BIO - CH 1 NOTEPACK.pdf

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UNIT 4: BIOLOGY

Chapter 1: The Biosphere of Life

NAME

:____________________

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Learning Objectives: Biology

MAJOR CONCEPT #1: Ecosystems

I CAN…

o

Analyze a terrestrial or aquatic ecosystem

o

Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors

o

Infer abiotic effects on life (light, nutrients, water, temperature)

o

Infer biotic interactions ( predator-prey, competition, symbiotic relationships)

o

Describe the key stages of primary succession and the nature of its climax

community

o

Differentiate between primary and secondary succession in a specific

terrestrial/aquatic ecosystem

o

Describe the potential impact of habitat destruction on an ecosystem

o

Describe the effects of introducing or removing a species

o

Perform a field study of an aquatic of terrestrial ecosystem

MAJOR CONCEPT #2: Ch.1 – Cycling of Matter

I CAN…

o

Outline the nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and water cycle (hydrologic cycle)

o

Describe artificial and natural factors that affect the biogeochemical cycles

o

Describe how energy flows in an ecosystem (conservation of energy and trophic

levels)

o

Describe how trophic levels can be pyramids of numbers, biomass, or energy

MAJOR CONCEPT #3: Ch.2 – Adaptations & Evolutionary Change

I CAN…

o

Describe mutation as the cause for variation

o

Identify the role of sexual reproduction in generating variability

o

Describe the adaptation of a species over time

o

Describe evidence for evolution by natural selection (Buffon, Lyell, Mathus, and

Wallace)

o

Compare graduated evolution and punctuated equilibrium (Lamarckian and

Darwinian)

o

Describe how some factors impacts population size

o

Compare the growth pattern of the human population to other species

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Lesson 1 Element #1 Appendix 2

Biotic/Abiotic Venn Diagram

LIST: Biotic or Abiotic?

•

air

•

aluminum

•

apple seeds

•

bread

•

clock

•

clouds

•

corpse

•

cotton fabric

•

finger nails

•

fish

•

glass

•

gold

•

grapes

•

hair

•

paper

•

pipe

•

plant

•

plastic

•

pork chops

•

salad

•

sand

•

snail

•

steak

•

water

•

whale

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Topic&1.1

Water:'An'Essen,al'Abio,c'Factor

(pp.&406-412)&

Science&20&–&Unit&D:&Biology

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Topic&1.2

Bio,c'Factors:'The'Inﬂuence'of'Living'

Things

(pp.&413-422)&

&

1

Learning&Objec;ves

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5

Abio;c&vs&Bio;c?

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What&is&Ecology?

•

>ology&=&

“the%study%of”

•

Eco&=&

ecosystem

•

Ecology&is&the&Study&of&an&Ecosystem

•

Ecosystem&=&All&the&living&and&non>living&things&

in&an&area&that&interact&with&each&other.

•

Therefore:&Ecology&is&

the'study'of'how'living'

and'non@living'things'interact'in'an'area

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ECOSYSTEM

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Species&=&one

&type&of&organism&that&is&

dis;nct

&

from&other&organism&(they&can&reproduce&with&

one&another)&

>eg.&chimpanzee&&diﬀ.&species&than&gorilla

Species

9

10

Popula;ons

(group&of&organisms& from&the&same&species& in&the&same&area)

10

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Diﬀerent&popula;ons&living&

together&and&interac;ng

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ABIOTIC&FACTORS

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Habitat&vs&Ecosystem

•

Habitat&>&speciﬁc&to&one&type&of&organism

•

Ecosystem&>&ALL&living&things

•

HABITAT&=&all&the&bio6c&&&abio6c&factors&in&an&

area&that&encourage&the&reproduc6on&and&

survival&of&one&par6cular&organism.

•

Ecosystem&=&all&the&bio6c&&&abio6c&factors&in&

an&area&that&interact

₁₃

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ASSIGNMENT

•

Read&pp.406>416&in&textbook

•

Ques6ons:

–

p.412&>&Q’s&1>4

•

Poster&Graphic&Organizer

–

In&1.2&the&textbook&describes&a&Prairie&Ecosystem,&

make&an&informa6ve&poster&that&includes&

examples,&deﬁni6ons,&and&pictures&(hand&drawn&or&

printed)&of&the&following:

• Species,&Popula6ons,&Community,&Habitat,&Abio6c,& Bio6c,&and&Ecosystem

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1.2 - Biotic Factors

(pp. 416-422)

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Learning(Objec-ves

1. investigate and analyze an aquatic or a terrestrial local ecosystem, distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors, describe how these factors affect population size and • infer the abiotic effects on life; e.g., light, nutrients, water,

temperature

• infer biotic interactions; e.g., predator-prey relationships, competition, symbiotic

relationships

2

Ecology: the study of the interaction of living organisms with one another and their physical environment.

3

Population: a group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same area at the same time.

4

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Symbiosis: two or more species live in close contact.

Examples?

Symbiosis

Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

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Mutualism: a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit

Bali Island, Indonesia. A cleaner shrimp cleaning parasites from

a moray eel's mouth

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An example of mutualism is the relationship between clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of tropical sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators (a special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles).

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Parasitism: a symbiotic relationship in which on one organisms benefits, while the other is harmed.

Tapeworm: Humans occasionally become infected by ingesting cereals contaminated with insect pests (intermediate hosts of this parasite). Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea and headache.

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Cowbirds engage in “brood parasitism”

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Competition: an interaction in which two or more organisms battle for the same resources.

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Predation: a predator eats a prey.

Tuberculosis bacteria feeding on human lung tissue

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Topic&1.3

“

Web$of$Life”

(pp.&423.432)

1 1

Learning&Objec9ves

•

I&can&analyze&and&describe&energy&ﬂow&in&an&ecosystem& using&the&following&concepts: 1. ConservaFon&of&Energy&(2nd&Law&of&Thermodynamics) 2. Energy&input&&&output&in&trophic&levels&(10%&rule) 3. Food&chains,&food&webs,&and&pyramids. 4. Speciﬁc&examples&of&heterotrophs&&&autotrophs.

•

I&can&explain&why&biomass&and&populaFon&size&are&related& to&trophic&level. 2 2

DO&NOW:&

.read&pp.423.424&and&complete&the&table&

below&(refer&to&last&page&of&

handout

)

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Roles&of&Organisms

5

Sun

Autotrophs

Heterotrophs

Producers Primary&Consumers Secondary&Consumers Ter9ary&Consumers Herbivore Carnivore or Omnivore Carnivore or Omnivore 5

•

_______________ (“self feeders”) can

produce their own food.

•

Also called ____________________.

•

They make up 99% of all biomass.

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Autotrophs

producers

6

•

______________ (also called consumers)

obtain their energy from autotrophs

directly or by eating another heterotroph.

•

Primary consumers (________________)

feed directly on producers.

Heterotrophs

herbivores

•

Secondary consumers (carnivores or

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•

Higher levels

include tertiary

or even

quaternary

(also called top

order)

consumers.

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•

___________________ are heterotrophs,

such as bacteria or fungi, that extract the

last bit of energy from dead organisms.

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1.&Food&Chain

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Disadvantages&of&Food&Chain

•

Too&simplisFc,&only&shows&one&predator]prey&

relaFonship

–

in&reality,&a&predator&eats&more&than&one&species

–

no&representaFon&of&the&amount&of&energy&transfer

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Heat Loss

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•Shows a more complex feeding pattern

than a food chain.

•Webs still

do not

show

energy

efficiency

2.&Food&Web

.all&the&food&webs&in

an&ecosystem

•Can be kinda

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- three types:

a. Pyramid of _____________ - trophic

levels are arranged with producers at

the bottom with highest trophic level

at the top.

•

Levels are

population

numbers

drawn to

scale.

3.&&Pyramids

Numbers

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18

•

Pyramids of Numbers aren’t always

pyramid shaped....

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b.

Pyramid of ______________ - shows

the mass of living material at a trophic

level.

Biomass

20

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c.

Pyramid of _____________ - shows

the amount of energy available for

organisms at each trophic level.

10%&Rule

]about&10%&of&each& trophic&level’s&energy& is&passed&on&to&the& next.

Energy

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___________________/Bioamplification

•

Certain chemicals are stored in cells for

long periods of time. E.g. mercury or DDT

(an insecticide)

•

Low levels of poisons

in producers and

primary consumers

are concentrated in

higher trophic

consumers due to the

number of prey

consumed.

Biomagniﬁca9on

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27

Assignment:

•

QuesFon&25&on&pp.&427&&&428

•

QuesFons&2]6&on&p.&432

28

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• Where does the matter in your body come from?_____________________________________________

• Biosphere: ______________________________________________________________________________

• Biotic factor:____________________________________________________________________________________

• Abiotic factor:___________________________________________________________________________________

• Ecosystem:_____________________________________________________________________________________

• Habitat:________________________________________________________________________________________

• Earth is a _______________ system, meaning that matter is _________________ and energy is continualy ________________.

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MAIN FUNCTIONS: HUMAN IMPACTS:

1)_____________________________________________ 1) ______________________________________________________________________

2)_____________________________________________ 2)_______________________________________________________________________

3)_____________________________________________ 3)_______________________________________________________________________

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CELLULAR RESPIRATION IN ANIMALS:

C

6

H

12

O

6

+ O

2



________ + ________

(glucose)

PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS:

CO

2

+ H

2

O



________ + ________

MAIN FUNCTION: HUMAN IMPACTS:

1) ______________________________ 1) ____________________________________________________________________

2) ____________________________________________________________________

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MAIN FUNCTIONS:

1) _______________________________________________

________________________________________________

2) ________________________________________________

________________________________________________

HUMAN IMPACTS:

1) _____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

Stratospheric ozone concentration over Antartica

U.V. RADIATION CAN CAUSE:

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Nitrogen is a raw material used in protein and cell genetic codes (DNA), but N

2

gas

cannot be directly used by most organisms.

There are four main ways in which nitrogen can be made into a usable form:

1.

2.

3.

4.

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Disrupting the Nitrogen Cycle

Humans can disrupt the nitrogen cycle through

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Topic&1.6

“Biodiversity&&&Human&Impact”

(pp.&453?463)

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What is Biodiversity?

•

Biodiversity

is the variety of ecosystems,

species and genes in an area. Boreal forests

and rain forests have more biodiversity.

2

What is the connection between

the caribou and food packaging?

• The woodland caribou need a forest that is older

than 80 years to grow enough tree lichen, their

main winter food.

• Food packaging comes from oil and natural gas.

Oil and natural gas companies cut down the trees

in the north for exploration and removal.

• This tree removal has contributed to making the

caribou a

endangered species (may soon no

longer exist)

and decreasing the biodiversity.

3

What are the categories of species risk?

4

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What affects biodiversity and

endangers species?

1. Habitat Fragmentation

2. Habitat destruction

3. Invasive Species (introduced exotic

species)

4. Clash between ecological systems and

economic systems

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What is Habitat Fragmentation?

• Habitat fragmentation is the change of a

complete habitat into patches separated by

non-habitat areas. This is caused by

building houses, farms and seismic lines

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What is Habitat Destruction?

• Habitat destruction is the permanent

alteration of vital characteristics in an

organism’s habitat. Ie) trees in the forest

Invasive Species

• a species that does not normall occur in an

area

• usually introduced by accident through

overseas shipments (boat, plane, spaceship)

• no Natural Predators so they can usually

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Zebra Mussels

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Purple Loosestrife

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Assignment: Read Topic 1.6 in

textbook and answer:

• p. 455 - Q 46

• p. 456 - Q 48

• p. 458 - Q’s 50, 51, 52

• p. 459 - Q’s 53, 54, 55

• p. 462 - Q’s 1, 4, 5

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