of the Program Committee:
Madeleine Bates Tim Finin Ralph Grishman Carole Hafner George Heidorn Paul Martin Graeme Ritchie Harry Tennant
BBN Laboratories
Unisys
New York University
Northeastern University
IBM Corporation
SRI International
University of Edinburgh
Texas Instruments
In addition, much credit and many thanks go to M a r t h a Palmer (Unisys), who organized the tutorials; to Jonathan Slocum (MCC), who handled local arrangements; to Kent Wittenburg and Rich Cohen (MCC), for co-ordinating the exhibits and demonstrations; to Brenda Nashawaty (Artificial Intelligence Corporation), who handled publicity; to Gary Hendrix (Symantec), for pro- viding the facilities within
Q~A
for membership and conference registration information; to AT&T Bell Laboratories, for providing secretarial support and for hosting the program commit- tee meeting; to MCC, for sponsoring a reception during the conference; and to Mike Dunkle (Aus- tin Mariott), for many ways of helping to prepare for the meeting.Finally, special thanks go to Norm Sondheimer (General Chair, USC/Information Sciences Institute) and Don Walker (ACL Secretary-Treasurer, Bell Communications Research), for at- tending to an array of issues that arose, many of which most of us never knew existed.
Bruce Ballard,
A T ~ T Bell Laborotories
Chair, Program Committee. ° .
C O N F E R E N C E P R O G R A M
T U E S D A Y , 9 F E B R U A R Y
J o e C. T h o m p s o n C o n f e r e n c e C e n t e r , U n i v e r s i t y o f T e x a s a t A u s t i n
T U T O R I A L S
8:30-12:30 M O R N I N G S E S S I O N S
Introduction to Natural Language Processing
James Allen (University of Rochester)
Machine-Readable Dictionaries: A Computational Linguistics Perspective
Bran Boguraev (Cambridge University) and Beth Levis (Northwestern University)
Spoken Language Systems: Past, Present, and Future
Salim Roucos (BBN Laboratories, Inc.)
1:30-5:30 A F T E R N O O N S E S S I O N S
The Technology of Natural Language Interfaces
Carole Hafner (Northeastern University)
The Role of Logic in Representing Meaning and Knowledge
Bob Moore (SRI International)
Machine Translation
Sergei Nirenburg (Carnegie-Mellon University)
R E C E P T I O N
7:00-9:00 Austin Marriott at the Capitol
9:00-9:15
9:15-9:40
9:40--10:05
10:05-10:30
11:00--11:25
11:25--11:50
11:50--12:15
12:15--2:00
W E D N E S D A Y , 10 F E B R U A R Y A u s t i n M a r r i o t t a t t h e C a p i t a l
Opening remarks and announcements
S E S S I O N 1: S Y S T E M S
The Multimedia Articulation of Answers in a Natural Language Database Query System
Susan E. Brennan (Stanford University & Hewlett Packard)
A News Story Categorization System
Philip J. Hayes, Laura E. Knecht and Monica J. Cellio (Carnegie Group)
An Architecture for Anaphora Resolution
Elaine Rich and Susans LuperFoy (MCC)
S E S S I O N 2: G E N E R A T I O N
The SEMSYN Generation System: Ingredients, Applications, Prospects
Dietmar Roesner (Universitaet Stuttgart)
Two Simple Prediction Algorithms to Facilitate Text Production
Lois Boggess (Mississippi State University)
From Water to Wine: Generating Natural Language Text from Today's Applications Programs
David D. McDonald (Brattle Research Corporation) and Marie M. Meteer (BBN Laboratories)
L U N C H E O N
Guest Speaker: G r a n t Dove
Chairman and CEO of MCC. Prior to joining MCC in July 1987, Mr. Dove had been with Texas Instruments for 28 years, having served as Executive Vice President since 1982.
2:00-2:25 2:25-2:50 2:50--3:15
3:45-4:10
4:10--4:35 4:35--5:00 5:00--5:25
6:30--9:00
8:30-8:55 8:55-9:20 9:20-9:45
10:15--10:40 10:40--11:05 11:05--11:30 11:30--11:55
S E S S I O N 3: S Y N T A X A N D S E M A N T I C S
Improved Portability and Parsing Through Interactive Acquisition of Semantic Information
Francols-Michel Lang and Lynettte Hirschman (UNISYS)
Handling Scope Ambiguities in English
Sven Hurum (University of Alberta)
Responding to Semantically Ill-Formed Input
Ralph Grishman and Ping Peng (New York University)
Evaluation of a Parallel Chart Parser
Ralph Grishman and Mahesh Chitrao (New York University)
S E S S I O N 4: M O R P H O L O G Y A N D T H E L E X I C O N
Triphone Analysis: A Combined Method for the Correction of Orthographical and Typographical Errors
Brigette van Berkel (TNO Institute of Applied Computer Science) and Koenraad DeSmedt (University of Nijmegen)
Creating and Querying Hierarchical Lexical Data Bases
Mary S. Neff, Roy J. Byrd, and Omneya A. Rizk (IBM Watson Research Center)
Cn yur cmputr raed thsf
Linda G. Means (General Motors)
Building a Large Thesaurus for Information Retrieval
Edward A. Fox, J. Terry Nutter (Virginia Tech), Thomas Ahlswede, Martha Evens (Illinois Institute of Technology), and Judith Marko~itz (Navistar International)
R E C E P T I O N
Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC)
T H U R S D A Y , 11 F E B R U A R Y A u s t i n M a r r i o t t a t t h e C a p i t a l
S E S S I O N 5: S Y S T E M S
Application-Specific Issues in Natural Language Interface Development for a Diagnostic Expert System
Karen L. Ryan, Rebecca Root, and Duane Olawsky (Honeywell)
The MUL TIVOC Text-to-Speech System
Olivier Emorine and Pierre Martin (Cap Sogeti Innovation)
Structure from Anarchy: Meta Level Representation o/Expert System Propositions/or Natural Language Interfaces
Galina Datskovsky Moerdler (Columbia University)
S E S S I O N 6: T E X T P R O C E S S I N G
Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up Strategies in a Text Processing System
Lisa F. Rau and Paul S. Jacobs (General Electric)
A Stochastic Parts Program and Noun Phrase Parser for Unrestricted Text
Kenneth W. Church (AT&T Bell Laboratories)
A Tool for Investigating the Synonymy Relation in a Sense Disambiguated Thesaurus
Martin S. Chodorow, Yael Ravin (IBM Watson Research Center) and Howard E. Sachar (IBM Data Systems Division)
Dictionary Text Entries as a Source o/Knowledge for Syntactic and Other Disambiguations
Karen Jensen and Jean-Louis Binot (IBM Watson Research Center)
12:00--1:45
1:45--2:10
2:10--2:35
3:00--5:00
5:00--6:00
8:30--8:55
8:55--9:20
9:20--9:45
10:15--10:40
10:40--11:05
11:05--11:30
11:30--11:55
1:30--1:55
1:55--2:20
2:20--2:45
L U N C H E O N
Guest Speaker: D o n a l d E. W a l k e r
Manager of Artificial Intelligence and Information Science Research at Bell Communications Research, and Secretary-Treasurer of ACL and IJCAII
S E S S I O N 7: M A C ] = [ I N E T R A N S L A T I O N
E U R O T R A : Practical Experience with a Multilingual Machine Translation System under Development
Giovanni B. Varile and Peter Lau (Commission of the European Communities)
Valency and MT: Recent Developments in the M E T A L System
Rudi Gebruers (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)
PANEL." Natural Language Interfaces: Present and Future
Moderator: Norman Sondheimer (USC/Information Sciences Institute)
Panelists: Robert J. Bobrow (BBN Laboratories), Developer of RUS
Jerrold Ginsparg (Natural Language Inc.), Developer of DataTalker
Larry Harris (Artificial Intelligence Corporation), Developer of Intellect
Gary G. Hendrix (Symantec), Developer of QBJA
Steve Klein (Singular Solutions Engineering) Co-Developer of Lotus HAL
R E C E P T I O N
Austin Marriott at the Capitol
F R I D A Y ; 12 F E B R U A R Y A u s t i n M a r r i o t t a t t h e C a p i t a l
S E S S I O N 8: S Y S T E M S
Automatically Generating Natural Language Reports in an Office Environment
Jugal Kalita and Sunil Shende (University of Pennsylvania)
Luke: An Experiment in the Early Integration of Natural Language Processing
David A. Wroblewski and Elaine A. Rich (MCC)
The Experience of Developing a Large-Scale Natural Language Text Processing System: CRITIQUE
Stephen D. Richardson and Lisa C. Braden-Harder (IBM Watson Research Center)
S E S S I O N 9: M O R P H O L O G Y A N D T H E L E X I C O N
Computational Techniques for Improved Name Search
Beatrice W. Oshika (Sparta), Filip Machi (UC Berkeley), Bruce Evans (TRW), and Janet Tom (Systems Development Corporation)
The TICC: Parsing Interesting Text
David Allport (University of Sussex)
Finding Clauses in Unrestricted Text by Finitary and Stochastic Methods
Eva Ejerhed (University of Umea)
Morphological Processing in the Nabu System
Jonathan Slocum (MCC)
S E S S I O N 10: S Y N T A X A N D S E M A N T I C S
Localizing Expression of Ambiguity
John Bear and Jerry R. Hobbs (SRI International)
Combinatorial Disambiguation
Paula S. Newman (IBM Los Angeles Scientific Center)
Canonical Representation in NLP System Design: A Critical Evaluation
Kent Wittenburg and Jim Barnett (MCC)
T U T O R I A L A B S T R A C T S
I n t r o d u c t i o n t o N a t u r a l L a n g u a g e P r o c e s s i n g
J a m e s Allen,
University of Rochester
This tutorial will cover the basic concepts underlying the construction of natural language processing systems. These include basic parsing techniques, semantic interpretation and the representation of sentence meaning, as well as knowledge representation and techniques for understanding natural language in context. In particular, the topics to be addressed in detail will include augmented transition networks (ATNs), augmented context-free grammars, the representation of lexical meaning, especially looking at case-grammar based representations, and the interpretation of pronouns and ellipsis. In addition, there will be an overview of knowledge representation, including semantic networks, frame-based systems, and logic, and the use of general world knowledge in language understanding, including scripts and plans.
Given the large range of issues and techniques, an emphasis will be placed on those aspects relevant to existing practical natural language systems, such as interfaces to database systems. The remaining issues will be more quickly sur- veyed to give the attendee an idea of what tech- niques will become important in the next genera- tion of natural language systems. The lecture notes will include an extensive bibliography of work in each area.
M a c h i n e - R e a d a b l e D i c t i o n a r i e s :
A C o m p u t a t i o n a l L i n g u i s t i c s P e r s p e c t i v e B r a n i m i r B o g u r a e v ,
Cambridge University
a n d
B e t h Levin,
Northwestern University
The lexical information contained explicitly and implicitly in machine-readable dictionaries (MRDs) can support a wide range of activities in computational linguistics, both of theoretical in- terest and of practical importance. This tutorial falls into two parts. The first part will focus on some characteristics of raw lexical data in elec- tronic sources, which make MRDs particularly relevant to natural language processing applica- tions. The second part will discuss how theoreti- cal linguistic research into the lexicon can enhance the contribution of MRDs to applied computational linguistics.
The first half will discuss issues concerning the placement of rich lexical resources on-line; raise questions related to the suitability, and ultimate- ly the utility, of MRDs for automatic natural language processing; outline a methodology aimed at extracting maximally usable subsets of the dictionary with minimal introduction of er- rors; and present ways in which specific use can be made of the lexical data for the construction of practical language processing systems with substantial coverage.
The second half of the tutorial will review current theoretical linguistic research on the lexi- con, emphasizing proposals concerning the nature of lexical representation and lexical organization. This overview will provide the context for an ex- amination of how the results of this research can be brought to bear on the problem of extracting syntactic and semantic information encoded in dictionary entries, but not overtly signaled to the dictionary user.
S p o k e n L a n g u a g e S y s t e m s : P a s t , P r e s e n t , a n d F u t u r e
S a l i m R o u c o s ,
B B N Laboratories, Inc.
This tutorial will present the issues in develop- ing spoken language systems for natural speech communication between a person and a machine. In particular, the performance of complex tasks using large vocabularies and unrestricted sen- tence structures will be examined. The first Ad- vanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) Speech Understanding Research project during the seventies will be reviewed, and then the current state-of-the-art in continuous speech recognition and natural language processing will be described. Finally, the types of spoken language systems' capabilities expected to be developed during the next two to three years will be presented.
The technical issues that will be covered in- clude acoustic-phonetic modeling, syntax, seman- tics, plan recognition and discourse, and the is- sues for integrating these knowledge sources for speech understanding. In addition, computation- al requirements for real-time understanding, and performance evaluation methodology will be described. Some of the human factors of speech understanding in the context of performing in- teractive tasks using an integrated interface will also be discussed.
T h e T e c h n o l o g y o f N a t u r a l L a n g u a g e I n t e r f a c e s
C a r o l e D. H a f n e r ,
Northeastern University
This tutorial will describe the development of natural language processing from a research to- pic into a commercial technology. This will in- clude a description of some key research projects of the 1970's and early 1980's which developed methods for building n a t u r a l language query in- terfaces, initially restricted to just one database, and later made "transportable" to many different applications. The further development of this technology into commercial software products will be discussed and illustrated by a survey of several current products, including both micro- computer NL systems and those offered on higher-performance machines. The qualities a user should look for in a NL interface will be considered, both in terms of linguistic capabili- ties and general ease of use. Finally, some of the remaining "hard problems" that current technol- ogy has not yet solved in a satisfactory way will be discussed.
T h e R o l e o f L o g i c i n R e p r e s e n t i n g M e a n i n g a n d K n o w l e d g e
R o b e r t C. M o o r e ,
SRI International
This tutorial will survey the use of logic to represent the meaning of utterances and the extra-linguistic knowledge needed to produce and interpret utterances in natural-language process- ing systems. Problems to be discussed in mean- ing representation include quantification, propo- sitional attitudes, comparatives, mass terms and plurals, tense and aspect, and event sentences and adverbials. Logic-based methods (unifica- tion) for systematic specification of the correspondence between syntax and semantics in natural language processing systems will also be touched on. In the discussion of the representa- tion of extra-linguistic knowledge, special atten- tion will be devoted to the role played by knowledge of speakers' and hearers' mental states (particularly their knowledge and beliefs) in the generation and interpretation of utter- ances and logical formalisms for representing and reasoning about knowledge of those states.
M a c h i n e T r a n s l a t i o n
Sergei N i r e n b u r g ,
Carnegie Mellon University
The central problems faced by a Machine Translation (MT) research project are 1) the design and implementation of automatic natural language analyzers and generators that manipu- late morphological, syntactic, semantic and prag- matic knowledge; and 2) the design, acquisition and maintenance of dictionaries and grammars. Since a short-term goal (or even medium term goal) of building a system that performs fully au- tomated machine translation of unconstrained text is not feasible, an M T project must carefully constrain its objectives.
This tutorial will describe the knowledge and processing requirements for an MT system. It will present and analyze the set of design choices for M T projects including distinguishing features such as long-term/short-term, academic/com- mercial, fully/partially automated, direct/ transfer/interlingua, pre-/post-/interactive edit- rag. The knowledge acquisition needs of an MT system, with an emphasis on interactive knowledge acquisition tools that facilitate the task of compiling the various dictionaries for an M T system will be discussed. In addition, expec- tations, possibilities and prospects for immediate application of machine translation technology will be considered. Finally, a brief survey of MT research and development work around the world will be presented.
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S
S E S S I O N 1 : S Y S T E M S
The Multimedia Articulation of Answers in a Natural Language Database Query System
S u s a n E . B r e n n a n . . . 1
A News Story Categorization System
P h i l i p J. H a y e s , L a u r a E. K n e c h t , a n d M o n i c a J. C e l l i o ... 9
An Architecture for Anaphora Resolution
E l a i n e R i c h a n d S u s a n n L u p e r F o y . . . 18
S E S S I O N 2 : G E N E R A T I O N
The SEMSYN Generation System: Ingredients, Applications, Prospects
D i e t m a r R o e s n e r . . . 25
Two Simple Prediction Algorithms to Facilitate Text Production
Lois B o g g e s s . . . 33
From Water to Wine: Generating Natural Language Text from Today's Applications Programs
D a v i d D. M c D o n a l d a n d M a r i e M. M e t e e r . . . 41
S E S S I O N 3 : S Y N T A X A ~ N D S E M A N T I C S
Improved Portability and Parsing Through Interactive Acquisition of Semantic Information
F r a n c o i s - M i c h e l L a n g a n d L y n e t t t e H i r s c h m a n . . . 49
Handling Scope Ambiguities in English
S v e n H u r u m . . . 58
Responding to Semantically Ill-Formed Input
R a l p h G r i s h m a n a n d P i n g P e n g . . . :. 66
Evaluation of a Parallel Chart Parser
R a l p h G r l s h m a n a n d M a h e s h C h i t r a o . . . 71
S E S S I O N 4 : M O R P H O L O G Y A N D T H E L E X I C O N
Triphone Analysis: A Combined Method for the Correction of Orthographical and Typographical Error~
B r i g e t t e v a n B e r k e l a n d K o e n r a a d D e S m e d t . . . 77
Creating and Querying Hierarchical Lezical Data Bases
M a r y S. Neff, R o y J. B y r d , a n d O m n e y a A . R i z k . . . 84
Cn yur cmpntr raed ths?
L i n d a G. M e a n s . . . 93
Building a Large Thesaurus for Information Retrieval
E d w a r d A . F o x , J. T e r r y N u t t e r , T h o m a s A h l s w e d e , M a r t h a E v e n s , a n d J u d i t h M a r k o w i t z ... 101
S E S S I O N 5 : S Y S T E M S
Application-Specific Issues in Natural Language Interface Development for a Diagnostic Expert System
K a r e n L. R y a n , R e b e c c a R o o t 7 a n d D u a n e O l a w s k y . . . 109
The MUL TIVOC Text-to-Speech System
O l i v i e r E m o r i n e a n d P i e r r e M a r t i n . . . 115
Structure from Anarchy: Meta Level Representation of Expert System Propositions for Natural Language Interfaces
G a l i n a D a t s k o v s k y M o e r d l e r . . . 121
S E S S I O N 6 : T E X T P R O C E S S I N G
Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up Strategies in a Text Processing System
Lisa F . R a u a n d P a u l S. J a c o b s ... 129
A Stochastic Parts Program and Noun Phrase Parser for Unrestricted Text
K e n n e t h W . C h u r c h ... . ... 136
A Tool for Investigating the Synonymy Relation in a Sense Disambiguated Thesaurus
M a r t i n S. C h o d o r o w , Y a e l R a v i n , a n d H o w a r d E. S a c h a r ... 144
Dictionary Text Entries as a Source of Knowledge for Syntactic and Other Disambiguations
K a r e n J e n s e n a n d J e a n - L o u i s B i n o t ... 152 S E S S I O N 7 : M A C H I N E T R A N S L A T I O N
E U R O T R A : Practical Experience with a Multilingual Machine Translation System under Development
G i o v a n n i B. V a r i l e a n d P e t e r L a u ... 160
Valency and MT: Recent Developments in the M E T A L System
R u d i G e b r u e r s ... 188 P A N E L S T A T E M E N T
Natural Language Interfaces: Present and Future
N o r m a n S o n d h e i m e r ... 176 S E S S I O N 8: S Y S T E M S
Automatically Generating Natural Language Reports in an O]~ee Environment
J u g a l K a l i t a a n d S u n i l S h e n d e ... 178
Luke: An Experiment in the Early Integration of Natural Language Processing
D a v i d A. W r o b l e w s k i a n d E l a i n e A. R i c h ... 186
The Experience of Developing a Large-Scale Natural Language Text Processing System: CRITIQUE
S t e p h e n D. R i c h a r d s o n a n d Lisa C. B r a d e n - H a r d e r ... 195 S E S S I O N 9 : M O R P H O L O G Y A N D T H E L E X I C O N
Computational Techniques for Improved Name Search
Beatrice T . O s h i k a , F i l i p M a c h i , Bruce E v a n s , a n d J a n e t T o m ... 203
The TICC: Parsing Interesting Text
D a v i d A l l p o r t ... 211
Finding Clauses in Unrestricted Text by Finitary and Stochastic Methods
E v a E j e r h e d ... 219
Morphological Processing in the Nabu System
J o n a t h a n S l o c u m ... 228 S E S S I O N 1 0 : S Y N T A X A N D S E M A N T I C S
Localizing Expression of Ambiguity
J o h n Bear a n d J e r r y R. H o b b s ... 235
Combinatorial Disambiguation
P a u l a S. N e w m a n ... 243
Canonical Representation in NLP System Design: A Critical Evaluation
K e n t W i t t e n b u r g a n d J i m B a r n e t t ... 253
A U T H O R I N D E X
T h o m a s A h l s w e d e . . . 101
D a v i d A l l p o r t . . . 211
J i m B a r n e t t . . . 2 5 3 J o h n B e a r . . . 2 3 5 J e a n - L o u i s B i n o t . . . 152
L o i s B o g g e s s . . . 33
L i s a C . B r a d e n - H a r d e r . . . 195
S u s a n E . B r e n n a n . . . 1
R o y J . B y r d . . . 84
M o n i c a J . C e l l i o . . . 9
M a h e s h C h i t r a o . . . 71
M a r t i n S. C h o d o r o w . . . 144
K e n n e t h W . C h u r c h . . . 136
K o e n r a a d D e S m e d t . . . 77
E v a E j e r h e d . . . 2 1 9 O l i v i e r E m o r i n e . . . 115
B r u c e E v a n s . . . 203
M a r t h a E v e n s . . . 101
E d w a r d A . F o x . . . 101
R u d i G e b r u e r s . . . 168
R a l p h G r i s h m a n . . . 66, 71 P h i l i p J . H a y e s . . . 9
L y n e t t t e H i r s c h m a n . . . 49
J e r r y R . H o b b s . . . 2 3 5 S v e n H u r u m . . . 58
P a u l S. J a c o b s . . . 129
K a r e n J e n s e n . . . 152
J u g a l K a l i t a ....-. . . 178
L a u r a E . K n e c h t . . . 9
F r a n c o i s - M i c h e l L a n g . . . 49
P e t e r L a u . . . 1 6 0 S u s a n n L u p e r F o y . . . 18
F i l i p M a c h i . . . 2 0 3 J u d i t h M a r k o w i t z . . . 101
P i e r r e M a r t i n . . . 115
D a v i d D . M c D o n a l d . . . 41
L i n d a G . M e a n s . . . 93
M a r i e M . M e t e e r . . . 41
G a l i n a D a t s k o v s k y M o e r d l e r . . . 121
M a r y S. N e f f . . . 84
P a u l a S. N e w m a n . . . 2 4 3 J . T e r r y N u t t e r . . . 101
D u a n e O l a w s k y . . . 109
B e a t r i c e T . O s h i k a . . . 2 0 3 P i n g P e n g . . . 66
L i s a F . R a u . . . 1 2 9 Y a e l R a v i n . . . 144
E l a i n e A . R i c h . . . 18, 186 S t e p h e n D . R i c h a r d s o n . . . 195
O m n e y a A . R i z k . . . 84
D i e t m a r R o e s n e r . . . 25
R e b e c c a R o o t . . . 109
K a r e n L . R y a n . . . 109
H o w a r d E . S a c h a r . . . 1 4 4 S u n i l S h e n d e . . . 178
J o n a t h a n S l o c u m . . . 2 2 8 N o r m a n S o n d h e i m e r . . . 176
J a n e t T o m . . . 2 0 3 B r i g e t t e v a n B e r k e l . . . 77
G i o v a n n i B . V a r i l e . . . 1 6 0
