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h

as wa ste

m in

i hi

i

z at

io n

.

N

ew te c

h

n o

l

o

g

ie s

f

o r was te tr e atme nt a n

d d is

po s a

l

c o nt

in u e

to e v o

l

v e

(

F

ox e t

a

l

.

,

19 9 3

;

T

c

h

o

b

a no

g

lo us et a

l

., 1

9 7 7

)

.

I

n c

in e r a

tio n

is

o

f

te n

p

r e

fe r r e

d

to othe r

w

a ste

treat

m

en _{t o}r

d i

s

_p

o s a

l

a

l

te r n a t

i

v es

b

e ca us e o

f i

ts e

f f

e c t

iv e

v o

l

ume r e

d

uc t

i

o n a n

d

c

he

m

ic

a

l

to xic

it

_y

d

e str u ctio n c a

_p

a

b

i

l

itie s,

p

a rtic ula rl y

f

o r t ox

i

c o r

g

a nic w a st e.

T

he v o

l

u

m

e o

f

m

u nic

i p

al

w

a ste c a n

b

e r e

d

u c e

d b

_y

m

o re tha n

9 0

_pe r c e nt

b

_y

i

n c

i

ner ation. En e rg y

in

the

f

o r

m

o

f

ste a

m

or ele ctr

ic

i

t_y c a n a

ls

o

be

d

e r

i

v e

d f

r om

i

n c

in e r a

tio n.

M

o r e r ec ent

l y

,

i

n c rea s e

d h

a u

l

d i

s ta nc e s t o av a

i l

a

b l

e

l

a n

d fi l l

s

i

t es,

in c

re a s e

d

r e

g

u

l

a t or

y

re s tr

i

ctio ns o n

la n

d fi l l

s, an

d in

creas e

d

f

ue

l

c ost s

m

a

k

e

in c

i

ner a t

i

on

m

o re

_p

o

_p

u

l

a r.

A l

t

h

ou

g h i

nc

i

n era t

i

on

h

a s man

y

a

d

vant a

g

es, t

h

e

e n v

ir

on

m

e nta

l

an

d h

e a

l

th e

f f

e c t s as s oc

ia

te

d

w

i

th the em

is

sion s o

f i

n c

i

n e r at

i

o n a r e t

h

e

_{p ri}

m a r_y

c o n c e r n s

i

n ad

d

it

i

o n to t

he

r e

_q

u

i

r e

m

ent o

f

s o

_{p h i}

stic at e

d f

a c

i l i

t

_{y d}

es

i g

n a n

d

o

_p

erati_on s.

T h

e

a s s e s s

m

e n t o

f

the

ri

s

k

s a ss oc

ia

te

d

w

i

th in c

in

er ation

m

a_y a ssis t

i

n

d

e v elo

_{p i}

n

_g

a

_{p p}

r_o

_pri

a_{t e}

r e

_g

ulat or

_{y g}

u

i d

el

i

ne s an

d i

n t

h

e o

_p

e r a t

i

o n s an

d

s

it

in

_g

o

f

su c

h f

a c

i l i

t_y

₍

K

e

l

l

_y

,

19 8

4 ;

P

eavy e t

a

l

. ,

19 8 5

)

.

B.

O b

j

e ct

i

v e o

f H

eal t h a n

d C

le an

A i

r

S

tu

d y

m

a n a_ge

m

e n t _pr o c e s s e s. T he ri sks may in clude hu

m

a n he alth ef fe cts a nd e n vir o n

m

e ntal

q

u a

l i

t_y

d

e

_g

r a

d

a t

i

on, an

d

t

h

e

y

c ont

i

n ue t o

b

e t

h

e su

b

j

e c t o

f m

an

y i

n v es t

i g

a t

i

ons.

T h

e

A g

e n c

y

f

or

T

ox

i

c

S

u

b

sta n c e s an

d D i

sea s e

R

e

_{g i}

s tr_y

(

A T S D R

)

h

a s

b

e e n

f

u n

d i

n

_g

a

3

-ye a r

₍

19 9 2

- 1

99 4

)

re se a r c

h p

r o

j

ect,

l

o cal l y k n own as the

H

e alt

h

a nd

C

le a n A

i

r

S

tu

d

y, to e xp

l

o r e t

h

e he a

l

t

h

e

f f

e cts o

f w

as te

i

n c

i

n e r at or s.

T

he pu r

p

o s e o

f

th

i

s pr o

j

e ct

i

s to

i

n v es ti

g

ate the

p

r e v ale n c e a n

d

i

nc

i d

e nce o

f

ac ute r e s

_{p i}

r ato r_y e

ff

e cts

i

n r e s

i d

e n ts l

i

v

i

n_g n e a r w a ste

i

n c

i

n e r ato r s. As a s u

b

-p

r o

j

e ct o

f

t

h

e

H

ea

l

t

h

a n

d C l

e a n

A i

r

S

tu

d y

, t

hi

s tec

h

n

i

c a

l

r e

p

o rt a

im

s at

d

e ve

l

o

p i

n

g

a

te c

h

n

i q

u e

f

or e s t

i m

a t

i

n

_g

t

h

e a

i

r

_p

o

l l

ut

i

on e x

_p

o s ure o

f

t

h

e

_p

ar _t

i

c

i p

an_ts

l i

v

i

n

_g

ne a r an

i

nc

i

ner at or .

C

.

S

tu

d

y

D

e s

i g

n o

f H

e al t h a n

d C

le a n

A

ir

S

tud y

T h

re e t

_{y p}

e s o

f

was t e

i

nc

i

ner_{a t o}r_s were

i d

en t

i f i

e

d f

o r t

h i

s stu

d y

: a

b i

ome

d i

ca

l

wa s te

i

nc

i

n erator, a

m

u n

i

c

i p

a

l

was t e

i

nc

i

n er a t or, a n

d

a

h

azar

d

o us wast e

b

u r n

i

n

g f

u r n ac e.

T h

e

b i

o

m

e

d i

ca

l w

ast e

i

nc

i

n e ra t or

h

a_s two-s ta

g

e c ontro

l l

e

d

-_a

i

_r

h i g h

_te

m p

er atu r e

f

u r n a ce s w

h i

c

h

bu

m

b

o x e

d

in

f

e ctio u s wa ste in c

l

u

d i

n

_{g m i}

c r o

b i

olo

_g

ic a

l,

_p

atholo_g

i

c al,

b

lo o

d

tis s u e, n e e

d l

e s a n

d

o t

h

e r

i

n

f

e ct

i

o us n o n

h

a z a r

d

o u s

h

o s

_{p i}

ta

l

wa st es. T

h i

s

f

a c

i

l

i

t

y i

s

d

es

i g

ne

d

to o

p

e r at e

2 4 h

o u rs a

d

a

_y

an

d i

s

l

o cate

d i

n a se

m i

-r u -ra

l

a r ea -

H

_{u nte r}

sv

i l l

e co m

m

u n

i

t

_{y i}

n

M

e c

k l

e n

b

u r

_{g C}

o u nt_y.

T h

e

m

un

i

c

i p

a

l

w a ste

i

nc

i

nera t o r

i

s a m u

l

t

i

-_sta

g

e

_g

r a t e

f

u

rn

a c e us

i

n

_g

re

f

us e was te a s

f

u e

l

.

I

t

o

_p

e ra t e s

2 4 h

ou rs

_p

er

d

a

_y

an

d i

s

l

oca t e

d i

n an u r

b

an are a -

U N C

-

C h

ar

l

_{o t t e a}r_ea

i

n

M

ec

k l

e n

b

u r

_{g C}

ou nt

_y

.

T h

e

h

a z a r

d

ou s waste

b

u r n

i

ng

f

u r n a ce

h

a s ro ta ry

k i l

n s u s e

d f

o r

m

anu

f

a c tu r e o

f l i g h

t we

i g h

t a

_gg

r e

_g

ate an

d i

s

_p

er

m i

t t e

d

t o us e n atu r a

l g

as, c o a

l

an

d l i q

u

i d

w

aste s a s

f

u e

l

.

I

t

i

s

l

o c ate

d i

n a r u r a

l

a r e a

-A qu a

d

ale c o m

m

u nit_y

i

n

S

ta n

l

_y

C

o u nt_y

(

F

o x et

a

l

.,

19 9 3

)

.

F i g

u re

1

s

h

ow s t

h

e

g

e o

g

ra

p h i

c a

l

r e

g i

ons o

f

M

e c

k l

en

b

ur

N

o r th Ca r ol in a.

Fo r e a ch o

f

the thr e e wa st e

f

a c i l

i

tie s, a pair o

f

c om m u n

i

tie s wa s s ele cted w

it

h o n e

stu

d

_y co

m m

u n

it

_y a

d

j

a cen_{t t o t}

h

e

f

a c

il

i

t_y a nd o n e c o m

m

u n

i

t_y

l

oca te

d

a

f

ew

k i

lomet ers a

w

a

_y

a s a c o n tr o

l

. F i

g

u r e

2

s

h

ows the r e

l

at

i

v e

l

o c at

i

o n s o

f

t

h

e s

i

x c om m u nit

i

e s.

I

n

d i

v

i d

u a

l

s

i

n

the s

i

x c o

m m

u n

i

tie s w e

re

re c ru

i

t e

d b

a s e

d

on a t e

l

e

_{p h}

o ne

b

ase

l i

ne su r ve_y.

D

u

ri

n

g

a

p

e

ri

o

d

o

f

3 5 d

a_y s

_p

e r _ye a r, t

h

e s e

h

uma n s u

b

j

e cts r e c o r

d

e

d

the

i

r

p

e a

k

r es

p i

r ato ry

f l

ow r ate tw

i

c e a

d

a

y

-i

n t

h

e

m

o r n

i

n

_g

a n

d

e v e n

i

n

_{g f}

or thr e e

_y

ea r s. T

h

e

y als o ma

i

nta

i

ne

d

o the r

i

n

f

o r

m

at

i

o n s u c

h

a s

r e s

_p

ir ato r_y s_y

m

_pto

m

s, u s e o

f

me

d i

c at

i

o n, a n

d

a ct

i

v

i

ty patte

rn

s

i

n a

d i

a ry

d

u

ri

n g t

h

e s a

m

e

3 5

d

a

_y

s

_p

e r

_y

e ar

f

or t

h

r e e

_y

e a r s.

Si m

u

l

ta ne ous

l y

, a t an a

m bi

ent a

i

r

q

ual

i

ty

m

on

it o

ri

n

g

s

i

t e

i

n

e a c

h

c o

m m

u n

i

t_y ,

P

M

2

.

5

,

P

M

10

, a c

i d g

a s e s an

d

tr a c e meta

l

s w e r e

m

e a s u r e

d

tw

i

c e a

d

ay

a

l

o n

_{g w i}

t

h h

o u r

l y

w

i

n

d

s

_p

ee

d

an

d d i

re c t

i

on. F

i g

u

re

3

s

h

ows t

h

e s tu

d

y

de

s

i g

n

m

at

ri

x w h

i

c

h i

n

a

d d i

tion t o t

h

e

d i

a r_y a n

d

a

i

r s a

m p l i

n

_{g p}

ro

_g

ra

m i

n c

l

u

d

e_s

_{ba s}

e

l i

n e c om m u n

i

_{ty s}u r v e_ys,

s

_{p i}

ro

m

e tr

_y

s cre en

i

n

_g

, a n

d

a nasa

l

w as

h i

n

g

su

b

s tu

d y

.

A p p

rox

im

a t e

l y 10 0 p

art

i

c

i p

ants we

re

lo c ate

d i

n e a c

h

o

f

t

h

e six c o m mu n

i

t

i

e s. T he pa

i

r o

f

c o

m

mu nitie s a s s o ciated w ith the

b io

m

e

d i

ca

l w

a s t e

i

nc

i

ner a_{t o}r

i

s u se

d i

n t

h is

re

_p

ort.

T h

e t

i

me

p

e

ri

o

d

o

f

s tu

d

y

f

or t

he

b io

m

e

d i

ca

l w

a s te

i

nc

i

n e ra t or

i

s

f

ro

m A p ri l

t o

J

u ne o

f 19 9 2

,

199 3

an

d 19 9 4

.

T h

e s tu

d y d

e s

i g

n

m

o ^

i

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?

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e

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S T A N L Y C O U N T Y

M

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1

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t

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i

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s

i d

e a

l l y w

o u

l d i

n v o

l

ve t

h

e

d

ete r

m i

n at

i

o n o

f d

o s e to ta r

_g

e t or

_g

an o

f i

nte r e st.

T

ec

h

n

i q

ue s su c

h

as t

h

e

i d

ent

i f

ic a t

i

o n o

f

b i

o

m

a r

k

e r s a n

d

ot

h

e r

i

nte r n a

l d

o s

i

m

etr_y

m

e a s u r e

m

e n ts a r e

b

e

i

n_g

d

e v e

l

o

_p

e

d

to a_{p p}r o a c

h

t

h i

s

i d

ea

l

(

L i

o_y,

19 90

)

.

H

o

w

e v e r, ot

h

e r te c

h

n

i q

ues are u se

d

to

p

r o v

i d

e su r ro

g

ate

d

ata to e st

i

m

ate

e x

_p

o s u r e to a

i

r

b

o r n e c o nta

m

i

n a nts

i

n v a r

i

ous s

i

tu at

i

o n s s u c

h

a s

_p

e r s o n a

l d

o s

i

m

ete r s a n

d

i

n

d

o or

/

ou t

d

oo r

m

o n

i

t ors

₍

Sp

en

_{g l}

er e t a

l

,

19 8 8

)

.

U

s

i

n

_g

e st

i

m

ate

d

a

i

r e

m

i

s s

i

on s

fr

o

m i

n c

i

n e r ato r s a s a s u r r o

_g

at e o

f

e x

_p

o s u r e, t

h i

s r e

p

o rt

pr o v

i d

e s a s c r e e n

i

n_g e x_po su r e a s s e ss

m

e nt te c

h

n

i q

u e to

i

n v es t

i g

ate

_p

ote nt

i

a

l

s

h

o rt-_{te r}

m

_e

f f

ects

o n

l

u n

_{g f}

u n c t

i

on

fr

o

m

t

h

e a t

m

o s

_{p h}

e r

i

c e

m

i

ss

i

o n s o

f

an

i

nc

i

ne r a t or.

I

n t

h i

s r e

p

ort o n

l y

t

h

e

c o

m m

u n

i

t

i

es a s s o c

i

ate

d w i

t

h

t

h

e

b i

o

m

e

d i

c a

l w

a ste

i

n cin e r at or -

H

_i

m

_{te r s v}

i l l

_{e a n}

d C

_{or n e}

l i

_{u s a r e}

u s e

d

. Be c au se

m

an

y

r e c e nt

i

n ve s t

i g

a t

i

ons

h

ave a s s o c

i

ate

d

s

h

ort

-_{t er}

m

_ex

p

osu r e t o re s

_{p i}

r a

b l

e

p

a rt

i

c u

l

ate

m

at te r

(

P

M

10

)

w i

t

h i

n c r e a s e

d

r e s_p

i

r ato r_y

d i

s e a s e s

(

S

c

h w

a rtz,

19 9 3

;

S

c

h w

a rtz et

a

l

._,

19 9 3

)

a n

d i

t

h

a s

b

e e n r e

p

o rte

d

t

h

at

m

o rta

l i

ty

i

s str o n

g l

y a s s o c

i

ate

d w i

t

h

a

i

r

p

o

l l

ut

i

o n

w i

t

h

fi

n e

_p

a rt

i

c u

l

a te s

(

D

o c

k

e r_y et a

l

.,

19 9 3

)

,

p

a r t

i

c u

l

ate

m

at te r

i

s t

h

e

p

o

l l

uta nt

p

r

i

m

a r

i l y

i

n

. C

O

M

B I N E D A P P R

O

A C

H

T

O

E S T I

M

A T E E X P

O

S U R E

T h i

s a

_{p p}

r o a c

h

com

b i

n e s a

i

r

_q

u al

i

t_{y m}e a s u re

m

ent s.

G

eo

g

r a

p

h

i

c al In

f

or

m

at

i

o n

S y

s tem

te c

h

n

i q

u e s

(

G I S

)

, r e c e

p

to r a n

d d i

spe r s

i

o n mo

d

e

l i

n

g

to ap po rt

i

o n t

h

e

i

m

p

a c t o

f

a n

i

n c

i

n e r ato r

s o u r c e to lo c atio n s w he r e in

d

ivi du als l iv e in s u r r o u nd in_g n ei g h bo rho ods.

A

t the a

i

r

_q

u al

i

t_y s a

m p

l in_g towe r

i

n e a ch c o

m

mu n

i

t_y, info r

m

at

i

o n a

b

o ut chem

i

c al

s

_p

ec

i

e s o

f

a

i

r em

i

ss

i

o n s a n

d

w

i

n

d

s

_p

ee

d

a n

d d i

r e ct

i

o n at t

h

e s_am

_{p l i}

n

_g

s

i

te wer e co

l l

e cte

d

.

T

h

e

m

e asu r e

d

a

i

r

_q

ua

l i

t

_y

sa

m p l

es r e

_p

r e s e n te

d

a c om

b i

n atio n o

f

m ate r

i

a

l

em

i

t te

d i

nt o the

at

m

os

_{p h}

e r e

f

ro

m m

o

b i l

e a n

d

st a t

i

on a r

_y

s ou rc e s

i

n t

h

e re

_{g i}

o n as w e

l l

as a c ontr

i b

ut

i

on

_f

ro

m

t

h

e a

i

r

m

as s e s e nt er

i

n

_g

t

h

e r e

_{g i}

o n a n

d

t

h

e

i

n c

i

n e r ato r

l

o c ate

d i

n the c om

m

u n

i

t_y.

C

o n

d

u cte

d

w i

t

h

t

h

e a

i

r

_q

ua

l i

t

_{y m}

eas u reme nt s.

C h

em

i

ca

l

M

a ss

B

a

l

a n ce

(

C

M

B

)

recepto r

m

o

d

e

l i

n

g

a

l l

ow s

us to e s t

i m

at e t

h

e c o n t

ri b

ut

i

o n o

f

t

h

e

i

nc

i

n e ra to r t o t

h

e a

i

r

_p

o

l l

ut

i

on a t t

h

e a

i

r sa

m pl i

n

_g

s

i

t e.

In

d

u st

ri

al

S

o u r c e

C

om

_p

le x

S h

o rt

T

e rm

(

I

SC S

T

₎

d

is

_p

e r s

i

on model in

_g

c a n a

l

s o m ake s

p

re

d i

ct

i

o n a

b

o u t t

h

e

i m p

act o

f

t

h

e

i

nc

i

ne r ato r at t

h

e a

i

r s am

_{pl i}

n

_g

s

i

t e.

T

h

e r e c e_pto r a n d

d

is_pe r s

i

o n

m

odel

_p

r e

d i

ctio n s at the air

_q

u al it_y

m

o nito

ri

n

_{g l}

oc ation

a re c o

m p

ar e

d

t o

d

et er

m

ine t

h

e r e

l

at

i

onsh

_{i p}

s o

f

the _two mo

d

e

l i

n_g r_es u

l

t s. A s c al

i

n

g f

a cto r,

w h i

c

h i

s

C

M

B / I SC

r a t

i

o,

i

s

d

e te r

m i

n e

d f

or su

b

s e

q

u e n t us e w

i

t

h d i

s

p

ers

i

o n mo

d

e

l i

n

g i

n

p

re

d i

ct

i

n

_{g i}

nc

i

ner_ator

_{i m p}

a_{c ts a t} o t

h

er _ou_t

_d

_{o o}r

l

o c a t

i

o n s.

G

I

S

techn

i q

u e s is us e

d

t o

d

e te r

m i

ne

t

h

e

d i

sta n c es an

d d i

r_{e c t}

_i

_on_{s o}

_{f i}

n

d i

v

i d

u a

l

s an

_d

a

i

r

_q

ua

l i

t

_y

sam

_{p l i}

n

_g

t ow e rs re

l

at

i

ve t o t

h

e

i

n c

i

n e r ato r, w

h i

c

h

a

l

lows us to

i d

e nt

i f y

t

h

e r e c e

p

to r

l

oc at

i

o n s.

F i g

u r e

4

s

h

o

w

s a

f l

o

w

c

h

art

d

es c

ri bi

n

_g

the

m

e tho

d

t o o

b

ta

i

n

i

n

d i

v

i d

u a

l

e x

_p

os u re es t

i

mat e

f

r om t

h

e co

m b i

n at

i

o n o

f

a

i

r

q

u a

l i

t

_{y m}

easu r ements, rec e

p

t or a n

d d i

s

p

e rs

i

on mo

d

e

l i

n

g

. T he s e met

h

o

d

s,

d

ata re

q

u

i

reme nts,

a s s u

m p

t

i

on s, a n

d

r esult s a re

d

e s c

ri b

e

d i

n t

h

e

f

ol low

i

n

g

c

h

a

p

te rs

f

r o m I V t o X .

A ir

Q

u al

i

t_y

M

ea s u re

m

ent

C

M

B

M

o

d

e

l i

n

_g

vo

C

M

B

-e s t

i m

a t e

d

C

ontr

i b

ution o

f

S

ou r ce a t

S

a

m p l i

n

_g

Sit

e

I

SC ST

-_{e st}

i m

_{a te}

d

Co

ntr

i b

ution o

f

S

o u r ce at

S

a

m

_p

l i

n_g

Sit

e

I

SC

ST

M

o

_d

e

l i

n_g

_

M

e t

Da_{t a}

S

c a

l i

n

_g

Fac to r

I S

C ST

M

o

d

el in_g

E

x_pos u r e

Es t

i m

a te

G

I

S

D

_{i g i}

tiz e r

So u

r c_e

C h

a r a cte r

i

s t

i

c is

F i gu r e 4. F

l

ow cha rt sho

w i

ng

m

etho

d

s to o

b

ta

i

n

i

n

d i

v

i d

u a

l

e xpo s u r e e st

i

mate

fr

o

m

a

i

r

q

u a

l i

ty

I

V

. A I R

Q

U A L I T Y

M

E A

S

U R E

M

E N T S

A

n air

_q

u al

i

t_y

m

o n

it

o r

i

n

_g

statio n c o n sistin

_g

of a 1

0

-mete r mete o r olo_{g i}c a

l

towe r w

i

th a

w in

d

s_pe e

d

a n

d d i

r e c tio n s e n so r, a v e r s ati le air

p

o

l l

utio n s am p

le

r

(

V

A

P

S

)

mo u nte

d

at

3

-

m

ete r s , a n

d

a n in str ume nt s

h

elte r ho u sing the mete o r o log

i

c a

l

data log ge r a n

d

the V

A

P

S

c ontr o

l l

e r a n

d

_pu

m

_p s_ystem s was

l

o c ate

d i

n e a ch o

f

t

h

e c o

m

mu n

i

tie s.

T h

e s e

l

e c t

i

on o

f

t

h

e

s

i

te o

f m

o n

i

t or

i

n

_g

s tation c ons

i d

e r e

d p

a rt

i

c

i p

ant

l

oca t

i

ons, t

h

e

p

rev a

i

l

i

n

g

w

i

n

d

c on

d i

t

io

ns, an

d

t

h

e s

i

te cha r a c te r

i

stic s s u c

h

a s the e xte nt o

f

o

_p

e n n e s s a n

d p

o we r a v ai la

b i l i

t_y.

W

i

n

d

s

_p

e e

d

a n

d d i

r e ctio n in

f

o r

m

at

i

o n we r e co

l l

e cte

d

o n an

h

ou r

l y b

a s

i

s.

I

nte

g

r ate

d

1

2- _{ho u r air s a}

m p

_{le s we r e c o}

l

_{lect e}

d

w

i

_th V A P

S

_{sta r}ti_n

g at

6

:

3 0

a

m

(

d

a_y s a

m

_{p l}

i

n_g

_p

e r

i

o

d

)

a n

d

6

:

3 0 p m

₍

ni

_{g h}

t s a

m p

l in

_{g p}

e r

i

o

d

)

f

o r

3 5 d

a_ys

i

n e a c

h

o

f

the com mu n

i

tie s

f

o r a total o

f

7 0

s a

m

_{p l}e s _pe r _ye a r . F

i

gu r e 5 s

h

ows a d

i

agr a

m

o

f

the V A

P S

sys tem. T he V A P

S

syste

m

p

er

m i

_{t s t}

h

_{e c o}

l l

_ect

i

on _o

f

_s

i

z e s e

_g

re

_g

at e

d p

art

i

c u

l

a t e

m

at t er a n

d g

a s e ou s c ons t

i

tu e nt s

s

i m

u

l

ta n e o u s

l

_y.

A i

r e nte r s t

h

e system at

3 2 l i

te r s

p

e r m

i

n ute

(

1p

m

)

.

P

a r tic u

l

at e

l

a rge r t

h

a n

10

_^u n

w

as re

m

ov e

d

o n th_e

i

m

_p

a c tio n

_{p l}

at e

i

n the

i

n

l

et.

I

n t

h

e

b

o

d

y o

f

t

he s

am

p

le r, the

f l

ow

i

s route

d i

n t

h

r e e

_p

at

h

s.

T h

e

ri g h

t s

i d

e

(

w

i

t

h 10 1

p

m f l

ow

)

c o n s

i

s ts o

f

two

d i f f

us

i

o n

d

e n u

d

e rs

an

d

a

T

e

f l

o n

/ N y l

on

fi l

t er

_p

a c

k i

n s e

ri

es.

T he

d i f f

us

io

n

d

e nu

d

er s remove a c

i d g

a s e s

(

C I

" ,

N O

z "

,

N O

₃ "

, a n

d S 0

₄ ^'

)

a n

d

a

m

mo n

i

a

f

r o

m

the

f l

ow

i

n

_g

a

i

r str e am a n

d

the

fi l

te r

_p

a c

k

c ol le cts

fi

n e

_p

_art

ic

u

l

_{a t e}

m

at ter _o

_{f 2}

.

5 |

i

m i

n

d i

ame t er a n

d l

e s s.

T h

e c enter

p

a t

h

(

w

i

t

h 2 1p m fl

ow

)

c o

l l

e c t s c o ar_{s e}

_p

a rt

i

c u

l

a t e

m

a t t er o

f 2

.

5 p m

t o

I 0

\i

m

on a

N

uc

le o

p

or e

fi l

t er.

T h

e

l

e

f

t s

i de

p

a t

h

c ons

i

sts o

f

a

_q

u a rtz

fi b

e r

fi

lt er

f

_o

l l

owe

d b

_y a

_p

o

l y

u r etha n e

f

o a

m p

lu

_g

₍

P

U

F

₎

tr a

_p

to c ol le ct

m

at e

ri

a

l f

o r o r

_g

a n

i

c a n a

l

_ys

i

s

(

S

te v e n s e t a

l

.,

199 3

)

.

F

ro

m

the pa rtic u

l

ate m at te r s am

p l

e s ,

P

M

10

a n

d P

M

2

.

5

were

d

et er

m i

n e

d

an

d

t

h

e

fi l

t ers we r e a n a

l

yze

d b

y

X

-_{r a}

y F l

u_or_{e s c e}n_{c e}

S pe ctr o s c o

_p

_y

₍

X

R F

)

to dete r

m

in e elem e ntal c om po s

i

tio n of the am b ie nt _pa rtic ulate mat te r.

T

h

e

d

e n u

d

e r s a

m p l

e s we re a n al

_y

z ed

b

_{y I}o n

C

hr omato

_g

r a_{p h y}

₍

I

C

₎

f

o r a ci d

g

a s c om

_p

os

i

tio n s

(

M

uke r

j

e e et al., 19 9 3

)

.

F i g

u re

6

a n

d 7

show s the P

M

2.

5

c o nce ntr atio n me asu r eme nts in the stu

d

y a n

d

c o ntrol

co

m m

u n

i

t_y a s so c

ia

te

d

w

i

t

h

t

h

e

b i

ome

d ic a

l

w a st e

in

c

i

n_er at or

in

t

he

fi

r st a n

d

s econ

d

_yea r o

f

t

hi

s stu

d y

.

F

ro

m

t

h

e s e

P

M

2

.

5 m

e a s u rement s, t

he

g

e n e r a

l

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