• No results found

Maximum Likelihood and GMM Estimation of Dynamic Panel Data Models with Fixed Effects

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Maximum Likelihood and GMM Estimation of Dynamic Panel Data Models with Fixed Effects"

Copied!
66
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)Department of Economics Maximum Likelihood and GMM Estimation of Dynamic Panel Data Models with Fixed Effects Hugo Kruiniger Working Paper No. 429. December 2000. ISSN 1473-0278.

(2) @ 44 *!i*LL_ @?_ B it|4@|L? Lu _)?@4U T@?i* _@|@ 4L_i*t | € i_ igiU|t O}L kh?}ih "ii? @h)c N?iht|) Lu wL?_L? U|LMih bb.c |t ihtL? Li4Mih 2fff. a,w U*@tt€U@|L?G c ec 2  ki)Lh_tG _)?@4U T@?i* _@|@ 4L_i*tc € i_ igiU|tc Bc L?_|L?@* wc L_€i_ wc @)it@? 4i|L_tc E@t)4T|L|U hi_?_@?U)c h@4‚ih+@L @?_ ti4T@h@4i|hU iUi?U) ML?_tc ?| hLL| |it|tc T@h@4i|ih L? ML?_@h) ThLM*i4 W Dgguhvv=. "iA}ji;`6BW"> Ghsw1 ri Hfrqrplfv/ Ploh Hqg Urdg/ Orqgrq H4 7QV1 Wklv sdshu lv d uhylvhg yhuvlrq ri XFO ZS <;037 dqg rwkhu zrun1 Yhuvlrqv ri wklv sdshu kdyh ehhq suhvhqwhg dw wkh Xqlyhuvlwlhv ri H{hwhu dqg Fdpeulgjh/ wkh hfrqrphwulfv vhplqdu ri OVH0VWLFHUG/ Txhhq Pdu| dqg Zhvwhog Froohjh/ wkh Xqlyhuvlw| ri Vrxwkdpswrq/ HVHP<< lq Vdqwldjr gh Frp0 srvwhood/ wkh 5333 Sdqho Gdwd Frqihuhqfh lq Jhqhyd/ dqg dw wkh 5333 HVUF Hfrqrphwulfv Vwxg| Jurxs Frqihuhqfh lq Eulvwro1 L vkrxog olnh wr wkdqn Ulfkdug Eoxqghoo/ Judqw Kloolhu/ Mhu}| V}urhwhu/ dqg Holdv W}dydolv iru khosixo frpphqwv dqg vwlpxodwlqj glvfxvvlrqv1 Doo huuruv duh vroho| plqh1 Wklv uhvhdufk zdv vxssruwhg e| wkh Hxurshdq Frpplvvlrq wkurxjk Judqw HUEIPELFW<948<71.

(3) Mt|h@U|. At T@Tih UL?t_iht ?uihi?Ui ThLUi_hit uLh |L |)Tit Lu _)?@4U *?i@h T@?i* _@|@ 4L_i*t | € i_ igiU|t E6, 6ht|c | tLt |@| |i U*Lthit Lu t|@|L?@h) +6, 4L_i*t U@? Mi UL?tt|i?|*) it|4@|i_ M) L?_|L?@* @ 44 w!i*LL_ ,t|4@|Lht @?_ | _ihit |ih @t)4T|L|U _t|hM|L?t Ai? | Thiti?|t @? @t)4T|L|U@**) i^@*i?| ?44 #t|@?Ui ,t|4@|Lh U Tih4|t @? @?@*)|U UL4T@htL? Mi|ii? |i w, uLh |i +6,E 4L_i* @?_ |i B it|4@|Lht |@| @i Mii? UL?t_ihi_ ? |i *|ih@|hi Ai w, t tL? |L Mi @t)4T|L|U@**) *itt iUi?| |@? |i 4Lt| iUi?| B it|4@|Lh i?  $ 4 M| A t € i_ N?_ih ?Lh4@*|) tL4i Lu |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t MiUL4i @t)4T|L|U@**) hi_?_@?| @?_ |i w, @||@?t |i h@4‚ih+@L *LihML?_ i? A $ 4 @t i** Ai T@Tih @*tL Thiti?|t *!i*LL_ M@ti_ ?| hLL| |it|t 6?@**)c |i ThLTih|it Lu wc Bc @?_ L_€i_ w it|4@|Lht uLh _)?@4U T@?i* _@|@ 4L_i*t |@| UL?_|L? L? |i ?|@* LMtih@|L?t @hi t|_i_ @?_ UL4T@hi_ W| t tL? |@| uLh €?|i A |i w, t *itt iUi?| |@? |i 4Lt| iUi?| B it|4@|Lh.

(4) . W?|hL_U|L?. At T@Tih t|_it it|4@|L? @?_ |it|?} ThLUi_hit uLh |L |)Tit Lu _)?@4U T@?i* _@|@ 4L_i*t | € i_ igiU|t E6,G @? +6,E 4L_i* |@| UL?_|L?t L? |i ?|@* LMtih@|L?t hhitTiU|i Lu |i @*i Lu |i @|Lhi}hitti T@h@4i|ihc oc @?_ +6, 4L_i*t |@| L?*) UL?_|L? L? ?|@* LMtih@|L?t i? |i tihit UL?|@? @ ?| hLL| M| L|ihti @tt4i t|@|L?@h|) t |i 4L_i*t Lu |i *@||ih |)Ti @hi |i U*Lthit Lu |i t|@|L?@h) 4L_i*tc i ** hiuih |L |i4 @t ?U*ti +6, 4L_i*t Ai uLh4ih 4L_i* ** Mi hiuihi_ |L @t |i UL?_|L?@* 4L_i* AhL}L| |i T@Tih i ** @tt4i UhLtttiU|L?@* ?_iTi?_i?Ui 6h|ih4Lhi i ** @tt4i |@| |i ihhLht @hi L4Lt!i_@t|U ? |i UhLtttiU|L?t Ai tiUL?_ @tt4T|L? t hi*@ i_ ? kh?}ih EbbH@c bbb W? !iiT?} | |i |h@_|L?@* T@?i* _@|@ *|ih@|hic 4Lt| Lu |i @t)4T|L|U hit*|t ? |t T@Tih @hi _ihi_ M) *i||?} |i UhLtttiU|L?@* _4i?tL?c  c Lu |i T@?i* }hL *i |i |4i _4i?tL?c A c t !iT| € i_ W? @ ui U@tit i tMti^i?|*) *i| |i |4i _4i?tL? |i?_ |L ?€?|) @t i**  UL?t_ih@M*i T@h| Lu |i T@Tih t _iL|i_ |L |i t|_) Lu |i @t)4T|L|U ThLTih|it Lu L?_|L?@* @ 44 w!i*LL_ Ew ,t|4@|Lht E+@tUc bS( ?_ihti?c b.fc b.  6ht| |i UL?_|L?@* *!i*LL_ u?U|L?t ULhhitTL?_?} |L |i ?U*ti +6, 4L_i*t @hi tL? |L Mi _gihi?|@M*i @| |i ?| hLL| 5Mti^i?|*)c |i w it|4@|Lht uLh |i ?U*ti +6, 4L_i*t @hi tL? |L Mi UL?tt|i?| @?_ |ih @t)4T|L|U _t|hM|L?t @hi _ihi_ W? UL?|h@t|c |i w, uLh |i UL?_|L?@* +6,E 4L_i* |@| UL?_|L?t L? tUi?| t|@|t|Ut uLh |i ?__@* 4i@? T@h@4i|iht |h?t L| |L Mi ?UL?tt|i?| At *i@_t t |L UL?t_ih L|ih *!i*LL_ M@ti_ it|4@|L? 4i|L_t uLh |t 4L_i* 6L**L?} @ |Lt|iT @)it@? ThLUi_hic w@?U@t|ih Ebb.@cM LM|@?i_ @ UL?tt|i?| it|4@|Lh uLh |t 4L_i* w@?U@t|ih LMtihi_ |@| t it|4@|Lh U@? @*tL Mi ii_ @t @ L_€i_ @ 44 w!i*LL_ Ew ,t|4@|Lh `i ** ThL_i @? @*|ih?@|i UL?tt|i?U) ThLLu uLh |t it| 4@|Lh  @?_ i ** hi?|ihThi| w@?U@t|ih<t it|4@|Lh @t @ L?it|iT @)it@? it|4@|Lh Ai  Odqfdvwhu*v dujxphqw iru d xqltxh pd{lpxp ri wkh prglhg olnholkrrg ixqfwlrq lv qrw dghtxdwh1. Lq rxu surri zh lqglfdwh krz wr vhohfw wkh pd{lpxp zklfk lv frqvlvwhqw zkhq pxowlsoh pd{lpd fdqqrw eh uxohg rxw1. .

(5) @t)4T|L|U _t|hM|L? Lu |t it|4@|Lh t @*tL _ihi_ 2  Ai @t)4T|L|U @h@?Uit Lu ML| |i w it|4@|Lht uLh |i ?U*ti +6, 4L_i*t @?_ |i w it|4@|Lh uLh |i UL?_|L?@* +6,E 4L_i* @hi uL?_ |L _gih uhL4 |i h@4‚ih+@L *Lih ML?_t i? |i |4i _4i?tL? Lu |i T@?i* t € i_ Ai hit*|t LM|@?i_ uLh |i w it|4@|Lht Lu |i ?U*ti +6, 4L_i*t Tih4| |i uLh4*@|L? Lu ?| hLL| |it|t Aiti w,M@ti_ ?| hLL| |it|t ** Mi UL4T@hi_ | |i ?| hLL| |it|t |@| @i Mii? ThLTLti_ M) hi|?} @?_ i)ih Ebbe @?_ O@hht @?_ A3@@*t Ebbb Ai? |i T@Tih Thiti?|t T|4@* ?44 #t|@?Ui ,t|4@|Lht E#,<t Etii @*tL @4Mih*@?c bH2c bHe( ML_ @?_ @h_c bHb uLh ?U*ti +6, 4L_i*t U ?_ih ?Lh4@*|) @hi @t)4T|L|U@**) i^@*i?| |L |i w it|4@|Lht Ai # it|4@|Lh uLh |i ?U*ti +6,E 4L_i* U@? 4Lhi i@t*) Mi UL4T@hi_ | |i ET|4@* B it|4@|Lht uLh |t 4L_i* |@| @i Mii? ThLTLti_ ? |i *|ih@|hi |@? |i w, `i €?_ |@| i? A t € i_c |i T|4@* w?i@h B it|4@|Lh Ekh?}ihc 2fff U i T*L|t @** |i tiUL?_ 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t t E}i?ih@**) @t)4T|L|U@**) 4Lhi iUi?| |@? |i w, At t _i |L |i u@U| |@| |i uLh4ih it|4@|Lh @*tL i T*L|t ?uLh4@|L? ? |i *ii*t Lu |i _@|@ *L?} |i *?it Lu ? @?_ 5U4_| EbbD |i T|4@* w?i@h B it|4@|Lh U@? Mi tL? |L @||@? |i ti4T@h@4i|hU iUi?U) ML?_ ULhhitTL?_?} |L |i +6, 4L_i* |@| t U@h@U|ih3i_ M) @** |i hit|hU|L?t L? |i tiUL?_ 4L4i?|t |@| @hi 4T*i_ M) t|@|L?@h|) i |c i tL |@| ?_ih |i @tt4T|L? Lu ?Lh4@*|) ML| |i w, @?_ |i T|4@* w?i@h B it|4@|Lh uLh |i t|@|L?@h) +6, 4L_i* @||@? |i h@4‚ih+@L *Lih ML?_ i? A |i?_t |L ?€?|) W| uL**Lt |@| ?_ih ?Lh4@*|) tL4i Lu |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t |@| @hi i T*L|i_ M) |i T|4@* w?i@h B it|4@|Lh @hi @t)4T|L|U@**) hi_?_@?| EUu |i ?L|L? Lu hi_?_@?U) @t ?|hL_Ui_ M) hitU i| @* bbb `i }i @ uLh4@* _i€?|L? Lu @t)4T|L|U hi_?_@?U) @?_ uLh4*@|i @ ?iUitt@h) @?_ tUi?| UL?_|L? uLh @t)4T|L|U hi_?_@?U) `i @*tL UL?t_ih B it|4@|L? Lu |i UL?_|L?@* 4L_i*  tMti| Lu |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t uLh |i ?U*ti 4L_i* hi4@?t @*_ uLh |t 4L_i* t ? |i t|@|L?@h) U@tic 2 Odqfdvwhu. +4<<:e, kdv lqghshqghqwo| ghulyhg wkh dv|pswrwlf glvwulexwlrq ri wkh PPOH1. 2.

(6) |i T|4@* B ,t|4@|Lh |@| i T*L|t @** |i tiUL?_ 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t t uL?_ |L Mi @t)4T|L|U@**) @| *i@t| @t iUi?| @?_ ? tL4i U@titc i} ?_ih ?Lh4@*|)c 4Lhi iUi?| |@? |i *!i*LL_M@ti_ @*|ih?@|ic i |i L_€i_ w ,t|4@|Lhc i? A t € i_ W| t i** !?L? |@| ?UL?_|L?@* 4@ 44 *!i*LL_ it|4@|Lht Lu _)?@4U T@?i* _@|@ 4L_i*t | € i_ ?__@* igiU|t @hi ?UL?tt|i?| ML| i? |i ?|@* LMtih@|L?t @hi |@!i? @t }i? @?_ ? |i t|@|L?@h) 4L_i* Ai Mhi@!_L? Lu |i ?UL?_|L?@* w, t _i |L |i Thiti?Ui Lu ?U_i?|@* T@h@4i|iht Etii i)4@? @?_ 5UL|| EbeH @?_ U!i** EbH @h_) EbH@c bH2 t}}it|i_ |@| |i w 4i|L_ _Lit )i*_ UL?tt|i?| it|4@|it uLh t|@|L?@h) +6, 4L_i*t i? |i _@|@ @hi €ht| _gihi?Ui_ M| t Lh!t *@U! @ h}LhLt ThLLu  LhiLihc @h_) __ ?L| UL?t_ih |i ?| hLL| U@ti `i ** tii |@| |i w, uLh |i ?U*ti +6, 4L_i* t i^@* |L |i 6ht| #gihi?Uit w it|4@|Lh E6#w, 5L u@h @TT*U@|L? Lu w 4i|L_t |L |iti 4L_i*t @t ?L| Mii? UL?t_ihi_ ? |i *|ih@|hi kiuih EbHf _tUttit Bw5 it|4@|L? Lu T@?i* _@|@ 4L_i*t | € i_ igiU|t @?_ @hM|h@h)c ?!?L? ?|ih|i4TLh@* UL@h@?Ui 4@|h c t@) T c @?_ }it @ w ?|ihThi|@|L?< |L |i u**) |ih@|i_ ihtL? Lu t Bw5 it|4@|Lh e  Oi it|4@|it |i UL@h@?Ui 4@|h uLh |h@?tuLh4i_ _@|@c i 'T 'c ihi ' t |i |? 4@|h EUA 3    t i _Lit ?L| 4TLti A @?) t|hU|hi L? |i UL@h@?Ui 4@|h c i} |i t|hU|hi ULhhitTL?_?} |L @? @|Lhi}hitti ThLUittc i U@??L| UL?tt|i?|*) it|4@|i |i UL@h@?Ui 4@|h |ti*u OLiihc i L?*) @4t uLh @t)4T|L|U@**) iUi?| it|4@|Lht uLh |i t*LTi T@h@4i|iht @?_ t ?L| ?|ihit|i_ ? it|4@|it Lu T |ti*u W? UL?|h@t|c ? |i U@ti Lu |i t|@|L?@h) +6, 4L_i* i |h) |L it|4@|i |i T@h@4i|iht Lu @ hit|hU|i_ ihtL? Lu T  L?i|i*ittc Lh w, uLh |i ?U*ti 4L_i* @?_ kiuih<t w, @hi hi*@|i_ @t |i) UL?_|L? L? |i t@4i tUi?| t|@|t|Ut uLh |i ?__@* 4i@?t Ai }i?ih@*t@|L? Lu |i hit*|t L? |i @t)4T|L|U ThLTih|it Lu |i w, uLh |i ?U*ti +6,E 4L_i* |L w it|4@|Lht uLh ?U*ti +6, 4L_i*t Lu @hM|h@h) *@} Lh_iht hi*it i@*) L? 4TLh|@?| hit*|t |@| @i Mii? _ihi_ M) V@? _ih wii Ebbe Rxu surriv ri frqvlvwhqf| dqg dv|pswrwlf qrupdolw| ri wkh FPOH*v uho| khdylo| rq uhvxowv rewdlqhg e| Ydq ghu Ohhxz +4<<7,1 Wkhvh uhvxowv doorz xv wr suryh frqwlqxlw| dqg glhuhqwldelolw| ri wkh olnholkrrg ixqfwlrqv1 e Nlhihu vwdwhv zlwkrxw surri wkdw wkh lwhudwhg JOV hvwlpdwru frqyhujhv wr wkh FPO hvwlpdwru1 Dfwxdoo|/ wklv iroorzv iurp d uhvxow lq Rehukrihu dqg Nphqwd +4<:7,1.

(7) W? T@h|U*@hc i LM|@?i_ @ U*Lti_ uLh4 hiThiti?|@|L? Lu |i UL@h@?Ui 4@|h Lu t|@|L?@h) + ihhLht W? |i t|_) Lu |i w it|4@|Lht uLh |i ?U*ti +6, 4L_i*tc |i ?| hLL| U@ti TLtit tiih@* |iU?U@* ThLM*i4t 6ht| |i UL@h@?Ui 4@|h Lu |i + ihhLhtc T c ?L *L?}ih i t|t 5iUL?_*)c t?Ui |i ?| hLL| t L? |i ML?_@h) Lu |i T@h@4i|ih tT@Uic _ih?} |i @t)4T|L|U _t|hM|L?t Lu |i w it|4@|Lht t ?L| t|h@}|uLh@h_ Etii i} ?_hitc bbb @!?} ti Lu |i hit*|t Lu V@? _ih wii i €ht| tL |@| |i UL@h@?Ui 4@|h Lu |i €ht|_gihi?Ui_ ihhLht t *iu|UL?|?Lt @| |i ?| hLL| AihiuLhi @| |i ?| hLL| (T ( t|** i t|t @?_ t @ UL@h@?Ui 4@|h Lu t|@|L?@h) ihhLht E|i €ht|_gihi?Ui 4@|h ( t _i€?i_ ? tiU|L? 2 5Mti^i?|*)c i @hi @M*i |L tL |@| |i UL?_|L?@* *!i*LL_ u?U|L? t _gihi?|@M*i @| |i ?| hLL| `i €?_ |@| Lh w, uLh |i UL?_|L?@* 4L_i* t _gihi?| uhL4 |i |?< w it|4@|Lh uLh |t 4L_i* OLiihc ?i|ih |i w, ?Lh |i `|? w, uLh |t 4L_i* @hi UL?tt|i?| i? A t !iT| € i_ @*|L} |i ?U_i?|@* 4i@? T@h@4i|iht @hi ?L *L?}ih Thiti?| ? |i UL?_|L?@* @?_ |? *!i*LL_ u?U|L?t W? |t UL??iU|L? i ?L|i |@| |i ?4Mih Lu ?|@* UL?_|L?t @*tL }hLt |  @?_ |@| |i ?|@* UL?_|L?t hi4@? 4TLh|@?| i? A t !iT| € i_ Ai T@Tih t Lh}@?ti_ @t uL**Lt 5iU|L? 2 _tUttit w it|4@|L? Lu |i ?U*ti +6,E 4L_i* 5iU|L?. _tUttit it|4@|L? Lu |i UL?_|L?@* +6,E 4L_i* 5iU|L?. e }i?ih@*3it |i hit*|t ? tiU|L? 2 |L ?U*ti +6, 4L_i*t 5iU|L?t. @?_ e @*tL. UL4T@hi w|)Ti @?_ B it|4@|Lht ? |ih4t Lu iUi?U) L| tiU|L? 2 @?_ tiU|L? e ThLTLti |it|t Lu |i ?| hLL| )TL|itt ihtt t|@|L?@h|) 5iU|L? D UL?U*_it. e.

(8) 2. w it|4@|L? Lu _)?@4U T@?i* _@|@ 4L_i*tG |i t|@|L?@h) U@ti @?_ |i ?| hLL| U@ti. W? |t tiU|L? @?_ tiU|L?. i UL?t_ih it|4@|L? Lu T@h@4i|ih o ? |L ihtL?t Lu |i. +E 4L_i* | 6 i_ ,giU|tc i?UiuLh| @MMhi@|i_ @t +6,E +c| ' o+c|3 n E  o> n 0c| c. E. >  ' E  o> 0c| m > c +c|f   Efc j2 . E_c. | ' |f n c c A. |f   ihi  5 ic 2c c j ?_U@|it |i ?__@* ?| @?_ | ?_U@|it |i |4i TihL_ 6Lh i@U ?__@* ?| i @i A LMtih@|L?t L? + G +c c c +cA  Ai _it}?@|L? € i_ igiU|t tL*_ Mi |@!i? @t |L hiiU| |i @Mti?Ui Lu @?) _t|hM|L?@* @tt4T|L?t @ML| |i ?__@* igiU|t > c i UiT| |@| |i) @hi ?_iTi?_i?| Lu |i _t|hM@?Uit 0c| }i? |i ?|@* ETLttM*) ?LMtihi_ hi@*3@|L? Lu |i ThLUitt +c|f D  Ai _ @tt4T|L? @TT*it |L ML| |i |4itihit _4i?tL? @?_ |i UhLtttiU|L? _4i?tL? Lu |i T@?i* `i uLUt €ht| L? |i +6,E 4L_i* @t Lh hit*|t U@? 4Lt| i@t*) Mi tL? uLh |t 4L_i* M| @t i ** tii ? tiU|L? e }i?ih@*3@|L?t Lu |i hit*|t |L 4Lhi UL4T*U@|i_ 4L_i*t tU @t +6,ETc^ 4L_i*t @hi TLttM*i @*|L} 4Lhi ?L*?} S  `i ** UL?t_ih it|4@|L? Lu |L ihtL?t Lu |i +6,E 4L_i* Ai ihtL?t _gih | hi}@h_ |L |i @tt4T|L?t |@| @hi 4@_i @ML| |i ?|@* UL?_|L?t @?_ |i ti| Lu @_4ttM*i @*it uLh o W? tiU|L?. i ** _tUtt it|4@|L? Lu |i +6,E 4L_i*. UL?_|L?@* L? |i ?|@* LMtih@|L?t OLiihc u |i _t|hM|L? Lu |i ?|@* LMtih@|L?t t !?L?c UL?_|L??} L? |iti LMtih@|L?t i? it|4@|?} |i T@h@4i|iht L*_ i?|@* D Edohvwud. dqg Qhuoryh +4<99, frqvlghu PO hvwlpdwlrq ri DU[HF prghov/ zkhuh wkh lqglylgxdo. hhfwv duh dvvxphg wr eh qrupdoo| glvwulexwhg dv zhoo1 Dqghuvrq dqg Kvldr +4<;4/ 4<;5, dovr glvfxvv PO hvwlpdwlrq ri ydulrxv DU[HF prghov1 Eoxqghoo dqg Vplwk +4<<4, frqvlghuhg d udqjh ri FPO hvwlpdwruv iru DU[HF prghov1 S Nuxlqljhu +4<<;d/ 4<<<, frqvlghu +F,PO dqg JPP hvwlpdwlrq ri h{whqvlrqv ri wkhvh prghov wkdw doorz iru {hg lqglylgxdo hhfwv lq wkh yduldqfh dv zhoo1. D.

(9) @ *Ltt Lu ?uLh4@|L? @?_ @t @ UL?ti^i?Ui |i it|4@|Lh LM|@?i_ L*_ E? }i?ih@* Mi *itt iUi?| ? 4TLh|@?| U@ti ihi |i _t|hM|L? Lu |i ?|@* LMtih@|L?t t !?L? t |i t|@|L? ihi |i _@|@ uL**L @ t|@|L?@h) ThLUittc i mom.  At @tt4T|L? @ML|. |i _@|@ t Lu|i? t@|t€i_ `i ** _tUtt w |)Ti it|4@|L? 4i|L_t uLh |i t|@|L?@h) +6,E 4L_i* ? |t tiU|L? `i ** @*tL t|_) |i ?| hLL| U@ti ii? |L} |@| 4L_i* Mi*L?}t |L |i U*@tt Lu UL?_|L?@* 4L_i*tc @?_ i ** _tUtt |i TLttM*|) Lu |it|?} |i ?| hLL| )TL|itt @}@?t| t|@|L?@h) @*|ih?@|it `i ** ?L t|@|i |i t|@|L?@h|) @tt4T|L?t 5AAG. mom. . 5AA2G. +c|f  Efc 3j o2 . 2. tt4T|L?t 5AA5AA2 4T*) |@| i+c| j t t|@|L?@h) `i ** €ht| UL?t_ih ?UL?_|L?@* w it|4@|L? Lu |i t|@|L?@h) 4L_i* iuLhi i U@? _i€?i |i ?UL?_|L?@* w,<tc i @i |L ?|hL_Ui 4Lhi ?L|@|L? wi| + _i?L|i |i A iU|Lh Lu @** |i LMtih@|L?t ?U*_?} |i €ht| LMtih@|L? uLh ?__@*  Wu i _i?L|i |i UL@h@?Ui 4@|h Lu |i + r M) j 2 TA Eoc i U@? hit|@|i |i t|@|L?@h) ihtL? Lu 4L_i* E @t E+  >      Efc j2 TA Eoc  ' c c c E_ ihi t @ A iU|Lh Lu L?it @?_ TA @t @ tTiU€U 3  o o2  E o  o  E 2 E o o    E E     TA Eo '   o2 E E    E C   o A 3 o A 32   . Zh. +E t|hU|hi . H 4   o A 3   oA 32 F F  F F   F F | mom    F F   o D  o . E2. . E . fdq uhzulwh dq DU[IH+4, prgho lq wklv irup/ zklfk grhv qrw lqyroyh odjjhg revhuydwlrqv/. rqo| li wkh sdudphwhuv ri wkh h{rjhqrxv yduldeohv lq wkh g|qdplf irup +fi1 +4,, vdwlvi| FRPIDF uhvwulfwlrqv1 H Zh zloo gurs wkh vxevfulsw W zkhq nqrzohgjh ri wkh wlph0glphqvlrq ri wkh sdqho lv xqlpsruwdqw1 Zh zloo dovr rplw wkh dujxphqw u ri Y 1. S.

(10) Ai ?UL?_|L?@* w,<t uLh |i |hT*i ioc >c j2 j ? |i t|@|L?@h) 4L_i* @hi |i t|@|t|Ut |@| 4@ 43i |i *L}*!i*LL_ u?U|L? A A *L}E2Z  *L} j2 2 2   [  EE+  >  TA3 EoE+  >   *L} mTA Eom  2 2 2j '. ,L E+ ( oc >c j2  ' . Ee. 6Lh €?|i A |iti it|4@|Lht uLh ioc j2 c >j @hi ?UL?tt|i?| _i |L |i ?U_i?|@* T@h@4i |iht ThLM*i4 Etii i)4@? @?_ 5UL|| EbeH `i ** ?L i T*Lhi i|ih |i T@h@4i|iht Lu |i t|@|L?@h) +6,E 4L_i* U@? Mi it|4@|i_ UL?tt|i?|*) M) i4T*L)?} |i L?_|L?@* @ 44 w!i*LL_ Ew 4i|L_ kiuih EbHf @t tL? |@|. . T 3 + ED > h '  3 T t @ 4?4@* tUi?| t|@|t|U< uLh > c ihi ? u@U| T UL*_ Mi @?) ?|ih|i4TLh@* UL@h@?Ui 4@|h  Ai UL?_|L?@* *L}*!i*LL_ u?U|L?c i |i *L}@h|4 Lu |i UL?_|L?@* _i?t|) Lu |i + r }i? |i > h rc t }i? M)  EA   EA   *L}E2Z  *L} j2 >  '  , E+ ( oc j2 mh 2 2     n   [ T 3  T 3    EE+  >  ET 3   *L} T   3   2 E+  >   T 3 2 T 2j '. ES. ihi m mn _i?L|it |i ThL_U| Lu |i ?L?3ihL i}i?@*it Lu  Etii +@L Eb.  TT D2. D2H Ai w it|4@|Lht uLh |i T@h ioc j2 j @hi i^@* |L |i t|@|t|Ut |@| 4@ 43i ES @h_) EbH@c bH2 @t t}}it|i_ |L |@!i €ht| _gihi?Uit Lu |i _@|@c tU |@| |i ?__@* igiU|t _hLT L| uhL4 |i 4L_i*c MiuLhi @TT*)?} |i |i w 4i|L_ wi| (A _i?L|i |i uL**L?} EA    A  3   E f  E E  f (A ' E E  E C  f . 4@|h f     ..  f    .  f   f. . f      f  . 4 F F F F F F D.

(11) Ai? i LM|@? (E+  >  ' (+ ' (   Efc j2 (T ( c  ' c c c E_. E.. Ai UL@h@?Ui 4@|h Lu (+ c j 2 (T ( c @t @? +Ec t|hU|hi | !?L?  T@h@4i|ih E Ai 6ht| #gihi?Ui w, uLh |i |hT*i ioc >c j2 j }*LM@**) 4@ 43it. b f. EA    EA   *L}E2Z  *L} j 2 2 2    [ 3 EE+  >  ( E(T (  (E+  >   *L} m(T ( m  2 2 2j '. ,E(+ ( oc >c j2  ' . EH. kiuih @t @h}i_ |@| u E'+ mh >  € u E+ mh > c ihi ' t |i `|? 4@|h @?_ u ' i TE,c @?_ | U@? *!iti Mi tL? |@| u E(+ mh >  € u E+ mh >  OLiihc u E(+ mh >  ' uE(+ . .  5L i €?_ |@| |i w, t i^@* |L |i 6#w,. 5Lu@h i @i 4@?|@?i_ |@| mom. 2. .  `i ** ?L UL?t_ih |i U@ti ihi o '  Ai. ?| hLL| U@ti t tTiU@* MiU@ti ?L 4@||ih L *L?} @}L |i ThLUitt i+c| j @t t|@h|i_c |i ?i?Ui Lu i@h*) hi@*t@|L?t Lu + @?_ 0 L? |i Uhhi?| LMtih@|L? +c| _Lit ?L| @?t   t @ UL?ti^i?Uic i? o ' c i U@??L| @L_ UL?_|L??} L? |i ?|@* LMtih@|L?t LhiLihc i U@??L| hih|i 4L_i* E @t E2 OLiihc |i UL?_|L?@* *L}*!i*LL_ u?U|L? ES t t|** i**_i€?i_ uLh o '  W? T@h|U*@hc ? @TTi?_  | ** Mi tL? |@| .E(+ + (  t b Lw. lv hdv| wr vkrz wkdw zkhq 2 lv xqnqrzq wkh IGPOH iru u lq wkh DU+4, prgho rqo| h{lvwv. iru W  6 +vhh dovr Odqfdvwhu dqg Olqghqkrylxv +4<<9,,1 f PdFxug|  Wkhuh. +4<;4/ 4<;5, grhv qrw uljrurxvo| suryh wkdw wkh IGPOH lv frqvlvwhqw1 lv dqrwkhu zd| ri vkrzlqj wkdw O +| mh  , € O+G| ,1 Odqfdvwhu dqg Olqghqkrylxv kdyh.   @ G +GY G ,3 G= Ixuwkhupruh/ zh fdq qg d frqvwdqw W  +W  4, vkrzq wkdw Y 3  T T T  A @ 3 e| shuiruplqj Judp0Vfkplgw ruwkrjrqdol}dwlrq rq   wkdw vdwlvhv G ruwkrqrupdo pdwul{ G 3. . . 3. 3.  vxfk wkdw G  @ VG1  G 1 Fohduo|/ wkhuh h{lvwv d frqvwdqw qrqvlqjxodu pdwul{ V/ Wkhq iroorzlqj Udr n            @ f2 mGY G m zkhuh f @ V 9@ 3=  T  ,G +4<:6/ s1 85;, Y  T   @ G+Y . . 3. . . 3. 2 Vhh . Nuxlqljhu +4<<;d, iru wkh uhodwlrqvkls ehwzhhq FPO dqg Wudqviruphg PO hvwlpdwruv1 Dqrwkhu frqvhtxhqfh ri u @ 4 lv ri frxuvh wkdw wkh lqflghqwdo sdudphwhuv  gurs rxw iurp wkh. prgho/ vr lq wklv fdvh wkhuh lv qr qhhg iru uhprylqj wkhp1. H.

(12) E*iu|UL?|?Lt ? o '  @?_ |@| |i UL?_|L?@* *!i*LL_ U@? Mi _gihi?|@|i_ @t 4@?) |4it @t t ?ii_i_ ? E|i ?i}MLhLL_ Lu o '  AihiuLhi i U@? UL?t_ih it|4@|L? Lu @ 4L_i* |@| ?U*_it ML| |i t|@|L?@h) 4L_i* @?_ |i ?| hLL| U@ti `i €ht| t|@|i |i uL**L?} #i€?|L?  Ai ?U*ti +6,E 4L_i* t U@h@U|ih3i_ M) E @?_ |i uL**L?} @t t4T|L?tG WwG. . o. Ww2G. +c|f   Efc 3j o2  u . 2. o. ( m+c|f m. 4 u o ' . `i U@? ?L ThLTLti |i uL**L?} AiLhi4  Ai w it|4@|Lh uLh o @?_ j 2 ? |i ?U*ti +6,E 4L_i*c U 4@  43it ESc t UL?tt|i?| iNNu 5ii @TTi?_  W? |i ThLLu i T@) tTiU@* @||i?|L? |L |i ?| hLL| U@ti ?_ihti? Eb.f @t L?*) ThLi? UL?tt|i?U) Lu w,<t |@| 4@!i ti Lu |hi tUi?| t|@|t|Ut U _L ?L| _iTi?_ L? T@h@4i|iht Ai hit*| ? |iLhi4  t}}it|t @ ?i ?| hLL| |it| uLh T@?i* _@|@ 4L_i*t | € i_ A U t t4T*) M@ti_ L? |i w, uLh o @?_ !?L*i_}i Lu |t *@h}i @t)4T|L|U _t|h M|L? 5?Ui oeu t @ u?U|L? Lu UhLtttiU|L?@* @ih@}it Lu |i _@|@c |i €?|i t@4T*i ThLTih |it Lu |t it|4@|Lh @hi i TiU|i_ |L Mi ^|i _gihi?| uhL4 |Lti Lu @? w%w5 it|4@|Lh Lu oc U t M@ti_ L? @ t?}*i |4itihit( ? T@h|U*@hc @ih@}?} @UhLtt |i UhLtttiU|L?@* ?|t 4|}@|it |i M@t U ? |i U@ti Lu @? it|4@|Lh M@ti_ L? @ t?}*i |4itihit L*_ i t| MiU@ti Lu |i ULhhi*@|L? Mi|ii? |i ?4ih@|Lh @?_ |i _i?L4?@|Lh `i ** ?L _ihi |i @t)4T|L|U _t|hM|L? Lu |i w, E6#w, `i ** 4@!i ti Lu |i tiUL?_ @h|*i|| _i?||) @?_ |i u@U| |@| |i , TiU|i_ Oitt@? E,O Lu |i. b.

(13) UL?_|L?@* *L}*!i*LL_ t i^@* |L |i _gihi?Ui Mi|ii? |i ,O Lu |i ?UL?_|L?@* *L} *!i*LL_ E,ON @?_ |i ,O Lu |i *L}*!i*LL_ Lu |i UL?_|L??} t|@|t|Uc > h c E,O e.  `i ?L t|@|i. 2 eu  t }i? M) AiLhi4 2 Ai *@h}i  E€ i_ A @t)4T|L|U _t|hM|L? Lu Ee ou c j 3 4   3  s oeu  o D $  fc *4 E.MoYcj2  .MLoYcj2  Eb C oY<o 2 j eu  j2. ihi. 3 .Mocj2  .MLocj2 ' C. Uoo A 3  EnoEAEE3 on2oj2. A 3  EnoEAEE3 on2oj2 A 3 2je. 4 D. Ef. 2E n oEoA 3  2EA  2o 2 n 2A  EA E  o n 2o E  o 2 2 EA E  o n 2o2 2E n o2 EEA  2Eo    2 n EEA  2E  o2  n  n o2 EA E  o n 2o2 n E  o 2 2 EA E  o n 2o2 iNNu Uoo '. E. 5ii @TTi?_  `i ?L|i |@| ML| ,ON @?_ ,O @hi M*LU! _@}L?@* W| U@? i@t*) Mi ih€i_ |@| |i @t)4T|L|U UL@h@?Ui 4@|h t TLt|i _i€?|i t)4 4i|hU uLh . o.  Etii @*tL tiU|L? e @?_ @TTi?_ e. W? @| uL**Lt i ** ?|@**) @tt4i |@| o.  M| i ** _tUtt |i U@ti o '  *@|ih. L? W| t i@t) |L ihu) |@| uLh €?|i A |i w, uLh Eoc j2  ? |i +6,E 4L_i* _Lit ?L| @||@? |i h@4‚ih+@L *Lih ML?_ Eihi@u|ih + ML?_c -Eoc A    E.MLocj2 3 S. D.  Ai hi@tL? t |@| |i UL?_|L??} t|@|t|U > h UL?|@?t ?uLh4@|L? @ML| |i UL44L?. T@h@4i|iht o @?_ j 2  e Zh. kdyh e| ghqlwlrq O+|  mG| ,O+G| , @ O+| ,1 Ehfdxvh zh fdq hdvlo| vkrz wkdw O+h  , @. O+|  mG| ,/ lw iroorzv wkdw +O +| mh  , €, O+G| , @ O+| ,@O+h  ,= Dowhuqdwlyho|/ lw iroorzv iurp wkh surri ri wkh vhfrqg wkhruhp lq Odqfdvwhu dqg Olqghqkrylxv wkdw mGY G m @ ƒTT  ,= duelwudu| Y ,= Wkhuhiruh/ zh kdyh djdlq wkdw O+G| , @ O+| ,@O+h . D Wkh S Iru. Lqirupdwlrq Pdwul{ htxdov plqxv HKX1 lqvwdqfh/ wkh whup. 2 A 3 , 3o2 +u. .  ƒ. 3 3. +lq idfw iru. . iurp  _T_o Y _T_o  lq HKP grhv qrw fdqfho rxw1 Vlqfh wkh 3. 3. DUIH+4, prgho lv mxvw d vshfldo fdvh ri wkh DUPDIH+s/t, prgho/ wkh FPOH*v iru pruh jhqhudo prghov duh qrw dv|pswrwlfdoo| hflhqw hlwkhu1. f.

(14) Ai u@U| |@| |i w, uLh UL44L? T@h@4i|iht ? @ 4L_i* | ?U_i?|@* T@h@4i|iht _Lit ?L| @||@? |i + ML?_ uLh *@h}i  M| €?|i A t ?L| @? i UiT|L? .  `i ** tii ? tiU|L? e |@| @ 4Lhi iUi?| hLL| UL?tt|i?| it|4@|Lh i t|t uLh |i ?U*ti 4L_i* `i? A $ 4c |i UL?_|L??} t|@|t|U MiUL4it ?4TLh|@?| @?_ |i w, UL?ih}it |L |i ?UL?_|L?@* w,c U 4@ 43it Ee *|L} |i ?UL?_|L?@* w, t ? UL?tt|i?| uLh *@h}i  M| €?|i A c | t UL?tt|i?| uLh *@h}i A  6Lh *@h}i A |i @t)4T|L|U _t|hM|L? Lu ML| it|4@|Lht uLh |i t|@|L?@h) +6,E 4L_i* t }i? M)       s oeu  o f   o2 f A $ c 2 j eu f 2je  j2 f. E2. Ai @t)4T|L|U UL@h@?Ui 4@|h i^@*t *4A <" A E.MLocj2 3 U t |i + ML?_ `i? o '  i @i |i uL**L?} AiLhi4. `i? o '  @?_ A t € i_c |i E*@h}i  @t)4T|L|U _t|hM|L? Lu |i w,. t }i? M) s. 3 C. oeu   2. j eu  j. 2. 4. 3. D $  Cfc. 5. H EA 3.  7 A  2 e j2 EA 3. 2. e EAj3 2j. e. 64 8D. E . iNNu 5ii @TTi?_  `i LM|@? *4o E.Mocj2  .MLocj2  M) @TT*)?} _i *<OLT|@*<t €ht| h*i |Ui `i t|hitt |@| |t hit*| _iTi?_t L? |i @tt4T|L? |@| A t !iT| €?|i Wu ML| A @?_  $ 4c |i @t)4T|L|U _t|hM|L? Lu |i w, _iTi?_t L? U _4i?tL? ?Uhi@tit u@t|ih Lh €ht| Etii @*tL **Tt @?_ LL? Ebbb AL ihu) i|ih |i w, t @t)4T|L|U@**) iUi?| i? o ' c i ?ii_ |L UL4T@hi |i @t)4T|L|U @h@?Ui | |i + ML?_ uLh |i UL?_|L?@* 4L_i* +c| ' o+c|3 n 0c| c 0c| m+c   Efc j2 c E_ | ' 2c c A @?_ o '  `i LM|@? |i uL**L?} uLh4*@ uLh |t . Dqghuvhq. +4<:3, suhvhqwv d qhfhvvdu| dqg vxflhqw frqglwlrq iru htxdolw| ri wkh yduldqfh ri wkh. FPOH wr wkh Fudphu0Udr orzhu erxqg +vhh klv 8wk Wkhruhp,1 Fkdpehuodlq +4<;3, jlyhv dqrwkhu h{dpsoh ri d prgho zkhuh wkh FPOH grhv qrw dwwdlq wkh FU erxqg/ l1h1 wkh orjlw prgho1 Kh grxewv wkdw d pruh hflhqw hvwlpdwru h{lvwv iru wklv prgho1. .

(15) + ML?_ - Ec A  '. 2j2 EA  EEA  2j2 n 2ER *4   <". S. 2. ' +c . Ee. S 2 4 L|Ui |i _iTi?_i?Ui Lu |i + ML?_ L? |i @tt4?} |@| R *4   ' +c  <" ?|@* UL?_|L?t `i €?_ |@| |i @t)4T|L|U @h@?Ui Lu oeu t @| *i@t| uLh |4it }ih |@? |i + ML?_ Ai uL**L?} w, U t M@ti_ L? |i *!i*LL_ ULhhitTL?_?} |L |i UL?_|L?@* 4L_i* }i? @MLi  ohu. S SA ' |'2 +c| +c|3 ' S  SA 2 ' |'2 +c|3. ED. t ?L| L?*) UL?tt|i?| Ei? o '  M| @*tL @||@?t |i + ML?_ - Ec A  OLiihc ?*!i |i w,c |t it|4@|Lh t ?UL?tt|i?| uLh t|@|L?@h) 4L_i*t |@| UL?|@? 4i@? T@h@4i|iht E  o>  iih|i*ittc L?i 4@) t|** UL?t_ih t?} @ ?| hLL| |it| U t M@ti_ L? |t t|@|t|U V@hLt ?| hLL| |it|t uLh T@?i*t | € i_ A @i @*hi@_) Mii? t}}it|i_ ? |i *|ih@ |hi hi|?} @?_ i)ih Ebbe @i ThLTLti_ @? it|4@|Lh uLh |i +6,E 4L_i* |@|c t| *!i |i w,c t UL?tt|i?| ML| i? o '  @?_ i? mom.  At it|4@|Lh t M@ti_. L? _i@|L?t uhL4 |i ?|@* LMtih@|L?t @?_ @t |i t@4i *@h}i  @t)4T|L|U @h@?Ui @t |i w, O@hht @?_ A3@@*t Ebbb Thiti?| @ ?| hLL| |it| t|@|t|U uLh |i +6,E 4L_i* U t @? @_t|i_ ihtL? Lu |i wi@t| 5^@hit #44) V@h@M*it it|4@|Lh Ai @_t|4i?| ULhhiU|t uLh |i ?UL?tt|i?U) Lu |i w5#V it|4@|Lh Ai ULhhiU|i_ it|4@|Lh @t @t)4T|L|U @h@?Ui f2*EA  EA  2 `i ** tii ? tiU|L? e |@| |i w 4i|L_L*L}) |@| @t Mii? _itUhMi_ @MLi U@? Mi @TT*i_ |L @?) +6, 4L_i* LhiLih i U@? }i?ih@*3i |i 4L_i*t |L @**L uLh ?__@* tTiU€U |hi?_t @?_ _hu| T@h@4i|iht hitTiU|i*) W? |@| U@ti i U@? LM|@? UL?tt|i?| it|4@|Lht M) €ht|_gihi?U?} |i 4L_i* L?Ui 4Lhi 5?Ui |i w, @hi UL?tt|i?| ML| ? |i ?| hLL| U@ti @?_ uLh t|@|L?@h) @*|ih?@|itc |i |it|t M@ti_ L? |i w, @hi UL?tt|i?| 6h|ih4Lhic @?@*)|U@* @t)4T|L|U hit*|t L? |i TLih Lu w, M@ti_ ?| |it|t @}@?t| *LU@* t|@|L?@h) @*|ih?@|it U@? 4Lhi i@t*) Mi LM|@?i_. 2.

(16) ,t|4@|L? Lu _)?@4U T@?i* _@|@ 4L_i*t | ?|@* UL?_|L?t 5L4i|4it i U@??L| 4@!i |i t|@|L?@h|) @tt4T|L? 6Lh ?t|@?Uic i? |i ?|@* LMtih@|L?t +cf c  ' c 2c c c @hi |i t|@h|T @*it Lu t|LU@t|U ThLUittitc |i) 4@) @i @ _t|hM|L? |@| t _gihi?| uhL4 |i _t|hM|L? Lu |i tMti^i?| LMtih@|L?t W? |@| U@ti i 4@) _iU_i |L UL?_|L? L? |i ?|@* LMtih@|L?tc i |L |hi@| |i ?|@* LMtih@|L?t @t }i? Ai UL?_|L?@* +E 4L_i* | € i_ igiU|t U@? Mi t|@|i_ @t  n 0 + ' o+c3 n >. ES. >  ' E  o> 0 m > c +cf  Efc j2 UA  E_ ihi  5 ic 2c c  j 6Lh i@U ?__@* ?|c i @i A n  LMtih@|L?t L? + ?U*_?} |i ?|@* LMtih@|L? +cf . . w @?_ L_€i_ w it|4@|L? Lu |i UL?_|L?@* +6,E 4L_i*. W? |t tMtiU|L? i t|_) @hLt *!i*LL_ M@ti_ it|4@|Lht uLh |i UL?_|L?@* +6,E 4L_i* | mom. . `i ** €ht| t|_) |i ThLTih|it Lu @ w it|4@|Lh uLh |t 4L_i* AL _ihi |t w, i ?ii_ |L €?_ tUi?| t|@|t|Ut uLh >  c  ' c 2c c  6Lh |t ThTLti | t i*Tu* |L hih|i 4L_i* ES ? |ih4t Lu |i ?|@* LMtih@|L?t 5Mt|||?} +c| ' o+c|3 n >  n 0c| hiTi@|i_*)c i LM|@? + ' b +cf n b2 >  n  0 ihi. 5 9 9  '9 9 7.  o  . o A 3. f    f o  f o    o. f   f . 5. 6. o o2  . 9 : 9 : : c b ' 9 9 : 9 A 3 8 7 o oA . E. 6 : : : : c @?_ b2 '  : 8. EH.

(17) 5?Ui _i|E  ' c |i 4@|h  t ?L?t?}*@h `i ** |h) |L €?_ @ iU|Lh KEo tU |@|   L |i UL?_|L?@* _t|hM|L? s E+ mKEo + c +cf  _Lit ?L| _iTi?_ L? > .E+ mK + c +cf  ' b +cf n b2 >  n.   K  EK +  K b +cf  K b2 >   K    K. Eb. 6Lh >  |L @?tc KEo ?ii_t |L Mi ULti? tU |@|   K  K  ' f K    K. E2f. W| t i@t*) ih€i_ |@| KEo '   3 )i*_t @ E4?4@* tUi?| t|@|t|U Ai UL?_|L?@* *!i*LL_ u?U|L? }i?   3 + t ?Lh4@* |   E   3 +    3 b +cf  @?_ A T @oE+ m   3 + c +cf  ' j2  '   .E+ m   3 + c +cf  ' b +cf n.  n  0 ? .E+ m   3 +cf c | uL**Lt |@| +  NTL? tMt|||L? Lu + ' b +cf n b2 > .E+ m   3 +cf  '  '0  5?Ui  _iTi?_t L? oc |i UL?_|L?@* *!i*LL_ u?U|L? ,E+ m   3 +cf  t ?L| ThLTLh|L?@* |L |i _i?t|) Lu '0. H.  AihiuLhic |i w it|4@|Lh. uLh 4L_i* ES _Lit ?L| i^@* |i `|? w it|4@|Lh W| t i** !?L? |@| |i *@||ih t i^@* |L |i w5#V it|4@|Lh @?_ |@| ML| @hi ?UL?tt|i?| `i ** tii |@| |i w, t @*tL ?UL?tt|i?| ? |t U@ti Ai ?UL?tt|i?U) Lu |i w, @?_ |i `|? w, 4@) Mi thTht?} }i? |@| |i >  @hi ?L *L?}ih Thiti?| ? |i UL?_|L?@* @?_ |? *!i*LL_ u?U|L?t OLiihc i ?L|i |@| |i ?4Mih Lu ?|@* UL?_|L?t }hLt | |i UhLtttiU|L?@* _4i?tL? Lu |i T@?i* @?_ |@| |i) hi4@? 4TLh|@?| i? |i |4i _4i?tL? t !iT| € i_ ?i 4@) |ihiuLhi @h}i |@| @ ThLTih UL?_|L?@* *!i*LL_ @TThL@U 4@!it ti Lu T@ht Lu tUi?| t|@|t|Ut uLh ML| |i ?|@* UL?_|L?t +cf @?_ |i >   Aiti ?U_i?|@* T@h@4i|iht< U@? @*tL Mi hi4Li_ uhL4 |i *!i*LL_ u?U|L? M) @TT*)?} |i uL**L?} |h@?tuLh4@|L? 4@|h |L E.G ~ ' EU  \E\ \3 \ c ihi \ ' Eb b2  At *i@_t |L @ |h@?uLh4i_ *!i*LL_ u?U|L? | @ UL@h@?Ui 4@|h Lu h@?! A  2 H Qrwlfh. wkdw wkhvh ghqvlwlhv rqo| h{lvw lq d W  4 glphqvlrqdo vxevsdfh1 Wkh frqglwlrqdo olnh0. olkrrg ixqfwlrq lqfoxghv wkh idfwru mS TS  mn = Dovr qrwlfh wkdw mS TS  mn 9@ +ghw+S ,,2 mTmn @ 4=. e.

(18) w@?U@t|ih Ebb.@cM LM|@?t @ UL?tt|i?| it|4@|Lh Lu o @?_ j2 M) uL**L?} @ @)it@? @TThL@U |L it|4@|L? ? |i Thiti?Ui Lu ?U_i?|@* T@h@4i|iht b  Ot @TThL@U ?L*it |L t|iTtG €ht|c @ hiT@h@4i|h3@|L? Lu |i 4L_i* tU |@| |i ?i< ?U_i?|@* T@h@4i|iht @hi ?uLh4@|L? Lh|L}L?@* |L |i E?i< UL44L? T@h@4i|ihtc @?_ tiUL?_c |i ?i ?U_i?|@* T@h@4i|iht ? |i *!i*LL_ @hi ?|i}h@|i_ L| t?} @ ?L??uLh4@|ic ?uLh4 ThLh W? |i €ht| t|iT i LM|@?t |i uL**L?} hiT@h@4i|h3@|L? >  ' E  o+cf n D i TEqEo. E2. o ' oc @?_ j2 ' j 2 c A 3  [A | | ihi qEo ' o A |' | @?_ ihi D c  ' c 2c c c @hi |i ?i ?U_i?|@* T@h@4i|iht Ai? ? |i tiUL?_ t|iT i T 2 _ihit |i 4@h}?@* TLt|ihLh _i?t|) Lu o @?_ j2 c REoc j2  '  ' R Eoc j c @t uL**Lt # $ A  ] \ [  REoc j2  € ZEoc j2  j 3A i T  2 E+c|  o+c|3  >  2 _D 2j |' ' # $ ] A  \ [  ' ZEoc j2  i TE qEo E+c|  o+c|3  >  2 _ > E22 j 3A i T  2 2j ' |' ' ZEoc j2  i TE qEo  $ #  A \ [    2 j3 EA 3 +c|  +   oE+c|3  + c3  i T  2 2j |' '. E2 . ihi ZEoc j2  t @ ?L??uLh4@|i ThLh uLh o @?_ j2  L|Ui |@| ? |i ThLh _t|hM|L? |i ?i ?U_i?|@* T@h@4i|iht @?_ |i UL44L? T@h@4i|iht @hi ?_iTi?_i?| Ai 4L_i Lu REoc j2  t w@?U@t|ih<t it|4@|Lh uLh o @?_ j2  AiLhi4 e  4@ 44 Lu E2  L? Ec   Efc 4 t @ UL?tt|i?| it|4@|Lh uLh o @?_ j 2 ? 4L_i* ES | Eoc j2  Mi*L?}?} |L @ UL4T@U| tMti| Lu Ec   Efc 4 iNNu 5ii TTi?_  `i @*tL ?_U@|i L |L ti*iU| |i 4@ 44 |@| t UL?tt|i?| ? U@ti |ihi L*_ Mi 4*|T*i 4@ 4@ b Kh. vkrzv wkdw wkh ghulydwlyhv ri wkh h{shfwhg prglhg orj0olnholkrrg ixqfwlrq duh }hur dw wkh. wuxh ydoxhv ri wkh sdudphwhuv1 Iru d frpsohwh frqvlvwhqf| surri vhh ehorz dqg Dsshqgl{ E1. D.

(19) `i?  $ 4 |i igiU| Lu ZEoc j2  L? REoc j2  MiUL4it ?i}*}M*i OLiihc ii? |L} |i ThLh t @ tLU@**i_ ?L??uLh4@|i ThLhc | _Lit @__ ?uLh4@|L? @ML| |i ?U_i?|@* T@h@4i|iht MiU@ti A t €?|i Ai 4@h}?@* TLt|ihLh _i?t|) t i^@* |L |i `|? *!i*LL_ u?U|L? |4it |i u@U|Lh i TE qEo Ai Thiti?Ui Lu |t u@U|Lh *i@_t |L |i UL?tt|i?U) Lu |i it|4@|Lh Wu L?i L*_ uL**L |i 4L_€i_ *!i*LL_ @TThL@U Lu i)4@? @?_ 5UL|| EbeH t|@h|?} | |i Lh_?@h) *!i*LL_ u?U|L?c L?i L*_ €?_ |@| |i *!i*LL_ i^@|L?t uLh j2 @?_ o @i |L Mi 4L_€i_ M) @__?} 2j2 @?_  q  Eoc hitTiU|i*)c ? Lh_ih |L LM|@? @ UL?tt|i?| it|4@|Lh uLh j2 @?_ o 5?Ui |i UL?_|L?@* *!i*LL_ u?U|L? ,E+ m   3 +cf  _Lit ?L| UL?|@? |i u@U|Lh i TE qEoc i UL?U*_i |@| |i ULhhitTL?_?} w, t ?UL?tt|i?| ? |t U@ti w t t|** ?UL?tt|i?| @u|ih hiT@h@4i|h3@|L? Lu |i 4L_i* Ai @)it@? @TThL@U |L it|4@|L? ? |i Thiti?Ui Lu ?U_i?|@* T@h@4i|iht @t @*hi@_) @_LU@|i_ M) w?_*i) @?_ ,*5@))i_ EbSH Ai) t|hitti_ |@| |i ThLh _t|hM|L? @t |L Mi U@hiu**) ti*iU|i_ W? T@h|U*@h |i) 4i?|L?i_ |@| |i ti Lu 4ThLTih ThLht U@? *i@_ |L ?UL?tt|i?| it|4@|it ? tL4i ThLM*i4tc M| U@? Mi Lu UL?t_ih@M*i ti ? ThLM*i4t | @ }hLT t|hU|hic *!i |i ThLM*i4 _tUtti_ ihi W?_ii_c ? |t U@ti |i @)it@? @TThL@U | 4ThLTih ThLh )i*_t UL?tt|i?| it|4@|Lht `i ** ?L ThLi |@| w@?U@t|ih<t ThLUi_hi t i^@*i?| |L ?|i}h@|?} |i ?U_i?|@* T@h@4i|iht L| Lu |i 4L_i* | |i Lh}?@* T@h@4i|h3@|L? | hitTiU| |L aighi)<t ?@h@?| ?L??uLh4@|i ThLh _i|EUfD c ihi U t|@?_t uLh |i W?uLh4@|L? @|h  wi| uE+c  _i?L|i |i *!i*LL_ u?U|L?c *i|  Mi |i L*_ T@h@4i|ih iU|Lh E?U*_?} |i >  r @?_ *i| # Mi |i ?i T@h@4i|ih iU|Lh E?U*_?} |i D r ULti? tU |@| U# t _# _@}L?@* E|i T@h@4i|iht ? # @hi ?uLh4@|L? Lh|L}L?@* LhiLih *i| a ' _  Lc u . fD. |i ThLh ZE# t ULti? i^@* |L _i|EU#  c U t @ ?L??uLh4@|ic ?uLh4< ThLhc |i?. ]. ] . ] ]. ]  . ]. # $ \ _D uE+mZE# _ > _ > ' _ > ' uE+mZE#_D _D ' uE+m _i|EU# fD _D _D ' S. E2e.

(20) ]. ] . ] ]. ]  . ]. $ # \ _D uE+m _i|EU# fD _i|Ea E 3 _D _D ' _ >  ' uE+m _i|EU# fD _i|Ea_ > _ > ' uE+m _i|EU fD _ > _ >. ihi |i €ht| *?i ? E2e ULhhitTL?_t |L E22 Ai uLh| *?i 4@!it ti Lu _i|Ea ' T _D ' _> ' i TE qEo @?_ |i *@t| *?i uL**Lt uhL4 |i ?@h@?Ui ThLTih|) Lu aighi)<t ThLh Etii @*tL ~i**?ih Eb. T e. *|L} w@?U@t|ih<t hiT@h@4i|h3@|L? @TThL@U )i*_t i @U|*) |i t@4i 4@h}?@* TLt|ihLh _t|hM|L? @?_ it|4@|Lh @t |i @TThL@U ThLTLti_ M) w?_*i) @?_ ,*5@))i_ EbSH U tit _i|EU fD c ? |i U@ti @| @?_ w@?U@t|ih<t @TThL@U t 4Lhi UL?i?i?| t?Ui _i|EU fD t ^|i @ UL4T*U@|i_ u?U|L?. 2f.  OLiihc. @TT*U@|L? Lu |i 4L_€i_ *!i*LL_ @TThL@U L*_ @i *i@_ |L |i t@4i it|4@|Lh uLh j2 @?_ o @*4Lt| 44i_@|i*) AL _ihi |i *@h}i t@4T*i _t|hM|L? Lu w@?U@t|ih<t L_€i_ @ 44 w!i*LL_ ,t|4@|Lh L?i U@? ThLUii_ @t u | ihi @? Lh_?@h) w it|4@|Lh @?_ A@)*Lh i T@?_ |i 4L_€i_ *!i*LL_ i^@|L?t. 2.  OLiihc t?Ui |i , TiU|i_ L_€i_ Oitt@? _Lit ?L|. i^@* 4?t |i L_€i_ W?uLh4@|L? @|h E|i i TiU|i_ L|ih ThL_U| Lu |i 4L_€i_ }h@_i?|tc L?i ?ii_t |L ti @ t@?_U< uLh4*@ uLh |i UL@h@?Ui 4@|h   s   oeu  o $  fc E.M3 U E.M3  2 2 j eu  j. E2D. L| |i i TiU|i_ Oitt@? @?_ |i i TiU|i_ L|ih ThL_U| Lu |i }h@_i?| Lu |i 4L_€i_ *L}*!i*LL_ u?U|L?< Q U t }i? M) E2  @T@h| uhL4 |i u@U|Lh ZEoc j2  Q @hi i@t*) _ihi_ 2f Lw. lv lqwhuhvwlqj wr qrwh wkdw li Odqfdvwhu zrxog kdyh xvhg d qrqlqirupdwlyh/ xqlirup sulru lq. frqmxqfwlrq zlwk wkh olnholkrrg ixqfwlrq zlwk wkh rog sdudphwul}dwlrq/ kh zrxog kdyh rewdlqhg wkh Zlwklq Olnholkrrg ixqfwlrq zklfk |lhogv dq lqfrqvlvwhqw hvwlpdwru1 Wklv looxvwudwhv Olqgoh| dqg Ho0Vd||hg*v srlqw wkdw wkh sulru kdv wr eh vhohfwhg fduhixoo| dqg dovr vkrzv wkdw rqh fdqqrw dvvxph wkdw d srvwhulru prgh cdozd|v* frqyhujhv wr wkh wuxh sdudphwhu ydoxhv1 2 Wkh dv|pswrwlf glvwulexwlrq ri wkh PPOH kdv ehhq rewdlqhg lqghshqghqwo| e| Odqfdvwhu +4<<:e,1. ..

(21) wi| t _i€?i. 3 E E E  ' E E E C. f  o  . oA 32.   f f  f o  f o    o. 3 4  f f E o F f f F E E o2 F f F  E c b ' E    F E  F E A 32 D f  C o  f o A 3. 4 F F F F F F F D. E2S. |i?   +cf n b  2>  n  0 +c3 ' b  2 '   Ai i TiU|i_ 4L_€i_ Oitt@? i^@*t ihi b 3   S . E+c  '+c  Eo  q  j2 .M ' *4 C ' .  <". 3. E2.. . q  Eo j2  A2j3e. 3. q  Eo  j2. @?_ |i 4L_€i_ ?uLh4@|L? 4@|h i^@*t 3  c  '  n  S . E+c  '+ |oE'  2  j C U ' *4 '  <" q Eo   j2 . 3. . 3. . 4 D.   qjE2o A 3 2je. E2H. 4 D. E2b. ihi i @i ti_ |i }i?ih@* hit*| .EE0  0 E0 2 0  ' j e E|oE |oE2  n |oE 2 n   2  Etii i} ki| EbbDc @?_ .E0 '+c3  ' j 2 |oE'  ' j 2 q  Eo Etii w@? . . U@t|ihEbb.@ ? i T*U| i ThittL? uLh |oE' '  U@? Mi uL?_ t?} @T*i W| U@? i@t*) Mi UiU!i_ |@| |oE' '  9' q  Eo @?_ |ihiuLhi .M 9' U 6?@**)c ?L|Ui |@| .E+c 3 '+c3  _iTi?_t L? +cf @?_ >   Nt?} |@| .E+c 3 '+c3   j2 |oE Eo ' Eoc | U@? Mi tL? |@| |i .M t ?i}@|i _i€?|i t)44i|hU uLh  S . E+c '+c  S +c  '+c  it|4@|Lh uLh   t    ' ' j2 j2 . 3. 3. . 3. o.  22   UL?i?i?|. 3. Ai h@4‚ih+@L iUi?U) *LihML?_ t i^@* |L 4?t |i i TiU|i_ Oitt@? Lu |i Lh_?@h) *L}*!i*LL_ u?U|L? iU@ti |i 4L_€i_ *L}*!i*LL_ u?U|L? _giht uhL4 |i *@||ih _i |L |i |ih4t qEo @?_ *L} jc |i w, uLh |i UL?_|L?@* +6,E 4L_i* _Lit ?L| @||@? |i + *LihML?_ uLh |t 4L_i*c - Eoc A c i? A t € i_ }@?c |i ^it|L? @htit i|ih |ihi i t|t @? it|4@|Lh |@| t 4Lhi iUi?| |@? |i UL?tt|i?| w|)Ti it|4@|Lh 22 Zkhq. u @ 4/ wkh   glvdsshdu dqg HPK lv vlqjxodu= ljqrulqj wkh srzhuv ri  wkh gldjrqdo. hohphqwv ri HPK htxdo 2 +W  4, dqg wkh r0gldjrqdo hohphqwv ri HPK htxdo  2 +W  4, zkhq u @ 4=. H.

(22) 2. B it|4@|L? Lu |i UL?_|L?@* +6,E 4L_i*. W? |i ThiLt tMtiU|L? i @tt4i_ |@| mom.  @?_ | @t UL?i?i?| |L h|i |i. UL?_|L?@* 4L_i* @t +c| ' o+c|3 n >  n 0c|  OLiihc ? |i ?| hLL| U@ti |i ?__@* igiU|t _t@TTi@h Nt?} >  ' E  o> c i U@? hih|i |i 4L_i* @t +c| ' o+c|3 n E  o> n 0c|. E f. > c +cf   Efc j2 UA  E_ @?_ hiT*@Ui | M) `i ?L hi*@ |i ?Lh4@*|) @tt4T|L? 0 m 0  Efc j 2 UA  E_ ( .E > 0  ' f ( .E+cf 0  ' f. 2. E . Ai? |i UL?_|L?@* +6,E 4L_i* t|** 4T*it |i uL**L?} hit|hU|L?t L? |i tiUL?_ 4L4i?|t EUu ? @?_ 5U4_|c bb.. 2e. G. .E6c| Eo ' fc | ' 2c c Ac .E62c| Eo ' fc | ' 2c c Ac .E6 cr| Eo ' fc   r. |c. E 2 @?_ | ' c c Ac. ihi 6c| Eo ' +cf {0c| 62c| Eo ' E+c|  o+c|3 2  E+c  o+cf 2 6 cr| Eo ' E+c|  o+c|3 E+cr  o+cr3   E+c2  o+c E+c  o+cf  Ai 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t ? E 2 i @t| @** |i hit|hU|L?t L? |i tiUL?_ 4L4i?|t |@| @hi 4T*i_ M) |i UL?_|L?@* +6,E 4L_i* `i _i€?i |i T|4@* L?_|L?@* B EB it|4@|Lh @t |i T|4@* B it|4@|Lh |@| i T*L|t |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t ? E 2 W? @__|L? |L |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t ? E 2c |i UL?_|L?@* +6,E 4L_i* 4T*it |i uL**L?} hit|hU|L?t L? |i €ht| 4L4i?|t. 2D. .E{+c|  o{+c|3  ' f 2. | ' 2c c A. E . Wkh uhvxowv rq JPP hvwlpdwruv jlyhq ehorz vwloo krog xqghu %  +3> 2 LA , +lqghs= glvw=,>. H+  % , @ 3 > H+|cf % , @ 3 dv orqj dv wkh prphqw frqglwlrqv gr qrw lqyroyh 2 = 2e Zh qrwlfh wkdw dvvxpswlrqv +D14,0+D17, lq Dkq dqg Vfkplgw +4<<:, duh vdwlvhg e| wklv +zhdnhu, yhuvlrq ri wkh frqglwlrqdo DUIH+4, prgho1 2D Fu hsrq. hw do1 +4<<:, glvfxvvhv uvw prphqw frqglwlrqv iru wkh DUHF+4, prgho1. b.

(23) `i _i€?i |i T|4@* it| L?_|L?@* B it|4@|Lh @t |i T|4@* B it|4@|Lh |@| i T*L|t |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t ? E 2 @?_ E  N?_ih ?Lh4@*|) |i B t |i 4Lt| iUi?| it|4@|Lh uLh o ? |i UL?_|L?@* +6,E 4L_i*c MiU@ti |i 4L_i* t *?i@h @?_ |ihiuLhi @** |i ?uLh4@|L? t t44@h3i_ ? |i €ht| @?_ tiUL?_ 4L4i?|t Lu |i _@|@ N?_ih |i @tt4T|L? Lu UhLtttiU|L?@* L4Lt!i_@t|U|) | U@? Mi tL? @*L?} |i *?it Lu ? @?_ 5U4_| EbbD EUu ii)c bbf |@| |i B it|4@|Lh uLh o @||@?t |i ti4T@h@4i|hU iUi?U) ML?_ 7   Eoc A  Lu |i 4L_i* |@| t U@h@U|ih3i_ M) E 2 Ai B it|4@|Lh t @| *i@t| @t iUi?| @t |i w, MiU@ti |i *@||ih it|4@|Lh U@? Mi hi?|ihThi|i_ @t @ B it|4@|Lh |@| L?*) i T*L|t ?uLh4@|L? ? |i tiUL?_ 4L4i?|t Lu |i _@|@ Etii @*tL ES2 @?_ ES  ? @TTi?_  W? }i?ih@* @ w, t ?L| @*@)t |i 4Lt| iUi?| it|4@|Lh uLh @ 4L_i* ii? u |i ?_ih*)?} _t|hM|L?@* @tt4T|L? t ULhhiU| Ai uL**L?} hit*| tLt |@| |i w, uLh |i UL?_|L?@* +6,E 4L_i* U@? Mi t|hU|*) *itt iUi?| |@? |i B AiLhi4 D 6Lh A ' 2c |i B it|4@|Lh uLh |i @|Lhi}hitti T@h@4i|ih ? |i UL?_|L?@* +6,E 4L_i* t 4Lhi iUi?| |@? |i w, i? |i _@|@ @hi }i?ih@|i_ M) t|@|L?@h) +6,E 4L_i*t | ?Lh4@**) _t|hM|i_ ihhLht iNNu 5ii TTi?_  At i? A t €?|i @?_ i? |i _@|@ @hi }i?ih@|i_ M) UL?_|L?@* +6,E 4L_i*t | ?Lh4@**) _t|hM|i_ ihhLht @?_ mom. oC  ' c i @i @oEe ou   @oEe. 7   Eoc A   - Eoc A c ihi @o _i?L|it *@h}i c € i_ A @t)4T|L|U @h@?Ui N?_ih ?Lh4@*|) @?_ | mom. c |i ?|@* UL?_|L?t MiUL4i ?4TLh|@?| i? ?L| L?*)  $ 4. M| A $ 4 @t i**c @?_ *4 @oEe ou  '. A <". . *4 - Eoc A  '. A <". *4 @oEe oC  ' *4 7   Eoc A  '. A <". *4 -Eoc A  '   o. A <". 2. A <". E e. AL tii ) |iti i^@*|it L*_ @t)4T|L|U@**) *i| t ?it|}@|i |i 4L_€i_ *!i*LL_. 2f.

(24) u?U|L? RhEoc j2  U t }i? M) E2  @T@h| uhL4 |i u@U|Lh ZEoc j2   qEo EA   *L} RhEoc j2  '  *L} j A A A  A 2   [[  2 +c|  +   oE+c|3  + c3  2j  A ' |'. E D. A AS 3 A 3| ' S    `i U@? i@t*) tL |@| *4A <" A qEo ' f At uL**Lt uhL4 mqEom  A | | |' |'  A S  fD..22 @?_ uhL4 *4A <" A *? A ' f AihiuLhic i? mom  c *4 |  *? A A <". |'.  A 2    [[ 2 *4 +c|  +  oE+c|3  + c3  *L} RhEoc j  '  *L} j  *4 2 A <" A A <" 2j  A ' |'. E S. `i €?_ |@| i? A $ 4 |i 4L_€i_ *L}*!i*LL_ u?U|L? UL?ih}it |L |i `|? *L}*!i*LL_ u?U|L?c U t i^@* |L |i UL?Ui?|h@|i_ *L}*!i*LL_ u?U|L? |@| UL? _|L?t L? |i ?|@* LMtih@|L?t @?_ |@| t UL?Ui?|h@|i_ | hitTiU| |L |i >  `i? mom. c |i *@||ih UL?ih}it |L |i UL?Ui?|h@|i_ ?UL?_|L?@* *L}*!i*LL_ u?U|L? i?. A $ 4 t?Ui |i ?|@* UL?_|L?t MiUL4i ?4TLh|@?| Ai i^@*|) ? E e 4T*it |@| ?_ih ?Lh4@*|) @?_ i? mom.  |i T|4@* L?_. |L?@* B it|4@|Lh uLh |i UL?_|L?@* 4L_i* t @t)4T|L|U@**) i^@*i?| |L |i T|4@* w?i@h B it|4@|Lh uLh |i t|@|L?@h) 4L_i* ThLTLti_ M) kh?}ih E2fff |@| t _i €?i_ ? tiU|L? e2 i? ?L| L?*)  $ 4 M| A $ 4 @t i** Ai *@||ih i T*L|t |L i |h@ tiUL?_ 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t |@| ULhhitTL?_ |L |i ?|@* LMtih@|L?t Etii ? @?_ 5U4_| Ebb. @?_ tiU|L? e2. 2S.  OLiihc i? A $ 4 |i ?|@* LMtih@|L?t MiUL4i. ?4TLh|@?| @?_ |i |L i |h@ 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t MiUL4i @t)4T|L|U@**) hi_?_@?| Etii tiU|L? e uLh @ _i€?|L? Lu @t)4T|L|U hi_?_@?U). 2S Wzr h{wud vhfrqg prphqw frqglwlrqv wkdw duh lpsolhg e| vwdwlrqdulw| duh H++|. 3 dqg H++u  4,+|c ,2  5|c |c2 , @ 31. 2. c2 u|c ,|c , @.

(25) e.  UL4T@htL? Lu wc ?44 #t|@?Uic @?_ B it|4@|Lht uLh |i U*Lthi Lu |i t|@|L?@h) +6,ETc^ 4L_i*. W? |t tiU|L? |i w, ELh i^@*i?|*) |i 6#w, uLh |i U*Lthi Lu |i t|@|L?@h) +6,ETc^ 4L_i*c i |i ?U*ti +6,ETc^ 4L_i*c ** Mi UL4T@hi_ | B it|4@|Lht ? |ih4t Lu @t)4T|L|U iUi?U)  _hiU| UL4T@htL? |h?t L| |L Mi 4TLttM*i W? Lh_ih |L u@U*|@|i |i UL4T@htL? i ** ?|hL_Ui @ ?44 #t|@?Ui ,t|4@|Lh E#, uLh |i ?U*ti 4L_i* |@| t @t)4T|L|U@**) i^@*i?| |L |i w, ?_ih ?Lh4@*|) At #, U@? Mi hi?|ihThi|i_ @t @ B it|4@|Lhc U ? |h? U@? i@t*) Mi UL4T@hi_ | |i B it|4@|Lht uhL4 |i *|ih@|hic i} |i T|4@* w?i@h B it|4@|Lh Lu kh?}ih E2fff 6h|ih4Lhic i ** UL4T@hi |i *@h}i  @t)4T|L|U @h@?Uit Lu |iti it|4@|Lht | |i ti4T@h@4i|hU @?_ |i h@4‚ih+@L iUi?U) ML?_t ML| uLh |i € i_ A U@ti @?_ uLh |i U@ti ihi A |i?_t |L ?€?|) @t i**c @?_ it|@M*t |i @t)4T|L|U hi_?_@?U) Lu |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t ?L*?} *ii*t hi*@|i |L |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t i T*L|i_ M) |i ET|4@* #,. e. L?_|L?@* w @?_ ?44 #t|@?Ui it|4@|L?. W? |t tiU|L? i ** UL?t_ih it|4@|L? Lu |i 4Lhi }i?ih@* +6, 4L_i* ihi E t hiT*@Ui_ M) EuE+c|  >  ' Eu0c| c. E .. >  ' E> 0c| m > c +c|f c    c +c|fnR3   Efc j2  E_c. | ' |f n Rc c A. |f  R n 2 ihi Eu '  . SR. &c. &' o& u. Eu '  n. S^. & &' oRn& u . wi| _ _i?L|i |i Lh_ih Lu ?|i}h@|L? Lu |i ThLUittit i+c| jc |i? i U@? _iUL4TLti Eu h @t Eu ' E  u_ Eu `i ** ?L _i€?i |i ?U*ti +6,ETc^ 4L_i* 22.

(26) #i€?|L? 2 Ai ?U*ti +6,ETc^ 4L_i* t }i? M) E . @?_ |i uL**L?} @t t4T|L? WwG. _ 5 ifc j( iE  u_ +c| j t @ t|@|L?@h) ThLUitt( m+c|f m. 4 u _ ' . Ai @tt4T|L? L? |i 4@ 4@* Lh_ih Lu ?|i}h@|L? E_ U@? i@t*) Mi hi*@ i_ tt4T|L? Ww @**Lt t |L hih|i E . @t 3_ h Eu(E+ 0c| c|  >  ' EuE  u. E H. (E+  >  ' (+ ' (   Efc j2 (T (  _. E b. At ? |h? *i@_t |L. ihi T E' T Eo t ?L @ EA  A  UL@h@?Ui 4@|h Lu +ETc^ ihhLht EUu E2 @?_ E  5ii i} V@? _ih wii Ebbe Ei?UiuLh| V_w uLh |i t|hU|hi Lu tU @ UL@h@?Ui 4@|h  o t @? R n ^ iU|Lh UL4Tht?} |i + T@h@4i|iht `i? Eu @t @ ?| hLL| Ei _ ' c |i? i(+c| j ** Mi @? +ETc^ ThLUitt ?t|i@_ Lu @? +ETc^n ThLUitt LhiLihc i? _ ' c |i _t|M|L? Lu (+ t UL?_|L?@* L? +c c t| @t ? |i +6,E 4L_i* EtL ?L| UL?_|L?@* L? +c c    c +c3Rn2 - iuLhi i Thiti?| @hLt it|4@|Lht uLh |i ?U*ti +6,ETc^ 4L_i*c i ** €ht| S ?|hL_Ui tL4i @__|L?@* ?L|@|L?G *i| w ' Eo  c j 2  c ~ ' E(+ E(+  c ~ '   ' ~ c. lEw ' l ' j 2 (T Eo(  c @?_ *i| l ' .E~  ' lEw ' j2 (T Eo( c ihi TTihM@ht _i?L|i. |i |hi @*it Lu |i T@h@4i|iht wi| X ' Xo  Efc 4 _i?L|i |i T@h@4i|ih tT@Ui uLh w 6?@**)c *i| o7 '   E W| t tL? ? @TTi?_  |@| .E(+ + (  t *iu|UL?|?Lt Eo 7 %  ? iih) o 5 Xo. | o7 '  i? Ww L*_t W? @__|L?c | t tL? |@| |i €ht|_gihi?Ui *!i*LL_ u?U|L? t ?€?|i*) 4@?) |4it _gihi?|@M*i ? E|i ?i}MLhLL_ Lu iih) o 5 Xo | o7 ' c i? UL?_|L? Ww t t@|t€i_ Ai w, uLh w ? |i ?U*ti +6,ETc^ 4L_i* t @}@? i^@*i?| |L |i 6#w, Etii @*tL tiU|L? 2 6L**L?} @}?t Eb.Hc |i w, uLh wc weu c t@|t€it |i uL**L?} 2.

(27) *!i*LL_ i^@|L?t _lEw3  ' fc  ' c c R n ^ _o _lEw3 |oEElEw  ~  ' f _j 2. Eef. |oEElEw  ~. Lh i^@*i?|*). _eSl  3 o El l3 eSE~  l ' f _w  _l l3 @?_ |oC` M` ' EeSC E` ' l3 _w  d. . l ihi i @i ti_ __w  *!i*LL_ i^@|L?t @hi }*) ?L?*?i@h ? o Ai @t)4T|L|U ThLTih|it Lu weu @hi }i? ? |i uL**L?} 3. Ee ` eSM Aiti. AiLhi4 S Ai w, uLh w ? |i ?U*ti +6,ETc^ 4L_i* t UL?tt|i?| @?_ |t *@h}i  E€ i_ A @t)4T|L|U _t|hM|L? t }i? M) s _eSl  3  Eweu  w $ Efc 2Ed m o El _w w iNNu. 3. l d. _eSl 3 m o  _w w. Ee2. 6Lh _i|@*t tii @TTi?_  `i ** @tt4i |@| w 5 Xc ihi X t @ UL4T@U| tMti| Lu X EAi ti| X t|** ?U*_it T@h@4i|ih iU|Lht |@| ULhhitTL?_ |L |i ?| hLL| U@tic Lu ULhti t @t @*hi@_) Mii? LMtihi_ M) @h_) EbH@c uLh _i?|€U@|L? Lu @** |i T@h@4i|iht i ?ii_ |@| A : R n ^ n  Ai? (T ( @t @ ?^i +ETc^n t|hU|hi E@u|ih _i*i|?} UL44L? _tLht W| uL**Lt |@| lEw 9' lEw u @?_ L?*) u Eg uLh tLh| w 9' w @?_ A : R n ^ n  6h|ih4Lhic lEw t ?L?t?}*@h @?_ _gihi?|@M*i M) Ww @?_ hit*|t ? > ( w 4 V_w W| uL**Lt |@| *L} mlEwm @?_ lEw3 @hi _gihi?|@M*i @?_ .EtTwMX ,E+ mh Ai @t)4T|L|U _t|hM|L? Lu weu U@? Mi LM|@?i_ M) A@)*Lhi T@?_?} Ee @hL?_ w @?_ t?} |i tiUL?_ @h|*i|| _i?||) ELh M) uL**L?} @}?t Eb.H tMt|||?} (+ uLh t 0  Ai @t)4T|L|U _t|hM|L? Lu |i "@t w,c we'u c t }i? M) s Ewe'u  w $ Efc M 3 C E.E~ ~   EeSlEeSl CM 3 | C ' M. '.  3 3 _eSl El l d mo 2 _w w  _eSl  3 3 _eSl Ed mw o El l d mw o3    2 _w _w 2e. Ee .

(28) Ai E"w, U@? Mi ti_ uLh |it|?} |i ?| hLL| )TL|itt o7 '  wi| t ?L _i€?i |i T|4@* ?44 #t|@?Ui ,t|4@|Lh E#, uLh |i ?U*ti +6,ETc^ 4L_i* @t. 2.. we( ' @h} 4?deSE~  lEwo . Eee. wMX. E.   [ EEeS~ EeS~    EeS~EeS~ 3 eSE~  lEw  '. S   ihi E   ' EEeS~ EeS~    EeS~EeS~  t @ UL?tt|i?| it|4@|Lh Lu .EEeSE~ lEeSE~ l c U t |i ?ihti Lu |i E@t)4T|L|U@**) LT|4@* i}| ?} 4@|h  5ii @*tL @4Mih*@? EbH2c bHe uLh |i ?44 #t|@?Ui 4i|L_ Ai @t)4T|L|U ThLTih|it Lu |i #, @hi }i? ? |i uL**L?} AiLhi4 . Ai #, uLh w ? |i ?U*ti +6,ETc^ 4L_i* t UL?tt|i?| @?_ |t *@h}i  E€ i_ A @t)4T|L|U _t|hM|L? t }i? M) s.  Ewe(  w $  Efc T(  EeD. ihi _eSl  _eSl 3 T( ' Ed mw o E.EEeS~ EeS~    EeSlEeSl 3 d m o  _w _w w iNNu 6Lh _i|@*t tii @*tL @TTi?_  W_i?|€U@|L? Lu w uL**Lt uhL4 T*4 <" ~ ' .E~  ' lc l ' lEw g w ' wc @?_ |i u@U| |@| |i *4| Lu |i i}|?} 4@|h t ?L?t?}*@h( 4LhiLihc i U@? €?_ @ UL4T@U| tMti| Lu Xc t@) X( | uL**Lt uhL4 Ww @?_ hit*|t ? V_w |@| lEw t _gihi?|@M*i E@?_ i?Ui UL?|?Lt ? iih) w 5 X @?_ |ihiuLhi |@| tTwMX nlEwn. 4c ihi nn t |i ,U*_i@? 4@|h ?Lh4 E6Lh i @4T*iG ? |i +6,E. U@tic o '  t h*i_ L| M) @tt4T|L? Wwc @?_ lEo ' c j2  ' j2 U At |L}i|ih 4T*it UL?tt|i?U) Lu we( Etii ii) @?_ U6@__i? Ebbe Ai @t)4T|L|U _t|hM|L? U@? i@t*) Mi LM|@?i_ M) TihuLh4?} @ A@)*Lh i T@?tL? @hL?_ |i €ht| Lh_ih UL?_|L? ULhhitTL?_?} |L |i 4?43@|L? ThLM*i4 ? Eee  2. Derzg. dqg Fdug +4<;<, eulh| glvfxvv wklv hvwlpdwru lq wkhlu dsshqgl{1. 2D.

(29) Ai #, U@? Mi hi?|ihThi|i_ @t @ B it|4@|Lh U t M@ti_ L? |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t ? .EeSE~  lEw ' f Ai 4TLh|@?Ui Lu |i uL**L?} |iLhi4 t |@| | Tih4|t @ UL4T@htL? Mi|ii? |i w, @?_ B it|4@|Lht AiLhi4 H N?_ih ?Lh4@*|) |i w, uLh |i ?U*ti +6,ETc^ 4L_i*c weu c t @t)4T|L|U@**) i^@*i?| |L |i #,c we(  iNNu  A 3 E' (  _i?L|i |i _T*U@|L? 4@|h ULhhitTL?_?} |L @ t^@hi 4@|h Lu _4i? wi| (  n ' E(   (  3 (   E|i LLhii?hLti ?ihti Lu (c  @?_ *i| A 3 Mi |i tL? A  c *i| ( A 3. UL44|@|L? 4@|h Etii @}?t @?_ i_iU!ih EbHH Ai? i @i ?_ih ?Lh4@*|)  A 3 ' (  A 3 c .EEeS~ EeS~  EeSlEeSl ' El lEUEA 32 nA 3  Nt?} |@| A 3 ( 3 l    3 _eSl i LM|@? T( ' d _eS _w mw o E.EEeS~ EeS~    EeSlEeSl  d _w mw o ' l  n  _eSl   n  n  3 _eSl  n  3 d _eS _w mw o E(A 3 El lEUEA 32 nA 3 E(A 3   d _w mw o ' 2 d _w mw o E( El lE(      (E  (   El l(  3 E(   (  (  n d _eSl m o ' d _eSl m o '  d _eSl m o E( . . . . _w w 2 _w w _w w 3 l    _eSl   3    2 d _eS _w mw o E( (E( El l( ( El ld _w mw o ' l      3    _eSl3 m o '  2 d _eS w _w mw o E( (E( El l( ( El l(d _w 3 3 _eSl  _eSl     _eSl3  _eSl  l d _w mw o  2 d _w mw o E( (d _w mw o ' 2 d _w mw o El. . 3 ' Tu . Ai #, @t @ ?4Mih Lu @_@?|@}it UL4T@hi_ |L |i w, 6ht| |i #, @?_ |i ULhhitTL?_?} it|4@|Lh Lu |t @t)4T|L|U UL@h@?Ui 4@|h U@? 4Lhi i@t*) Mi U@*U*@|i_ |@? |ih w i^@*i?|t iih|i*ittc @?@*)|U i ThittL?t uLh |i @t)4T|L|U @h@?Ui Lu |i w,c *!i |i L?i |@| @t Mii? _ihi_ ? tiU|L? 2 uLh |i +6,E U@tic hi4@? tiu* 6Lh ?t|@?Uic |i) @**L t |L _ihi |i @t)4T|L|U @h@?Ui Lu |i w, i? |i 4L_i* @t @ ?| hLL| 5iUL?_*)c |i #, t 4Lhi iUi?| ?_ih ?L??Lh4@*|) EUu @h_) EbHM uLh |i ?iUi?U) Lu ^@t4@ 44 *!i*LL_ it|4@|Lht Lu |i T@h@4i|iht Lu @ UL@h@?Ui 4@|h  Ah_*)c @4Mih*@? EbHe @t TL?|i_ L| |@| |i 4?44 _t|@?Ui 4i|L_ ThL_it @ UL?i?i?| uh@4iLh! uLh |it|?} hit|hU|L?t Wu |i hit|hU|L?t 4TLti_ L? l @hi ULhhiU|c |i? 4?  deSE~  lEwo E wMX.   [ EEeS~ EeS~    EeS~EeS~ 3   '. eSE~  lEw  2 E_s . 2S. EeS.

(30) ihi _s t |i ?4Mih Lu Lih_i?|u)?} hit|hU|L?tG fDEA  A  ER n ^ n  AL ti*iU| |i Lh_iht Lu @? + 4L_i* L?i U@? uL**L @ ti^i?|@* |it| ThLUi_hi Wu @? +ETc^ tTiU€U@|L? t hiiU|i_c |i? L?i _hLTt hit|hU|L?t ?|* |i @*i Lu |i |it| t|@|t|U t ?L *L?}ih t}?€U@?| 54*@h*)c u @ tTiU€U@|L? t ?L| hiiU|i_c L?i U@? 4TLti @__|L?@* hit|hU|L?t @?_ |it| @? + 4L_i* Lu *Lih Lh_iht Etii @*tL hi**@?L Ebbf W? ML| U@tit t|@h|?} @*it U@? i@t*) Mi uL?_ 6?@**)c ?| hLL| |it|t U@? Mi M@ti_ L? |i E#,. e2.  4Lhi iUi?| B it|4@|Lh. W| t i** !?L? |@| w it|4@|Lht U@? Mi ?|ihThi|i_ @t B it|4@|Lht |@| i T*L| |i i TiU|i_ tULhi iU|Lh uLh @? ?__@* LMtih@|L? @t |i iU|Lh Lu 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t w!itic |i w, uLh w ? |i ?U*ti +6,ETc^ 4L_i* t @ B it|4@|Lh |@| i T*L|t |i uL**L?} R n ^ n  4L4i?| UL?_|L?t .|oEEl  ~ . _l3 'f _w. 'f.  ' c c R n ^ n . Ee.. L|Ui |@| |iti 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t @hi }*) ?L?*?i@h ? |i T@h@4i|ih o At 4@!it | _U*| |L UL4T@hi |i w, | B it|4@|Lht uLh _)?@4U T@?i* _@|@ 4L_i*t uhL4 |i *|ih@|hi W? |i *@t| tMtiU|L? i @i tL? |@| ?_ih ?Lh4@*|) |i w, t @t)4T|L|U@**) i^@*i?| |L @ ?44 #t|@?Ui it|4@|Lh Aiti ?44 #t|@?Ui it|4@|Lhtc U @hi _i€?i_ M) Eeec U@? @*tL Mi hi?|ihThi|i_ @t B it|4@|Lht Ai) i T*L| |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t ? .EeSE~   eSElEw ' f. EeH. Lh .EeSEE(+ E(+   lEw ' f ihi l  j 2 (T Eo(   L|i |@| |i ?4Mih Lu 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t ? EeH ?Uhi@tit ? A c ihi@t |i ?4Mih Lu 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t ? Ee. _Lit ?L| _iTi?_ L? A  iih|i*ittc |i ULhhitTL?_?} T|4@* B it|4@|Lht @hi @t)4T|L|U@**) i^@*i?| ?_ih ?Lh4@*|) OLiihc |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t ? EeH @hi i@tih |L ?|ihThi| @?_ i@tih |L UL4T@hi | 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t |@| @hi i T*L|i_ M) |i B it|4@|Lht |@| @i Mii? ThLTLti_ ? |i *|ih@|hi Ai 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t ? EeH t44@h3i @** |i ?uLh4@|L? ? |i tiUL?_ 4L4i?|t Lu |i E€ht|_gihi?Ui_ _@|@ 2..

(31) W? Lh_ih |L ?it|}@|i L |i w, UL4T@hit |L |i B it|4@|Lht uhL4 |i *| ih@|hic i ** €ht| hii |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t |@| |i *@||ih i T*L| Ai *|ih@|hi uLUtit L? |i it|4@|L? Lu |i +E 4L_i* | ?__@* igiU|t Ai 4Lt| M@tU B it|4@|Lh uLh |t 4L_i* @t Mii? ThLTLti_ M) hi**@?L @?_ L?_ Ebb W| i T*L|t |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t U uL**L uhL4 |i t|@?_@h_ @tt4T|L? .E0c| m+c|3r  ' f uLh r ' c c |   @?_ | ' 2c c A At @tt4T|L? 4T*it fDEA  EA  2 M@tU 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t .E+c|3r {0c|  ' f uLh r ' 2c c |   @?_ | ' c c A. Eeb. ihi {0c| ' 0c|  0c|3  u|i? L?i @*tL 4@!it |i @tt4T|L? |@| |i ihhLht @hi ?ULh hi*@|i_ | |i ?__@* igiU|t .E0c| >  ' f uLh r ' c c |   @?_ | ' 2c c A At @tt4T|L? }it hti |L A . @__|L?@* 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t Etii ? @?_ 5U4_|. EbbD .EE+cA  o+cA 3 {0c|3  ' f uLh | ' ec c A. EDf. L|Ui |@| |iti 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t @hi ?L?*?i@h ? o ? @*|ih?@|i @tt4T|L? t |i uL**L?} .dE+c|  +c|3 > o ' f uLh | ' 2c c A At @tt4T|L? @__t A  2 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t |L |i M@tU 4L4i?| UL?_|L?tc U @hi @*tL *?i@h ? o Etii hi**@?L @?_ Lih EbbD .EE+c|  o+c|3 {+c|3  ' f uLh | ' c c A. ED. Nt?} |iti 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t hi?_iht EDf hi_?_@?| uLh it|4@|L? 6?@**)c @__?} |i @tt4T|L? Lu L4Lt!i_@t|U|) .E02c|  ' j 2 uLh | ' 2c c A 4T*it @?L|ih A  2 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t Etii ? @?_ 5U4_| EbbD. 2H. .E+c| 0c|  +c|3 0c|3  ' f uLh | ' c c A 2H Lq. 2 @ 2 ;l> w= idfw zh rqo| qhhg krprvnhgdvwlflw| lq wkh wlph glphqvlrq c| . 2H. ED2.

(32) L|Ui |@| |iti 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t @hi @*tL *?i@h ? h AihiuLhic i? @** |i @tt4T|L?t *t|i_ @MLi L*_c @ B it|4@|Lh uLh o U@? Mi UL?t|hU|i_ |@| i T*L|t @ |L|@* Lu fDA  EA n  . *?i@h 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t. ** |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t E@?_ @tt4T|L?t t| 4i?|L?i_ @hi @*tL UL4T@|M*i | |i t|@|L?@h) _)?@4U 4L_i* | € i_ igiU|tc U @t t|@|i_ ? tiU|L? 2 W? u@U| @** |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t }i? ? EeHED2 t|** L*_ ?_ih 0  Efc j2 UA 3  E_ ( .E > 0  ' f( .E+c 0  ' f @?_ UL@h@?Ui t|@|L?@h|) Lu i+c| j. 2b.  OLiihc i @i ?L| )i| i @t|i_. |i ti| Lu @** |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t |@| @hi 4T*i_ M) UL@h@?Ui t|@|L?@h|) Lu i+c| j L@h@?Ui t|@|L?@h|) Lu i+c| j 4T*it @ |L|@* Lu fDA EA n  4L4i?| UL?_|L?t ULhhi tTL?_?} |L .EeSE+ + c Lh i^@*i?|*) fDA EA n  4L4i?| UL?_|L?t ULhhitTL?_?} |L .deSEE(+ E(+  oc .E(+ +c c @?_ .E+c2   2. ?L*i o M| @*tL j  LhiLihc i? mom. f.  *i@h*)c |iti 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t ?L| L?*). c |i *@t| 4L4i?| UL?_|L? @*tL _iTi?_t L? >2 . `i? o ' c it|4@|L? ThLUii_t M) UL?_|L??} L? +c @?_ |i *@t| 4L4i?| UL?_|L? _t @TTi@ht @*|L}i|ih AihiuLhi |i *@t| 4L4i?| UL?_|L? t ?L| ?t|h4i?|@* uLh it|4@|?} o `i *Lti @?L|ih 4L4i?| UL?_|L? i? i*4?@|?} j 2   UL?| Lu 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t t}}it|t |@| |ihi t t|** L?i 4L4i?| UL?_|L? 4tt?} ? @?_ 5U4_| Ebb. LMtihi_ |@| UL@h@?Ui t|@|L?@h|) Lu i+c| j @*tL 4T*it |@| .E+c2  n +c2 {0c *E  o 2   E+c  o+c2 E+c2  o+c *E  o2  ' f. ED . L|Ui |@| |i *@t| 4L4i?| UL?_|L? t ?L?*?i@h ? o @?_ |ihiuLhi }it hti |L @ ?L? *?i@h B it|4@|Lh kh?}ih E2fff tLt |@| |ihi i t|t @ *?i@h B it|4@|Lh uLh o |@| i T*L|t @** |i ?uLh4@|L? ? |i tiUL?_ 4L4i?|t At w?i@h B it|4@|Lh UL4M?it Eebc EDc 2b Wkh. uhvxowv rq JPP hvwlpdwruv jlyhq ehorz vwloo krog xqghu %  +3> 2 LA 3 , +lqghs= glvw=,>. H+  % , @ 3 > H+|c % , @ 3 dqg fryduldqfh vwdwlrqdulw| ri i|c| j/ dv orqj dv wkh prphqw frqglwlrqv gr qrw lqyroyh 2 = f Fryduldqfh vwdwlrqdulw| dovr lpsolhv uhvwulfwlrqv rq wkh uvw prphqwv= H+| , @ 3> w @ 5> ===> W= c| Xqghu qrupdolw| wkh prvw hflhqw hvwlpdwru iru u lq wkh vwdwlrqdu| prgho h{sorlwv wkh prphqw frqglwlrqv mxvw phqwlrqhg dqg doo wkh prphqw frqglwlrqv wkdw duh h{sorlwhg e| wkh Olqhdu JPP hvwlpdwru wkdw lv ghqhg ehorz1 Zh fdoo wklv prvw hflhqw hvwlpdwru wkh Rswlpdo Ehvw Olqhdu JPP +REOJPP, hvwlpdwru1. 2b.

(33) ED2c @?_ |i *?i@h 4L4i?| UL?_|L? .EEo  E{+c2 2  2{+c2 {+c  ' f. EDe. ?t|i@_ Lu ED  W? tiU|L? 2 | @t LMtihi_ |@| |i w, _Lit ?L| @||@? |i h@4‚ih+@L *LihML?_ i? A t €?|i 5?Ui |i w, L?*) i T*L|t ?uLh4@|L? |@| t UL?|@?i_ ? |i tiUL?_ 4L4i?|t Lu |i _@|@c |i T|4@* w?i@h B it|4@|Lh t @| *i@t| @t iUi?| @t |i w, W| |h?t L| |@| ?_ih ?Lh4@*|) |i T|4@* w?i@h B it|4@|Lh t t|hU|*) 4Lhi iUi?| |@? |i w, i? A t €?|i `i @i |i uL**L?} hit*|G AiLhi4 b N?_ih ?Lh4@*|) |i T|4@* w?i@h B it|4@|Lh uLh o t 4Lhi iUi?| |@? |i T|4@* B it|4@|Lh M@ti_ L? .EeSE~   eSElEoc j2  ' f i? mom. . @?_ A '  iNNu 5ii @TTi?_  W| t tL? |@| ?_ih |i @tt4T|L? Lu ?Lh4@*|) |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L? .E+c {0c  ' f t ?L| hi_?_@?| hi*@|i |L .EeSE~   eSElEoc j2  ' f i? mom. . @?_ A '  Ai ThLTih|) Lu hi_?_@?U) t _i€?i_ M) hitU i| @* Ebbb W? kh?}ih EbbHMc 2fff i UL?t_ih |i U@ti o '  MLi i @i ?L|i_ |@| ?_ih ?L??Lh4@*|) |i #, t }i?ih@**) 4Lhi iUi?| |@? |i w, `i UL?U*_i |@| |i T|4@* w?i@h B it|4@|Lh t }i?ih@**) 4Lhi iUi?| |@? |i w, 5L4i Lu |i hit*|t |@| i LM|@?i_ @MLi U@? Mi }i?ih@*3i_  u**) iUi?| B   it|4@|Lh uLh o @?_ j2 ? |i t|@|L?@h) +6,ETc^ 4L_i* Ei | o 7   t M@ti_ L? |i uL**L?} fDA EA n   2 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t .deSEE(+ E(+  o  j 2 eSE(T Eo(   ' f. EDD. .E(+ +c   j2 (T Eoe ' f .E(+  ' f ihi e ' d f f    fo  6Lh |i +6,E 4L_i* | t i@t*) ih€i_ |@| .E+c {+c|  ' |32. 2.  o onj i? mom.  @?_ .E+c {+c| m+c|f  ' f i? o '  At 4T*it |@| .E(+ +c  t f.

(34) *iu|_tUL?|?Lt @| o ' . .  AihiuLhi .E(+ +c   j 2 (T e ' f @t tU U@??L| Mi ti_. uLh |i it|4@|L? Lu |i ?U*ti +6,E 4L_i* ,t|4@|L? Lu |i ?U*ti +6,E 4L_i* t t|_i_ ? kh?}ih E2fff Ai B it|4@|L? 4i|L_ @t t|** @?L|ih @_@?|@}i hi*@|i |L |i w @TThL@U iU@ti |i B @TThL@U U@? i T*L| ?uLh4@|L? ? *ii*t @t i**c | U@? Mi ti_ |L it|4@|i 4Lhi UL4T*U@|i_ 4L_i*t 6Lh ?t|@?Uic i? A '. c |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t. .EeSE~ eSElEoc j2  ' f L?*) Tih4| _i?|€U@|L? Lu |i T@h@4i|iht Lu @? +6,E 4L_i* u|ih @__?} .E0c {+c  ' fc |i T@h@4i|iht Lu @? +6,E2 4L_i* U@? Mi _i?|€i_. e. ,Ui?U). N?_ih |i @tt4T|L? Lu UhLtttiU|L?@* L4Lt!i_@t|U|) | U@? Mi tL? @*L?} |i *?it Lu ? @?_ 5U4_| EbbD EUu ii)c bbf |@| |i wB it|4@|Lh uLh o @||@?t |i ti4T@h@4i|hU iUi?U) ML?_ 7 Eoc A  Lu @ t|@|L?@h) 4L_i* |@| t U@h@U|ih3i_ M) Eebc EDc ED2 @?_ EDe E@?_ mom.  Aiti 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t i @t| |i ti| Lu tiUL?_. 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t |@| @hi 4T*i_ M) |i @tt4T|L? Lu UL@h@?Ui t|@|L?@h|) Lc uLh €?|i A c 7 Eoc A  t t|hU|*) *@h}ih |@? |i h@4‚ih+@L ML?_ -Eoc A c MiU@ti |i *@||ih _Lit ?L| _iTi?_ L? |i > <t `i @i |ihiuLhi |i uL**L?} h@?!?} i? mom. . @?_ A t €?|i @oEe ou   @oEe o(.  : @oEe ouC  ' 7 Eoc A  : -Eoc A  OLiihc | ?Lh4@**) _t|hM|i_ ihhLht |i w, @||@?t |i h@4‚ih+@L *LihML?_ ou  ' *4A <" @oEe o(.  i? A $ 4 W| uL**Lt |@| ?_ih ?Lh4@*|) *4A <" @oEe ouC  ' *4A <" -Eoc A  '   o 2  At 4T*it |@| ?_ih ?Lh4@* ' *4A <" @oEe |) i? A $ 4 tL4i Lu |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t i T*L|i_ M) |i T|4@* w?i@h B it|4@|Lh MiUL4i hi_?_@?| ? |i ti?ti Lu hitU i| @* Ebbb hi*@|i |L |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t i T*L|i_ M) |i #,c EeHc |@| tc |i) @hi @t)4T|L|U@**) hi_?_@?| hi*@|i  Lw. fdq eh vkrzq wkdw H+G| |c , lv ohiw0glvfrqwlqxrxv dw u7 @ 4 iru pruh jhqhudo lqfoxvlyh. DUPDIH+s/t, prghov dv zhoo1. .

(35) |L EeH. 2.  `i ** ?L }i @ }i?ih@* uLh4@* _i€?|L? Lu @t)4T|L|U hi_?_@?U). . wi| @ 4L_i* Mi }i? M) .E}cA Ew ' fc  ' c c c ihi }cA Ew ' E} ccA Ew. #i€?|L?. }2 ccA Ew @?_ _4E}cA Ew _iTi?_t L? A c @?_ *i| B,E}RccA  Mi |i T|4@* B it| 4@|Lh |@| i T*L|t .E}RccA Ew ' f Ai? .E}2ccA Ew ' f t @t)4T|L|U@**) hi_?_@?| hi*@ |i |L .E}ccA Ew ' f g *4A <" @hEB,E}cccA  ' *4A <" @hEB,E}cA c ihi @hEB,E}RccA  t |i *@h}i  @t)4T|L|U @h@?Ui Lu B,E}RccA  t)4T|L|U hi_?_@?U) U@? L?*) LUUh ? 4*|_4i?tL?@* 4L_i*tc i} T@?i* _@|@ 4L_i*t wi| t €?@**) Thiti?| @ ?iUitt@h) @?_ tUi?| UL?_|L? uLh @t)4T|L|U hi_?_@?U) Y} c ` ' .E}}  c 6Lh |@| ThTLti i ?|hL_Ui tL4i @__|L?@* ?L|@|L? wi| C ' .E Yw 3 Y c @?_ 7 ' .E  L|Ui |@| 7 ' f } c  ' E} 2  c M ' .E Yw 2 ' }2  `2 ` 2 . . Ai? i U@? t|@|i |i uL**L?} hit*|G AiLhi4 f .E}2 Ew ' f t @t)4T|L|U@**) hi_?_@?| hi*@|i |L .E} Ew ' f u @?_ L?*) dM 7  M2 o u *4A <" C2`22  C && ' f uLh @** & 5 ic c _4E}2 j @?_ uLh @? @hM|h@h) , 5 ic c _4E} j d    o,, . . 3. 3. iNNu Ah@*. 2 Lq. idfw xqghu qrupdolw| doo prphqw frqglwlrqv wkdw glhu iurp wkh prphqw frqglwlrqv wkdw duh. h{sorlwhg e| wkh RPGH duh dv|pswrwlfdoo| uhgxqgdqw uhodwlyh wr wkh odwwhu zkhq Q> W $ 41 Euhxvfk hw do1 +4<<<, gr qrw frqvlghu dv|pswrwlf uhgxqgdqf|1. 2.

(36) D. L?U*tL?t. W? |t T@Tih i @i t|_i_ @ 44 w!i*LL_ it|4@|Lht uLh |L |)Tit Lu _)?@4U T@?i* _@|@ 4L_i*t | € i_ igiU|tG @ UL?_|L?@* +6,E 4L_i* @?_ ?U*ti +6, 4L_i*t EU ?U*_it ML| |i t|@|L?@h) 4L_i*t @?_ |i ?| hLL| 4L_i* `i @i @*tL UL4T@hi_ |i UL?tt|i?| w|)Ti it|4@|Lht uLh |iti 4L_i*t | Bi?ih@*3i_ i|L_ Lu L4i?|t it|4@|Lht `i @i ThLi? |@| |i L?_|L?@* w it|4@|Lht uLh |i ?U*ti +6, 4L_i*t @hi UL?tt|i?| @?_ ?_ih ?Lh4@*|) @t)4T|L|U@**) i^@*i?| |L |i T|4@* B it|4@|Lh |@| i T*L|t |i hit|hU|L?t L? |i tiUL?_ 4L4i?|t Lu |i _gihi?Ui_ _@|@ E|i #, W? |t UL??iU|L? i @i tL? |@| |i UL?_|L?@* *!i*LL_ u?U|L?t uLh |i ?U*ti +6, 4L_i*t @hi _gihi?|@M*i @| |i ?| hLL| `i @i @*tL t}}it|i_ w M@ti_ ?| hLL| |it|t 6Lh |i UL?_|L?@* +6,E 4L_i* |i w @TThL@U |@| L?*) UL?_|L?t L? tUi?| t|@|t|Ut uLh |i ?__@* 4i@? T@h@4i|iht *i@_t |L @? ?UL?tt|i?| it|4@|Lh 6Lh ML| |i |i UL?_|L?@* +6,E 4L_i* @?_ |i t|@|L?@h) +6,E 4L_i* i @i tL? |@| |i 4Lt| iUi?| B it|4@|Lht |@| L?*) i T*L| hit|hU|L?t L? |i tiUL?_ 4L4i?|t Lu |i _@|@ @hi @t)4T|L|U@**) }i?ih@**) 4Lhi iUi?| |@? |i w, Lu w@?U@t|ih Ebb.@cM @?_ |i w,c hitTiU|i*)c i? |i |4i_4i?tL? Lu |i T@?i* t € i_ W? T@h|U*@hc i @i it|@M*ti_ |@| |i T|4@* w?i@h B it|4@|Lh Lu kh?}ih E2fff uLh |i ?U*ti 4L_i* t @t)4T|L|U@**) 4Lhi iUi?| |@? |i #, Lu @4Mih*@? EbH2c bHe OLiihc ?_ih ?Lh4@*|) @?_ i? |i @|Lhi}hitti T@h@4i|ih t *itt |@? L?i @** |iti it|4@|Lht @||@? |i h@4‚ih+@L *LihML?_ i? ?L| L?*) |i UhLtttiU|L?@* _4i?tL? M| @*tL |i |4i _4i?tL? |i?_t |L ?€?|) At 4T*it |@| tL4i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?tc i |Lti ?L*?} *ii*t @?_ |i 4L4i?| UL?_|L?t |@| @hi hi*@|i_ |L |i ?|@* UL?_|L?tc @hi @t)4T|L|U@**) hi_?_@?|.

(37) . t+6V|N|W ViNVji|jt Nu w .t|6B|Nit uNi AW,tj -8.GVe` 6Naj,t. V@? _ih wii Ebbe t i?UiuLh| @MMhi@|i_ @t V_w `i _t|?}t |i uL**L?} T@h@4i|ih tT@Uit uLh w ' Eo  j 2  G |i T@h@4i|ih tT@Ui 7 ULhhitTL?_?} |L |i ?U*ti 4L_i*c X ' Xo  Efc 4( |i ti| XLo ' iom o 5 Xo c o ' j(. 7 7 |i ti| XL-~ ' iom o 5 XLj( |i o o c oRn ' fc    c o^ ' fj( |i ti| Xo ' iom o 5 Xo c o UL4T@U| T@h@4i|ih tT@Ui X ' Xo  dB2 c B2 oc ihi B2 : f t @ t4@** ?4Mihc @?_ U t. tU |@| X  X @?_ XL-~  Xo ( @?_ |i i |i?_i_ T@h@4i|ih tT@Ui XB ' XBo  Efc 4c o ihi XBo t @? LTi? ti| @?_ Xo  XBo   4Lhi ThiUti _i€?|L? Lu XBo ** Mi }i? Mi*L. V_w @t tL? |@| @? +ETc^ 4@|h T U@? Mi u@U|Lh3i_ @t T ' g` 3 g  c ihi g t *?i@h ? |i  T@h@4i|ihtc @?_ ` UL?tt|t Lu tiUL?_ Lh_ih TL*)?L4@*t Lu |i + T@h@4i|iht ` 3 t @? +ET UL@h@?Ui 4@|h  Ai 4@|h ` 4@) Mi t?}*@h uLh T@h|U*@h @*it Lu |i iU|Lh Lu + T@h@4i|iht iih|i*ittc i ThittL?t ?L*?} ` 3 c i} (` 3 ( c 4@) t|** i t| uLh tU @*it Lu |i iU|Lh Lu + T@h@4i|iht `i U@? u@U|Lh3i |i @|Lhi}hitti *@}TL*)?L4@* Eu @t. TR. &' E@& uc. ihi *L}. m@ m  c m@ m. c  ' 2c c R Ai ?| hLL| U@ti o7 '  ULhhitTL?_t |L @ '  @?_. t|@|L?@h|) o 7.  ULhhitTL?_t |L @. . wi| @ ' E@ @2    @R  c X@ ' i@m m@ m  c m@ m m@ m. c  ' 2c c Rj @?_ *i| XL@ ' i@m m@ m ' c. c  ' 2c c Rj   `i ** €ht| tL |@| .E(+ + (  t *iu| UL?|?Lt uLh iih) o 5 XLo c i .E(+ + ( . t UL?|?Lt Mi|ii? |i t|@|L?@h) U@tit @?_ |i ?| hLL| U@tit @?_ |ihiuLhi i U@? ti  |i uLh4*@ (T ( uLh iih) o 5 XLo @t i** wi| -Eo ' (T ( |i? i U@? t|@|i |i. uL**L?} wi44@  6Lh @?) Rc ^c A. o?  ' -Eo uLh iih) o 5 XL@?_ uLh iih) 4c *4 -E o ?<". ti^i?Ui i o? j" o? ' oc @?_ o? 5 Xo c ;?   ?' | ?*4 <" iNNu. `i ** €ht| ThLi |i *i44@ uLh - ' (` 3 ( c ihi ` 3 t @? @hM|h@h) +ET UL@h@?Ui 4@|h  5L ?|@**) i ** @tt4i |@| Eu ' U e.

(38) Mtihi |@| i @**L uLh @?) ti^i?Ui i o? j ? Xo |@| UL?ih}it |L o 5 XLo  ,^. @*i?|*)c i U@? UL?t_ih @?) ti^i?Ui i@? j ? X@ |@| UL?ih}it |L @ 5 XL@ c t?Ui M) SR T R _i€?|L? ;o 5 Xo c < @ 5 X@ tU |@|   &' o& u& ' &' E  @& uc @?_ t?Ui ;@ 5 X@ c S T <- o 5 Xo tU |@|   R&' o& u& ' R&' E  @& u 7 3 Eu0c|  Ai? i U@? 7 `i _iUL4TLti Eu @t EuE  @ u wi|<t _i€?i /c| ' Eu h|i EuE+c|  >  ' Eu0c| @t E  @ uE+c|  >  ' /c| c @?_ S S" 6 S" 6/ 6 {+c| ' " @  @ / ' c| 3 6 c| 33 6   6'f r'f 6'f @ E@  /c|336 n /c|  #i€?i uLh @hM|h@h) rc | @?_ m@ m   .Erc |c @   S" S" 6 .dE 6'f @6  E@  /cr336 n /cr E 6'f @ E@  /c|336 n /c| o `i @tt4i |@| |  r t €?|i @?_ *L} |@| r  | wi| t @*tL _i€?i S S" 6 6 .Erc |c @ c   .dE " 6'f @ E@  /cr336 E 6'f @ E@  /c|336 oc S 6 .Erc |c @ c 2  .dE " 6'f @ E@  /cr336 E/c| oc @?_ S 6 .Erc |c @ c   .dE/cr E " 6'f @ E@  /c|336 o Ai? .Erc |c @  ' .Erc |c @ c  n .Erc |c @ c 2 n .Erc |c @ c  n .E/cr /c|  `*L} i ** L?*) UL?t_ih ti^i?Uit i @? j ? U L?*) @ U@?}it `i ** tL |@| *4@  .Erc |c @ c . '. fc *4@  .Erc |c @ c 2. '. fc @?_. *4@  .Erc |c @ c  ' f ;rc |. S 6 6Lh |t ThTLtic i ** €ht| i @4?i .d " 6'f @ /c|36 /c| o S S" r r 2 5?Ui ic| j t @ t|@|L?@h) +ET ThLUittc .d " r'f @ /c| /c|3r o ' d r'f @ 4r o.E/c| c. 2 ihi 4r t |i r| @|LULhhi*@|L? 5|@|L?@h|) Lu i/c| j @*tL 4T*it |@| .E/c|  SR3 4 LhiLihc |i @|LULhhi*@|L?t 4r t@|tu) |i v*i`@*!ih i^@|L?tG 4r ' &' [& br& c S r ihi [& @?_ b& @hi UL?t|@?|t @?_ mb& m  NTL? tMt|||L?c i LM|@? " r'f @ 4r ' S" r SR3 SR3 S" r r SR3 [& r c & ' c 2c    c r'f @ &' [& b& ' &' [& r'f @ b& ' &' 3@ b& t?Ui m@ b& m. R  . S". r r'f @ /cr /c|3r o ;| S [& E3@  2 *4@  .E/c|  R&3 ' 3@ b&. wi| t _i€?i .E|c @   E  @ .d `i €?_ |@| *4@  .E|c @  '. ' f ;|. wi| t ?L UL?t_ih .Erc |c @ c  S S" 6 6 .Erc |c @ c  ' E@  2 .dE " 6'f @ /cr336 E 6'f @ /c|336 o S S" 6 6 Lc .dE " 6'f @ /cr36 E 6'f @ /c|36 o ' S r3 6 S |3r S" 6 6 2 .E |63'f @ /c|36 E " 6'f @ /cr36  n @ .E 6'f @ /cr36  c @?_ S S" S" S" 6n, 6 2 26 2 .E " 6'f @ /cr36  ' .d 6'f @ /cr36 n 2 6'f ,'6 @ /cr36 /cr3, o ' D.

(39) S" S" ,36 26 2 2 26 6'f @ /cr36 o n 2.d/cr o 6'f @ ,'6 @ 4c,36 ' S R 3 [ 2 2 o n 32@2 .d/cr o &' 3@&b&   3@2 .d/cr   S 6 2 AihiuLhi *4@ E@  2 @|3r .E " 6'f @ /cr36  ' f S|3r3 6 S" .E 6'f @ /c|36 E 6'f @6  /cr36  ' S|3&3r3 6 S|3r3 & rn&3| S" E 6'f @6 @ /c|3&36  .E &'f @ /c|3& @  /c|3&36  6'f .d. S". ) t|@|L?@h|) Lu i/c| j |ihi t @ UL?t|@?|  EU _Lit ?L| _iTi?_ L? @  tU |@| S S &3r3 6 m.E |&3'fr3 @& /c|3& @rn&3| |63'f @ /c|3&36 m  @?_ |ihiuLhi S S &3r3 6 | 3 r 3 r *4@  E@  2 .E &'f @& /c|3& @n&3| |63'f @ /c|3&36  ' f S|3r3 & rn&3| S" 6 .E &'f @ /c|3& @ 6'f @ /c|3&36  ' S S @r | S|3r3 2& 6 @r3| .E |&3'fr3 @2& /c|3& " 6'f @ /c|3&36  ' 3@ &'f @ .E|  &c @  3. 5?Ui *4@ .E|c @  ' f ;|c i €?_ |@| S S 6 *4@  E@  2 .E |&3'fr3 @& /c|3& @rn&3| " 6'f @ /c|3&36  ' f S r3 6 S 6 W| uL**Lt |@| *4@  E@  2 .E |63'f @ /c|36 E " 6'f @ /cr36  ' f Nt?} ThiLt hit*|tc i €?_ |@| *4@  .Erc |c @ c  ' f ;rc | `i ** ?L tL |@| *4@ .Erc |c @ c 2 ' f ;rc | S 6 6ht|c .Erc |c @ c 2 ' .dE " 6'f @ E@  /cr336 E/c| o ' S3 S 6 6 .dE " 6'r3|3 @ E@  /cr336 E/c| o  .dE 6'r3|3 @ E@  /cr336 E/c| o ' S 6 @r3|3 .E|c @   .dE 3 6'r3|3 @ E@  /cr336 E/c| o ' S 6 @r3|3 .E|c @   E@  .dE 3 6'r3|3 @ /cr336 E/c| o Ai t4 UL?tt|t Lu @ €?|i ?4Mih Lu |ih4t 5|@|L?@h|) Lu i/c| j 4T*it |@| S 6 *4@  E@ .d 3 6'r3|3 @ /cr336 /c| o ' f MLic | @t tL? |@| *4@  .E|c @  ' f ;| W| uL**Lt |@| *4@  .Erc |c @ c 2 ' f ;rc | w!itic i U@? tL |@| *4@  .Erc |c @ c  ' f ;rc | S 6 +iU@** |@| .Erc |c @ c  ' .dE/cr E " 6'f @ E@  /c|336 o Wu r ' |c |i? .Erc |c @ c  ' .Erc @  i |c @tt4i |@| r  |   S 6 W? |@| U@ti .dE/cr E " 6'f @ E@  /c|336 o ' S r32 6 @|3r3 .Erc @  n .dE |63'f @ E@  /c|336 E/cr o ' S r32 6 @|3r3 .Erc @  n E@  .dE |63'f @ /c|336 E/cr o S r32 6 `i U@? tL |@| *4@  E  @ .dE |63'f @ /c|336 E/cr o ' f t?} |@| |i t4 UL?tt|t Lu @ €?|i ?4Mih Lu |ih4t @?_ i/c| j t @ t|@|L?@h) ThLUitt *4@  .Erc @  ' f ;r `i UL?U*_i |@| *4@ .Erc |c @ c  ' f ;rc | S. W? @__|L?c.

References

Outline

Related documents

Evidently, result analysis proved that the two level security approaches solution able to provide overall protection for XML database centric Web services environment from outsider

Melinda Levin, president of the University Film and Video Association, an academic organization of more than 100 film schools including NYU and the University of Southern

The HCTLS is first study to integrate participant-reported activity log and passive GPS tracking with follow-up interviews to document the time-location patterns of a low

Nonetheless, there was some evidence that manipulated behavioral tone influences judgments in a manner similar to hostile sexist attitudes, especially in initial exposures to

palliative care education with nurses on the rate of inpatient palliative care consults. She found in that study that an educational intervention was effective for increasing

And finally, as in all business decisions, take every opportunity to reduce the risk – whether real or perceived - of moving to outsourced NOC and Service Desk: check out your

The Frommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying Scale was administered to assess students’ attitudes toward caring for dying patients at the completion of an associate nursing