STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE WITH GRANITE POWDER

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International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology (ISSN: 2455-3778), Volume 4, Special Issue 4, July 2018 47

STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE

WITH GRANITE POWDER

G. Vijaya Raju¹, M.Ramakrishna², K.Ganesh kumar³

1 Asst. prof, Sasi Institute of Technology and Engineering, Tadepalligudem

2 Asst. prof, Sri Sunflower College of Engineering and Technology, Lankapalli

3 Asst. prof, Sasi Institute of Technology and Engineering, Tadepalligudem

Abstract—The most commonly used fine aggregate all over the world is river sand. River sand is expensive due to excessive cost of transportation from natural sources.

Many non-conventional resources such as Stone Dust, Carbonate Sand, Fly Ash, Copper Slag etc. with larger percentage of Silica (SiO2) have been tried out as an alternative to river sand as fine aggregate in preparation of concrete. Several studies have shown promising result in terms of strength properties of concrete by using granite powder as a partial replacement of river sand, An alternative material which is granite powder can be utilized for the preparation of concrete as a partial replacement of sand. The percentage of granite powder added by weight of sand is 0,5,10,15,20.The cubes are casted using M30 grade mixes. This experimental study presents the test results of compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength for 7,14,28 days. Test results indicate that the use of granite powder in concrete has improved the performance of concrete in strength aspect

Index Terms—Granite Powder, Fine Aggregate Replacement, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength, Eco-friendly

I.INTRODUCTION

Concrete is one of the major construction materials being utilized worldwide. Concrete is made usually from a properly proportioned mixture of cement, water, fine and coarse aggregates and often, chemical and mineral admixtures. Cement is the important binding material in concrete. Fine aggregate is an essential component of concrete. The global consumption of natural river sand is very high due to the extensive use of concrete. In particular, the demand for natural river sand is quite high in developed countries owing to infrastructural growth.In order to reduce the dependence on natural aggregates as the main source of aggregates in concrete, artificially manufactured aggregates and artificial aggregates generated from industrial wastes provide an alternative for the construction industry . Some alternative materials have already been used in place of natural river sand. For example, fly ash, slag and lime stone, siliceous stone powder, rock dust and quarry waste were used in concrete mixture as a

partial replacement of natural sand . Granite powder, one of the byproducts in granite stone crushing process, not being used for any applications other than filling-up low lying areas is identified as a replacement material for river sand in concrete. The granite waste generated by the stone crushing industry has accumulated over the years. Only insignificant quantities have been utilized and the rest has been unscrupulously dumped resulting in environmental problems. Presently, all the processing units are disposing this industrial waste by dumping it in open yards, that nearly occupying 25% of the total area of the industry. Only insignificant quantity has been utilized and the rest has been dumped unscrupulously resulting in pollution problems. With the enormous increase in the quantity of waste needing disposal, acute shortage of dumping sites, sharp increase in the transportation and dumping costs necessitate the need for effective utilization of this waste. The present work is aimed at developing a concrete using the granite scrap, an industrial waste as a replacement material for the fine aggregate. By doing so, the objective of reduction of cost of construction can be met and it will also help to overcome the problem associated with its disposal including the environmental problemsof region. Accordingly this project work will examine M30 grade of concrete were cast by varying the percentage replacement of sand with granite powder. It is suitable for concrete mix and improves the properties of concrete i.e., compressive strength etc. The objectives of various properties of concrete using silica fume have been evaluated. Further to determine the optimum replacement percentage comparison between the regular concrete and concrete containing granite powder is done. It has been seen that when cement is replaced by granite powder compressive strength increases up to certain percentage. But higher replacement of fine aggregate by granite powder gives lower strength. Properties of hardened concrete via Ultimate Compressive strength, Flexural strength, Split Tensile strength has been determined for different mix combinations of materials and these

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International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology (ISSN: 2455-3778), Volume 4, Special Issue 4, July 2018 48 values are compared with the corresponding values of

conventional concrete.

II. MATERIALS USED

Cement :

Cement is a binder, a substance that sets, hardens and can bind other materials together. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 53 grade conforming to IS 12269-1987 was used.

The properties of cement were tested and their values are given. The product obtained by burning and crushing to powder, an intimate mixture of well proportions calcareous and argillaceous materials is called cement. It fills up voids existing in fine aggregate and makes the concrete impermeable.

Fig 2.1 cement

Fine Aggregate :

Fine aggregate means sand which is a mixture of small particles of grains and minerals. Those particles passing through 9.5 mm sieve, almost entirely passing through 4.75 mm sieve, and predominantly retained on the 75 μ sieve are called fine aggregate. The river sand confirming to zone as per IS 383-1987 was used

Coarse Aggregate

: Coarse aggregates are particles greater than 4.75mm. Crushed angular coarse aggregates confirming to IS 383-1987 was used. Coarse aggregates passing from 60mm and retained on 40mm are used. Aggregates are one of the imperative constituents of concrete and they constituents about 75 to 80% of total volume of total volume of concrete. They help in decrease of shrinkage and influence economy as it were.

Following are some of properties of aggregates,

which the impact concrete.

Fig: 2.3 Coarse aggregate

Water:

Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actively participated in chemical reaction with cement. Water to be used in the concrete work should have following properties. It should be free from injurious amount of oil, acids, alkalis or other organic or inorganic impurities. It should be free from iron, vegetable matter or other any type of substances, which likely to have adverse effect on concrete or reinforcement. It should be quite satisfactory for drinking purpose which is used in mixing of concrete.

Granite Powder:

Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture .Granites can be predominantly white ,pink and grey in colour depending on their minerology .The average density of granite is between 2.65 to 2.75g/cm3 .Granite powder, a waste material from the granite polishing industry, is a promising material for use in concrete similar to those of pozzolonic materials such as silica fume, flyash, slag and others. These products can be used as a filler material to reduce the void content in concrete

.

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International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology (ISSN: 2455-3778), Volume 4, Special Issue 4, July 2018 49 Fig: 2.4 Granite Powder

III.METHODOLOGY Methodology of The Study :

The different methods utilized in this research include the following:

i)

Background Study

: Literature survey was carried out to review previous studies.

ii)

Collection of Materials

: All the required materials were collected and delivered to the laboratory. The materials are Cement, Fine Aggregate, Coarse aggregate, granite powder.

iii)

Tests On Materials

: Tests were conducted on the raw materials to determine their properties and suitability for the experiment. iv)

Mix Proportioning (Mix Design

): The

concrete mix is designed for M30 grade and the considered degree of workability is medium. The mix design is carried out according to the IS 10262:2009 for the conventional concrete. The obtained mix proportion is 1:1.48:2.48 with water- cement ratio of 0.44.The granite powder is replaced in the place of fine aggregate with percentages of 5,10,15,20.

v) Preparation Of Specimen: The concrete cubes of size 150 mm, cylinders of size 300 mm height and 150 mm diameter and beams of size 500 x 100 x 100 mm are casted and used as test specimens to obtain the compressive strength of concrete, split tensile strength of concrete and flexural strength of concrete. The specimens casted in the above manner are compacted on a vibrating table. Tests are conducted at the end of 28 days from the date of casting.

vi)

Testing Of Specimens

: Laboratory tests were carried out on the prepared concrete samples. The fresh concrete tests conducted were slump, compaction factor. The tests conducted on hardened were compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength.

IV TESTS ON CONCRETE

4.1 Properties Of Fresh Concrete

:

The potential strength and durability of concrete of a given mix proportion is very dependent on the degree of its compaction. It is vital, therefore, that the consistency of the mix be such that the concrete can be transported, placed, and finished sufficiently early enough to attain the expected strength and durability.

4.2 Significance: The first 48 hours are very important for the performance of the concrete structure. It controls the long-term behavior, influence f'c (ultimate strength), Ec (elastic modulus), creep, and durability.

4.3 Elasticity and Strength of Concrete: The elastic properties of materials are a measure of their resistance to deformation under an applied load (but the elastic strain is recovered when the load is removed). Strength usually refers to the maximum. Stress that a given kind of sample can carry. Understanding these properties and how they are measured is essential for anyone wishing to use materials.

4.4 Shrinkage

:

Shrinkage of concrete is caused by the settlement of solids and the loss of free water from the plastic concrete (Plastic Shrinkage), by the chemical combination of cement with water

(Autogeneous Shrinkage) and by the drying concrete (Drying Shrinkage).

4.5 Cracking

:

Where movement of the concrete is restrained, shrinkage will produce tensile stress within concrete, which may cause cracking

.

4.6 Durability

:

The durability of concrete can be defined as its resistance to deterioration resulting from external and internal causes.

4.7 Workability Test :

A concrete mix must be made of the right amount of cement, aggregates and water to make the concrete workable enough for easy compaction and placing and strong enough for good performance in resisting stresses after hardening. If the mix is too dry, then its compaction will be too difficult and if it is too wet, then the concrete is likely to be weak.

During mixing, the mix might vary without the change very noticeable at first. For instance, a load of

aggregate may be wetter or drier than what is expected or there may be variations in the amount of water added to the mix. These all necessitate a check on the

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International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology (ISSN: 2455-3778), Volume 4, Special Issue 4, July 2018 50 workability and strength of concrete after producing.

Slump test is the simplest test for workability and are most widely used on construction sites. In the slump test, the distance that a cone full of concrete slumps down is measured when the cone is lifted from around the concrete. The slump can vary from nil on dry mixes to complete collapse on very wet ones. One drawback with the test is that it is not helpful for very dry mixes.

Fig 4.1: Workability of Concrete by Slump Test The mould for the slump test is in the form of a frustum of a cone, which is placed on top of a metal plate. The mould is filled in three equal layers and each layer is tamped 25 times with a tamping rod.

Surplus concrete above the top edge of the mould is struck off with the tamping rod. The cone is immediately lifted vertically and the amount by which the concrete sample slumps is measured. The value of the slump is obtained from the distance between the underside of the round tamping bar and the highest point on the surface of the slumped concrete sample. The types of slump i.e. zero, true, shear or collapsed are then recorded.

A different observation which was noticed while casting the concrete with a replacement of cement and fine aggregate that is GGBS and ROBO Sand due

to change in percentage of replacements which has been done. This is due to the change in specific gravity of the replaced materials. In general, this type of concrete mixes did not pose any difficulties in terms of finishing, casting, or placement and can be finished to the same standard as plain concrete.

4.8 Compressive Strength:

Compression test was carried out on 150 x 150 x 150 mm size cubes.

The specimens were loaded at a constant strain rate until failure. The compressive strength is increase with an increase in the percentage of Granite powder for Fine aggregate. Results for compressive strength of cubes for 3 days, 7 days and 28 days N/mm2

Fig 4.8: Compressive Strength of Cube

4.9. Split Tensile Strength:

The test method covers the determination of the splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens, such as molded cylinders of size 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height. This test method consists of applying a diametric compressive force along the length of a cylindrical concrete specimen at a rate that is within a prescribed range until failure occurs. This loading

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International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology (ISSN: 2455-3778), Volume 4, Special Issue 4, July 2018 51 induces tensile stresses on the compressive stresses in

the area immediately around the applied load. Tensile failure occurs rather than compressive failure because the areas of the load application are in a state of tri axial compression, thereby allowing them to withstand much higher compressive stresses than would be indicated by a uniaxial compressive strength test results. Thin, plywood bearing strips are used to distribute the load applied along the length of the cylinder. The maximum load sustained by the specimen is divided by appropriate geometrical factors to obtain the splitting tensile strength.

Fig 4.9: Split Tensile Strength of Cylinder

4.10. Flexural Strength:

Flexural strength is one measure of the tensile strength of concrete. It is a measure of an unreinforced concrete beam or slab to resist failure in bending. It is measured by loading 6 x 6 – inch (150 x 150 – mm) concrete beams with a span length at least three times the depth. The flexural strength is expressed as modulus of rupture (MR) in psi (Mpa) and is determined by standard test method ASTM C 78 (third-point loading) or ASTM C 293 (center point loading).

4.10Flexural Strength of Prism

Flexural MR is about 10 to 20 percent of compressive strength depending on the type, size and volume of coarse aggregate used. However, the best correlation for specific materials is obtained by laboratory tests for given materials and mix design. The MR determined by third point loading is lower than the MR determined by center point loading

V.RESULTS

5.1 The Compressive strength of the concrete cubes with Sand Replacement Table 5.1.1 Compressive strength of the concrete cubes

% of Granite Powder Added

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm

²

) 7

Days

14 Days

28 Days

0% 27.42 32.34 36.66

5% 29.13 34.69 38.72

10% 31.98 35.73 39.15

15% 34.55 37.18 41.89

20% 33.67 35.47 37.48

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Compressive

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

7 days 14 days 28 days

0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

Compressive Strength of concrete cubes Strength (N/mm2 )

% of Granite Powder

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5.2 The Split Tensile Strength of the concrete cylinders with Sand

Replacement:

Table 5.2.1 Tensile strength of the concrete cylinders

PERCENTAGE OF GRANITE

POWDER ADDED

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH(N/mm

²

)

7 DAYS 14 DAYS 28 DAYS

0% 2.86 3.32 3.74

5% 2.89 3.36 3.89

10% 3.41 3.50 3.91

15% 3.48 3.69 4.21

20% 3.46 3.54 3.98

0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

granite powder

7 days 14 days 28 days 4.5

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 STRENGTH (N/mm2 )

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5.3 Flexural Strength of Concrete with Sand Replacement :

Table 5.3.1 Flexural strength of the concrete prisms

%of Granite Powder

Added

Flexural Strength(N/Mm

²

) 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days

0% 3.66 3.98 4.23

5% 3.77 4.12 4.35

10% 3.95 4.18 4.37

15% 4.11 4.26 4.53

20% 4.06 4.16 4.28

0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

7 days 14 days 28 days 5

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

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VI CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions are drawn from this investigation:

 It is observed that the compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete can be improved by partial replacement of granite powder for fine aggregate.

 From the above experimental results it is proved that, granite powder can be used as partial replacement for the natural sand, and the compressive and flexural strengths are increased as the percentage of granite powder is increased up to optimum level. The optimum percentage of replacement of natural sand by granite powder is 15%

 Due to scarcity of natural sand and its high cost could encourage the adoption of granite powder by replacement of natural sand.

 The Split Tensile Strength increases with the increase in percentage of granite powder as well as with 15% of granite powder and the maximum Tensile Strength obtained is 3.29N/mm2.

 The Flexural Strength also increases with the increase in percentage of granite powder as well as with 15% percentage of granite powder and the maximum Flexural Strength obtained is 4.70 N/mm2.

 The maximum increase in Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength, and Flexural Strength is higher than compared to that of the conventional mix at the age of 28 days.

REFERENCES

1)

Dodda Nagaraju – “An Experimental study on partial replacement of granite powder in fine aggregate” international journal of research, vol.6, issue jun 2017

2)

S.Arulkesavan–“Experimental investigation on concrete with partial replacement of fine aggregate by granite powder” international research journal of engineering and technology, vol. 4, issue mar 2017

3)

Dige s.s., prof. G. N. Shete – “An Experimental Investigation Of Strength Of Granite Fines Concrete” SSN:2455-2631,June 2016 IJSDR , Volume 1, Issue 6

4)

Karthik, Mr.Kr.Keerthiraman –

“Experimental Investigation On Concrete With Partially Replacement Of Cement And Fully Replacement Of Sand” International Journal of Advanced Research in Biology Engineering Science andtechnology (IJARBEST), Vol. 2, Issue 4, April 2016, ISSN 2395-695X

5)

Mr. G. Raja, Mr. K. M. Ramalingam- Department of Civil Engineering, PGP College Of Engg&Tech, Namakkal - 637207, – “Experimental study on partial replacement of fine aggregate by granite powder in concrete” IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science &

Technology| Volume 2 | Issue 12 | May 2016 ISSN (online): 2349-6010

6)

Raghavendra R, Sharada. S. A, G. Narayana-

“Flexural strength of high performance concrete using granite powder as fine aggregate”, ijret:

international journal of research in engineering and technology eissn: 2319-1163 | pissn: 2321- 7308, Volume: 04 Special Issue: 04 | ASHCE- 2015 | May-2015