Depression

(1)

PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPRESSION

(2)

Group Members

Abdul Basit Abdul Basit Abdul Basit Abdul Basit

Malik Allah Razi Malik Allah Razi Malik Allah Razi

Malik Allah Razi

Warda Saleem Warda Saleem Warda Saleem Warda Saleem Imran Raza Imran Raza Imran Raza Imran Raza Ahsan Shafique Ahsan Shafique Ahsan Shafique Ahsan Shafique Faisal Adil Faisal Adil Faisal Adil Faisal Adil Rana Salman Rana Salman Rana Salman Rana Salman Asad Saleem Asad Saleem Asad Saleem Asad Saleem

(3)

Sadness Sadness Sadness

Sadness

Feeling of worthless and guilt Feeling of worthless and guilt Feeling of worthless and guilt

Feeling of worthless and guilt

Withdrawal from others Withdrawal from others Withdrawal from others

Withdrawal from others

Want to be alone Want to be alone Want to be alone Want to be alone Loss of sleep Loss of sleep Loss of sleep Loss of sleep Loss of appetite Loss of appetite Loss of appetite Loss of appetite Loss of interest in

Loss of interest in usual activitiesusual activities Loss of interest in usual activities

Loss of interest in usual activities

Frustration Frustration Frustration Frustration Hopeless Hopeless Hopeless Hopeless Low Low Low Low

(4)

Depression

Is a Is a Is a

Is a psychiatric disorder psychiatric disorder psychiatric disorder psychiatric disorder

characterized by a pervasive characterized by a pervasive characterized by a pervasive

characterized by a pervasive

low mood, loss of interest in a low mood, loss of interest in a low mood, loss of interest in a

low mood, loss of interest in a

person's usual activities and person's usual activities and person's usual activities and

person's usual activities and

diminished ability to diminished ability to diminished ability to diminished ability to experience pleasure experience pleasure experience pleasure experience pleasure

The course varies widely: it The course varies widely: it The course varies widely: it

The course varies widely: it

can be a once-in-a-lifetime can be a once-in-a-lifetime can be a once-in-a-lifetime

can be a once-in-a-lifetime

event or have multiple event or have multiple event or have multiple

event or have multiple

recurrences; it can appear recurrences; it can appear recurrences; it can appear

recurrences; it can appear

either gradually or suddenly; either gradually or suddenly; either gradually or suddenly;

either gradually or suddenly;

and can either last for a few and can either last for a few and can either last for a few

and can either last for a few

months or be a life-long months or be a life-long months or be a life-long months or be a life-long disorder. disorder. disorder. disorder.

(5)

Types of Depression

Major Types of Depression Major Types of Depression Major Types of Depression

Major Types of Depression

Psychological Depression Psychological Depression Psychological Depression Psychological Depression Existential Depression Existential Depression Existential Depression Existential Depression

(6)

Types of Depression

Psychological

Psychological Depression Depression Existential Existential DepressionDepression Psychological

Psychological Depression Depression Existential Existential DepressionDepression

1.

1. Specific, Specific, understandable understandable feeling feeling 1. 1. Generalized Generalized feeling feeling of of lowlow 1.

1. Specific, Specific, understandable understandable feeling feeling 1. 1. Generalized Generalized feeling feeling of of lowlow

spirits; spirits; spirits;

spirits;

of

of disappointment disappointment or or failure. failure. indefinable, indefinable, unintelligible, unintelligible, free- free-of

of disappointment disappointment or or failure. failure. indefinable, indefinable, unintelligible, unintelligible, free-

free-floating. floating. floating.

floating.

2.

2. Caused Caused by by recognizable recognizable 2. Uncaused, 2. Uncaused, no no recognizablerecognizable 2.

2. Caused Caused by by recognizable recognizable 2. 2. Uncaused, Uncaused, no no recognizablerecognizable

source; source; source;

source;

problems

problems and and difficulties; difficulties; arises arises from from within within our our selves;selves; problems

problems and and difficulties; difficulties; arises arises from from within within our our selves;selves;

specific

specific channels channels of of approach; approach; no no channel channel of of approach;approach; specific

specific channels channels of of approach; approach; no no channel channel of of approach;approach;

we

we know know why why we we are are depressed. depressed. we we don't don't know know why why we we areare we

we know know why why we we are are depressed. depressed. we we don't don't know know why why we we areare

depressed. depressed. depressed.

depressed.

3.

3. Temporary—comes Temporary—comes and and goes goes 3. 3. Permanent—always Permanent—always presentpresent 3.

3. Temporary—comes Temporary—comes and and goes goes 3. 3. Permanent—always Permanent—always presentpresent

with

with our our changing changing life-situations. life-situations. in in our our selves, selves, altho altho oftenoften with

with our our changing changing life-situations. life-situations. in in our our selves, selves, altho altho oftenoften

repressed. repressed. repressed.

repressed.

4.

4. Focused Focused on on a a specific specific aspect aspect of of 4. 4. Pervades Pervades every every corner corner of of our our 4.

4. Focused Focused on on a a specific specific aspect aspect of of 4. 4. Pervades Pervades every every corner corner of of our our

being; being; being;

being;

our

our lives; lives; localized, localized, isolatable. isolatable. cannot cannot be be isolated.isolated. our

our lives; lives; localized, localized, isolatable. isolatable. cannot cannot be be isolated.isolated.

5.

5. We We can can overcome overcome it it by by correcting correcting 5. 5. We We cannot cannot eliminate eliminate it;it; 5.

5. We We can can overcome overcome it it by by correcting correcting 5. 5. We We cannot cannot eliminate eliminate it;it;

the

the cause cause or or simply simply letting letting it it pass. pass. but but we we can can conceal conceal it it or or the

the cause cause or or simply simply letting letting it it pass. pass. but but we we can can conceal conceal it it or or

embrace it. embrace it. embrace it.

(7)

Psychological Depression

Major Depression Major Depression Major Depression

(8)

Psychological Depression

Adjustment Disorde Adjustment Disorde Adjustment Disorder Adjustment Disorder Bipolar Depression Bipolar Depression Bipolar Depression Bipolar Depression

(9)

Causes of Depression

Family Family Family Family Genetic problem Genetic problem Genetic problem Genetic problem Family Crisis Family Crisis Family Crisis Family Crisis

Trauma and Stress Trauma and Stress Trauma and Stress

Trauma and Stress

Financial problem Financial problem Financial problem Financial problem Breakup of a relationship Breakup of a relationship Breakup of a relationship Breakup of a relationship

Death of Loved one Death of Loved one Death of Loved one

Death of Loved one

Work stress Work stress Work stress

(10)

Causes of Depression

Pessimistic personality Pessimistic personality Pessimistic personality Pessimistic personality

Low self esteem Low self esteem Low self esteem

Low self esteem

Physical Condition Physical Condition Physical Condition

Physical Condition

Diseases (eg. Heart diseases, cancer, Diseases (eg. Heart diseases, cancer, Diseases (eg. Heart diseases, cancer,

Diseases (eg. Heart diseases, cancer,

HIV etc) HIV etc) HIV etc)

(11)

Biological Theories Of Mood

Disorders

Genetic Data Genetic Data Genetic Data Genetic Data

(12)

Psychological Theories Of

Depression



 _{Psychoanalytic theory}_{Psychoanalytic theory}_{Psychoanalytic theory}_{Psychoanalytic theory}



(13)

Psychological Theories Of

Depression



 Haplessness/ hopelessness theoriesHaplessness/ hopelessness theoriesHaplessness/ hopelessness theoriesHaplessness/ hopelessness theories

learned hopelessness learned hopelessness learned hopelessness

learned hopelessness

attribution learned helplessness attribution learned helplessness attribution learned helplessness

attribution learned helplessness

Hopelessness Theory Hopelessness Theory Hopelessness Theory

Hopelessness Theory

3- Interpersonal theory of depression. 3- Interpersonal theory of depression. 3- Interpersonal theory of depression.

3- Interpersonal theory of depression.

4- Psychological theories of bipolar

4- Psychological theories of bipolar disorder.disorder. 4- Psychological theories of bipolar

(14)

Psychological Therapies of

Psychologica

Psychological Therapies

l Therapies of

of

Depression



 _{Psychodynamic Therapy}_{Psychodynamic Therapy}_{Psychodynamic Therapy}_{Psychodynamic Therapy}



(15)

Impacts of depression on women

and its causes

(16)

Differences between male and

female depression

(17)

Symptoms of depression in women

Psychological Psychological Psychological Psychological symptoms symptoms symptoms symptoms Depressed mood Depressed mood Depressed mood Depressed mood Reduction of Reduction of Reduction of Reduction of interest interest interest interest pleasure in pleasure in pleasure in pleasure in activities, activities, activities, activities, Hopelessness and Hopelessness and Hopelessness and Hopelessness and worthlessness worthlessness worthlessness worthlessness Suicidal thoughts Suicidal thoughts Suicidal thoughts Suicidal thoughts Physical symptoms Physical symptoms •

•_{Sleep disturbance}_{Sleep disturbance}

(insomnia or hy

(insomnia or hypersomnia)persomnia)

• •Appetite/weightAppetite/weight • •_Changes_Changes Attention/concentration Attention/concentration difficulties difficulties •

•_{Decreased energy or}_{Decreased energy or}

unexplained fatigue

(18)

Biological causes of depression

in women

Premenstrual problems Premenstrual problems Premenstrual problems Premenstrual problems

Pregnancy and infertility Pregnancy and infertility Pregnancy and infertility

Pregnancy and infertility

Postpartum depression Postpartum depression Postpartum depression

Postpartum depression

Perimenopause and menopause Perimenopause and menopause Perimenopause and menopause

(19)

Social and cultural causes of

depression in women

Role strain Role strain Role strain Role strain

Unequal power and status Unequal power and status Unequal power and status

Unequal power and status

Sexual and physical abuse Sexual and physical abuse Sexual and physical abuse

Sexual and physical abuse

Relationship dissatisfaction Relationship dissatisfaction Relationship dissatisfaction

(20)

Psychological causes of

depression in women

Coping mechanisms Coping mechanisms Coping mechanisms Coping mechanisms Stress response Stress response Stress response Stress response

Puberty and body image Puberty and body image Puberty and body image

(21)

Treating depression in women

The main treatment The main treatment The main treatment

The main treatment

approaches are approaches are approaches are approaches are Psychotherapy Psychotherapy Psychotherapy Psychotherapy Antidepressant Antidepressant Antidepressant Antidepressant therapy therapy therapy therapy Or a combination of Or a combination of Or a combination of Or a combination of the two the two the two the two

(22)

Psychotherapy

Used to treat depression in several Used to treat depression in several Used to treat depression in several

Used to treat depression in several

ways. ways. ways.

ways.

supportive

supportive counselingcounseling.. supportive

supportive counselingcounseling..

cognitive therapy works to change the cognitive therapy works to change the cognitive therapy works to change the

cognitive therapy works to change the

pessimistic ideas pessimistic ideas pessimistic ideas

pessimistic ideas

Cognitive therapy can help the Cognitive therapy can help the Cognitive therapy can help the

Cognitive therapy can help the

depressed person recognize which life depressed person recognize which life depressed person recognize which life

depressed person recognize which life

problems are critical, and which are problems are critical, and which are problems are critical, and which are

problems are critical, and which are

minor. minor. minor.

(23)

Medications

Medication is usually an option, rather than a Medication is usually an option, rather than a Medication is usually an option, rather than a

Medication is usually an option, rather than a

necessity necessity necessity

necessity

Only helps you to feel better by

Only helps you to feel better by controllingcontrolling Only helps you to feel better by

Only helps you to feel better by controllingcontrolling

certain symptoms certain symptoms certain symptoms

certain symptoms

The medications used to treat depression The medications used to treat depression The medications used to treat depression

The medications used to treat depression

include include include include Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants monoami

monoamine oxidase inhibitors ne oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs),(MAOIs), monoami

monoamine oxidase ne oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs),inhibitors (MAOIs),

serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs),

serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs),

bupropion. bupropion. bupropion.

(24)

Depression in Children And Teens

Experts used to think that only adults can Experts used to think that only adults can Experts used to think that only adults can

Experts used to think that only adults can

get depression. Now we know that even a get depression. Now we know that even a get depression. Now we know that even a

get depression. Now we know that even a

young child can have depression that young child can have depression that young child can have depression that

young child can have depression that

needs treatment to improve. needs treatment to improve. needs treatment to improve.

(25)

What is depression in children and

teens?

Depression is a serious mood

Depression is a serious mood disorder disorder Depression is a serious mood disorder

Depression is a serious mood disorder

that can take the joy from a c

that can take the joy from a child’s life. It ishild’s life. It is that can take the joy from a child’s life. It is

that can take the joy from a child’s life. It is

normal for a child to be moody or sad from normal for a child to be moody or sad from normal for a child to be moody or sad from

normal for a child to be moody or sad from

time to time. time to time. time to time.

time to time.

You can expect these feelings after death You can expect these feelings after death You can expect these feelings after death

You can expect these feelings after death

of a pet or a move to a new city of a pet or a move to a new city of a pet or a move to a new city

of a pet or a move to a new city

But if these feeling’s last for months they But if these feeling’s last for months they But if these feeling’s last for months they

But if these feeling’s last for months they

may be a sign of depression. may be a sign of depression. may be a sign of depression.

(26)

Symptoms of Depressed Child

Lose or gain weight Lose or gain weight Lose or gain weight

Lose or gain weight

Sleep too much or too little Sleep too much or too little Sleep too much or too little

Sleep too much or too little

Feel hopeless, worthless or guilty Feel hopeless, worthless or guilty Feel hopeless, worthless or guilty

Feel hopeless, worthless or guilty

Thinks about death or suicide. Thinks about death or suicide. Thinks about death or suicide.

(27)

How is Depression Diagnosed?

Physical examination of a doctor Physical examination of a doctor Physical examination of a doctor

Physical examination of a doctor

How Is It Treated? How Is It Treated? How Is It Treated?

How Is It Treated?

Teaching the family and the

Teaching the family and the child aboutchild about Teaching the family and the

Teaching the family and the child aboutchild about

depression can be a big help. depression can be a big help. depression can be a big help.

depression can be a big help.

it makes them less likely to blame it makes them less likely to blame it makes them less likely to blame

it makes them less likely to blame

themselves themselves themselves

(28)

Depression in old people

particular problems for old age

people

Physical symptoms and depression Physical symptoms and depression Physical symptoms and depression

Physical symptoms and depression

Long-term illness Long-term illness Long-term illness

Long-term illness

Confusion and memory loss Confusion and memory loss Confusion and memory loss

Confusion and memory loss

A new sense of loneliness A new sense of loneliness A new sense of loneliness

(29)

Why they get Depressed?

Painful events Painful events Painful events Painful events Past depression Past depression Past depression Past depression Physical illness Physical illness Physical illness Physical illness medicines medicines medicines medicines

(30)

Help yourself

Ask for help Ask for help Ask for help

Ask for help

Try to get out Try to get out Try to get out

Try to get out

Try to eat properly Try to eat properly Try to eat properly

Try to eat properly

Keep reminding yourself that you are fine Keep reminding yourself that you are fine Keep reminding yourself that you are fine

Keep reminding yourself that you are fine

Try not to keep your feelings to your self Try not to keep your feelings to your self Try not to keep your feelings to your self

Try not to keep your feelings to your self

Try not to use drugs or cigarettes to make you Try not to use drugs or cigarettes to make you Try not to use drugs or cigarettes to make you

Try not to use drugs or cigarettes to make you

feel better feel better feel better

feel better

Don’t alter the number of tablets Don’t alter the number of tablets Don’t alter the number of tablets

Don’t alter the number of tablets

Try not to think that depression leads to senile Try not to think that depression leads to senile Try not to think that depression leads to senile

Try not to think that depression leads to senile

and dementia. and dementia. and dementia.

(31)

Medical Treatment for Depression

Antidepressants Antidepressants Antidepressants

(32)

Therapies for mood disorders



 _{Psychological Therapies}_{Psychological Therapies}_{Psychological Therapies}_{Psychological Therapies}



(33)

Psychological Therapies for

depression

Psychodynamic Therapies Psychodynamic Therapies Psychodynamic Therapies Psychodynamic Therapies

Cognitive and behavior Therapies Cognitive and behavior Therapies Cognitive and behavior Therapies

Cognitive and behavior Therapies

The NIMH treatment of depression The NIMH treatment of depression The NIMH treatment of depression

The NIMH treatment of depression

collaborative research program collaborative research program collaborative research program

collaborative research program

Mindfulness based cognitive therapy Mindfulness based cognitive therapy Mindfulness based cognitive therapy

(34)

Social Skill training Social Skill training Social Skill training

Social Skill training

Behavioral Activation Therapy Behavioral Activation Therapy Behavioral Activation Therapy

Behavioral Activation Therapy

Couple & family Therapy Couple & family Therapy Couple & family Therapy

Couple & family Therapy



 From individual to conjoint therapyFrom individual to conjoint therapyFrom individual to conjoint therapyFrom individual to conjoint therapy



 Cognitive behavioral approachesCognitive behavioral approachesCognitive behavioral approachesCognitive behavioral approaches



 Integration behavioral couples therapyIntegration behavioral couples therapyIntegration behavioral couples therapyIntegration behavioral couples therapy



 Emotionally Focused therapyEmotionally Focused therapyEmotionally Focused therapyEmotionally Focused therapy

Psychological therapies for bipolar depression Psychological therapies for bipolar depression Psychological therapies for bipolar depression

(35)

Biological Therapies of depression

Electroconvulsive Therapy Electroconvulsive Therapy Electroconvulsi

Electroconvulsive ve TherapyTherapy

Drug Therapy Drug Therapy Drug Therapy

Drug Therapy



 TricyclesTricyclesTricyclesTricycles



 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)



 Monoamine Oxides (MOA) inhibitors.Monoamine Oxides (MOA) inhibitors.Monoamine Oxides (MOA) inhibitors.Monoamine Oxides (MOA) inhibitors.

drug therapy of bipolar disorder drug therapy of bipolar disorder drug therapy of bipolar disorder