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A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick

http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/3909

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a nemaitcandt heat irca lproduciton so fShakespeare’ s r a e L g n i

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o envrionmentailsmandexpe irencei nperformingShakespeare’ swork .s Mygoa l l a c i g o l o c e f o s l o o t e h t s e s il it u t a h t e c n a m r o f r e p g n i n i m a x e r o f y g e t a rt s l a c it ir c a p o l e v e d o t s i . m s i c it ir c o c e d n a s e i d u t s e c n a m r o f r e p f o s d l e if e h t s r e h tr u f d n a m s i c it ir c r c o c

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e trst okeephi sworkr elevantt oamodernaudience , c it e o p o c e y M .s n o it c u d o r p r i e h t n i s y a l p s ’ e r a e p s e k a h S f o s d lr o w e h t r e tl a d n a t p a d a y lt n e u q e r f , e c n e i d u a r i e h t e g a g n e s e c n a m r o f r e p e h t h c i h w n i s y a w e h t s l a e v e r s n o it c u d o r p e s e h t o t h c a o r p p a a g n i d i v o r

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i 5 I naway ,envrionmentails tc iritcism e h t o t d e t a l e r e r a s n r e c n o c s ’ m s il a t n e m n o ri v n e s a , m s i c it ir c o c e n a h t m r e t e t a r u c c a e r o m a e b y a m

s ’t r e k c e u R e ti p s e d , m s i c it ir c o c E .t c a r e t n i s n a m u h d n a t n e m n o ri v n e e h t y a w e h t d n a t n e m n o ri v n e

n a m u h e h t n o d e s u c o f s n i a m e r ,l a s o p o r p l a it i n

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i s y l a n a y r a r e ti l o t e c n e i c s l a c i g o l o c e

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n i d n e t e h t : s s e c o r p f o n u o n a s a w s e s

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s ’ r e n o m m o C y r r a B m o r f s e t o u q e h t s ri f e h T .s e ir o e h t l a c i g o l o c e o w t n o y lt n a n i m o d e r p g n i w a r d

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e h t y d u t s o t g n i s o p o r p , m s i c it ir c o c e r o f n o it a d n u o f s i h s a w a l s i h t d e s u t r e k c e u R

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2 Pete rBarry ,BeginningTheory :ani ntroducitont ol tieraryandcutluralt heory ,2ndediiton( Mancheste randNew e

r P y ti s r e v i n U r e t s e h c n a M : k r o

Y ss ,2002.) 3

2 GregGarrard ,Ecociritcism ,NewCiritcalI diomSeires( LondonandNewYork :Roultedge ,2004 .) 4

2 Cheryl lGloftetlyandHaroldFromm ,ed .s ,TheEcociritcismReader :Landmarksi nLtieraryEcology( Athen sand 1

, s s e r P a i g r o e G f o y ti s r e v i n U : n o d n o

L 996) ;Michae lP .Branch ,RochelleJ ohnson ,Danie lPatterson ,andScot t ,

.s d e , c i v o l

S Readingt heEa trh :NewDirecitonsi nt heStudyo fLtieratureandEnvironment( Moscow :Universtiyo f ,

.s d e , s ll e m m a S l i e N d n a e g d ir r e K d r a h c i R ; ) 8 9 9 1 , s s e r P o h a d

I W iritngt heEnvironment :ecoc iritcismandl tierature

, .s d e , n o t g n ir r a H y r n e H d n a e g d a m ll a T n h o J ;) 8 9 9 1 , s k o o B d e Z : k r o Y w e N d n a n o d n o L

( ReadingUndert heSigno f m

s i c it ir c o c E n i s y a s s E w e N : e r u t a

N ( Sal tLakeCtiy :Universtiyo fUtahPress ,2000) ;KalraArmbruste rand ,

.s d e , e c a ll a W . R n e e l h t a

K BeyondNatureW iritng :Expandingt heBounda ire so fEcociritcism(Chalrottesvilleand ,

. d e , m a h r a P n h o J ;) 1 0 0 2 , s s e r P a i n i g ri V f o y ti s r e v i n U : n o d n o

L TheEnvironmenta lTradiitoni nEngilshLtierature

, ) 2 0 0 2 , e t a g h s A : t o h s r e d l A

(15)

s ’ s p il li h P a n a D m i k s y l n o d e e n e n O . y d u t s l a it i n

i TheTrutho fEcology25t ounderstandt he l a it n e u lf n i d n a y lr a e n a f o r o ti d e , y tl e ft o l G l l y r e h C t a h w y b d e t a e r c s m e l b o r p d a e r p s e d i w

i h ti w ” n o it a c it s i h p o s f o s l e v e l e t a r a p s i d “ e h t s ll a c , y g o l o h t n a l a c it ir c o c

e necoc iritcism.26 Wha t

l l e u B e c n e r w a L t a h w y b d e p o l e v e d m s i c it ir c o c e f o s n o it i n if e d e h t f o e m o s f o y e v r u s a s i s w o ll o f

d n o c e s “ e h t s ll a

c -wave”o r“revisionist”groupo fecoc iritcs( .ie.t hosew iritngs incet he )

s 0 9 9 1 y lr a e e h t n i d l e if e h t f o e c n a s s i a n e

r 27inordert odevelopabette runderstandingo fwha t ”

m s i c it ir c o c e

canmean.

e h t s k c a l “ t i ,l l e u B o t g n i d r o c c a , t a h t s i m s i c it ir c o c e g n i n if e d h ti w s m e l b o r p e h t f o e n O

m g i d a r a p f o d n i

k -de ifnings tatementt ha,tf o rexample ,EdwardSaid’ sOrientailsm( 1978 ) suppiled”f o rcolonia/lpostcolonials tudie ,sl eadingBuellt oconclude ,“More ilke( say)f eminism

m o r f y ti l a t n e m n o ri v n e o t t n e m ti m m o c a d n u o r a f l e s ti s r e h t a g m s i c it ir c o c e , t c e p s e r s i h t n i

” .t n i o p e g a t n a v l a c it ir c r e v e t a h

w 28 Thel acko fa“paradigm-de ifning”momenti necoc iritcismi s g n i d r a g e r ) e v o b a d e t o u q ( t n e m m o c s ’ h c n a r B . P l e a h c i M , ll a r e tf A .t r o f f e f o k c a l a o t g n i w o t o n

d n a y r o e h T l a c it ir c o c E g n i n if e D “ d e lt it e c n e r e f n o c a m o r f s i m s i c it ir c o c e f o y c n a m r o d e h t

h t n i y g o l o h t n a y r e v e y lr a e n d n a ” , e c it c a r

P e ifeldbegin swtihani nrtoducitonetihe rattempitngt o n I . s e l p i c n ir p l a c i g o l o d o h t e m f o n o it i n if e d d i g ir a r o f d e e n e h t g n it c e j e r r o m s i c it ir c o c e e n if e d

, y tl e ft o l G l y r e h C . e u q i n u t o n s i m s i c it ir c t s i n i m e f h ti w m s i c it ir c o c e f o n o s ir a p m o c s ’l l e u B , t c a f

inheri nrtoducitont oTheEcocri itcismReader ,makest hes ameargumen :t n

e h t t a h

W isecocir itcism? Simplyput ,ecoc iritcismi st hes tudyoft her elaitonship s e n i m a x e m s i c it ir c t s i n i m e f s a t s u J . t n e m n o ri v n e l a c i s y h p e h t d n a e r u t a r e ti l n e e w t e b

d n a e g a u g n a

l l tieraturef romagender-consciou sperspecitve ,andMarxis tc iritcismb irng s

5

2 DanaPhliilps ,TheTrutho fEcology :Nature ,Cutlure ,andLtieraturei nAmeirca( OxfordandNewYork :Oxford .)

3 0 0 2 , s s e r P y ti s r e v i n U

6

2 Cheryl lGloftetly ,Inrtoduciton :LtieraryStudiesi nanAgeo fEnvrionmenta lCirsi ,sTheEcociritcismReader :

y g o l o c E y r a r e ti L n i s k r a m d n a

L ,eds .Cheryl lGloftetlyandHaroldFromm( Athen sandLondon :Universtiyo f .

x i x ) 6 9 9 1 , s s e r P a i g r o e G

7

2 LawrenceBuell ,TheFutureo fEnvironmenta lC iritcism :Environmenta lCir is sandLtieraryI maginaiton( Oxford : c

a l

B kwell ,2005 )30. 8

(16)

, s t x e t f o g n i d a e r s ti o t s s a l c c i m o n o c e d n a n o it c u d o r p f o s e d o m f o s s e n e r a w a n a

h tr a e n a s e k a t m s i c it ir c o c

e -centeredapproacht ol tierarys tudie .s29 o

t n o it c u d o rt n i ri e h t n

I ReadingUndert heSigno fNature ,TallmadgeandHarirngtonecho :

s d r o w s ’ y tl e ft o l G

” e r u t a n f o n g i s e h t r e d n u “ g n i d a e

R –t hati s ,wtihr egardt ot henatura lwo lrdand ti s s

n r e c n o

c –canen irchou runderstandingofl tierarywork sandt herii mpo trancef o r e

r u tl u

c andhumanecology. Likef eminism ,ecoc iritcismi sr eallyl es samethodt hanan .

e u q it ir c f o e d o m a d n a , n o i s i v f o e l g n a n a , e d u ti tt

a 30

e c if f u S . y g o l o d o h t e m a t u o h ti w ” e u q it ir c f o e d o m “ a f o y ti li b i s s o p e h t n o it s e u q y a m e n O

c o c e t s i n o i s i v e r e s e h t , y a s o

t ir itcsr emaincaugh tupi nt hei ssue so fmethodologyt ha t Iifnds o t a h t y l p m i d e ti c e v a h I s n o it i n if e d e h T .r e k e e M d n a t r e k c e u R e k il s c it ir c o c e y lr a e n i c it a m e l b o r p

y ll a c it il o p a e b o t m s i c it ir c o c e r o f e l b a t p e c c a s i

ti -inspriedatttiudet owardl tieraturet ha tvalue s e

r o m s ti d n a t e n a l p e h

t - ntha -humani nhabtiantsr athert hana rtuec iritca ldiscipilne. A tfe rall ,a s o t n o it a l e r l a c it c e l a i d n i e b s y a w l a l li w e r u t a n f o n o it o n l a n o s r e p A “ , t u o s t n i o p d r o f fi G y r r e T

” . e r u t a n f o s n o it o n d e t c u rt s n o c y ll a i c o

s 31 Simlia lry,i nac iritcals ense ,apersonalr esponset o e c n e u lf n i h c i h w s n o it c u rt s n o c , l a r u tl u c y lt s o m , s u o ir a v h ti w e u g o l a i d n i e b s y a w l a l li w e r u t a r e ti l

h c u m , tr a f o k r o w a o t d n o p s e r y ll a n o s r e p s y a w l a l li w e w , s d r o w r e h t o n I . e r u t a r e ti l f o s a e d i r u o

w s

a er espondt ot henatura lwo lrdi ndividually. Howeve ,rt heser esponse sarealwaysi n lfuenced d r a w o t s e d u ti tt a l a r u tl u c g n i d n u o r r u s e h t d n a e s n o p s e r l a n o s r e p e h T .s n o it c u rt s n o c l a r u tl u c y b

e h t o h c a e h ti w e u g o l a i d n i s y a w l a e r a t r a f o k r o w a d n a e r u t a n h t o

b r ,andaccordingt ot hese

. m s i c it ir c o c e f o l a o g e h t s i t a h t e u g o l a i d t a h t f o n o i s s e r p x e e h t s i ti , m s i c it ir c o c e f o s n o it i n if e d

e n o e h t n o ) e r u tl u c ( tr a : e n o t o c e n a n i t e e m ” s e i g o l o c e “ o w t e r e h w , s d n a lr e d r o b e h t e r a e s e h T

n o ) e r u t a n ( t n e m n o ri v n e d n a , d n a

h theother ,buti nexorably itedt ogethe randr eilan tuponone

9

2 Gloftetlyxvi.i 0

3 J ohnTallmadgeandHenryHarirngton ,Inrtoduciton,ReadingUndert heSigno fNature :NewEssaysi n

m s i c it ir c o c

E ,ed .sJ ohnTallmadgeandHenryHarirngton( Sal tLakeCtiy :Universtiyo fUtahPress ,2000)i x. 1

3 TerryGfiford ,TheSocia lConsrtucitono fNature,ISLE:I nterdiscipilnaryStudiesi nLtieratureand

t n e m n o r i v n

References

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