How to Plan, Design & Implement
A Bad Schedule
Lessons Learned: The Scheduler as Generalist
North Florida Section Meeting
Canaveral Council of Technical SocietiesCocoa Beach, FL
20 March 2014
John Orr, PSP
URS Corporation
Author Biography: John P. Orr, PSP
• Degrees / Certifications: – BS Chemical Engineering – BA Biology – PSP, Planning & Scheduling Professional, AACE International • University:– Bucknell University “Ray, Bucknell …”
• Years of Experience: – 29+ years, beginning in the golden days of yore, when scheduling was still performed with IBM punch cards. Worked for James J. O’Brien, O’Brien‐Kreitzberg & Associates • Professional Field & Affiliations – Construction Management, including scheduling, cost control, value engineering, project administration and claims analysis. – North Florida Section President, AACE International. Technical Board member. • Something you do not know about me:
INTRODUCTION:
INTRODUCTION ‐ Purposes for the Schedule
In the Beginning, there was the CPM Network …
… and afterwards came the CPM Cost Estimate,
which did not appear until Chapter 14, page 163.
©McGraw‐Hill, 1971
Primary Purpose: Planning Tool
• To plan and schedule the project work sequence, • To support project management during the construction phase, • To provide a “road map” for and projections of Project Completion.The focus is on the time element.
INTRODUCTION ‐ Purposes for the Schedule
Enhancements to the Planning Tool:
• Long‐lead Procurement activities to schedule delivery dates • Major equipment resources (cranes, hoists) scheduled based on the construction activities they support • Work Breakdown by subcontract to allow the efficient staging of subcontractors as work areas become available • Cost loading the contract value and projecting (planned) expenditures over time • Resource loading of manpower, equipment, trades and persons to report (and level) resource curves and peaks • Record‐keeping/Project Documentation for actual dates, log records, and costs over time • Productivity calculations developed from resources over timeINTRODUCTION ‐ Purposes for the Schedule
Additional Competing Purposes
To Measure and Manage:
Time Coordination Cost Work Organization Earned Value Forecasting Resources Financial Planning Risk Record‐Keeping Information/Communication Dispute Resolution•
Each individual purpose is well‐intended
•
Each technique or methodology places new
requirements on the Schedule database
•
Stakeholders provide different input and usually
expect different output and results
INTRODUCTION ‐ Purposes for the Schedule
The Key Role of the Scheduler:
To Facilitate Collaboration between the Stakeholders!
Project Managers Superintendents Cost / Budget Analysts Timekeepers Earned Value Specialists Financial Planners Risk Analysts VP for Equipment Designers Material Suppliers Subcontractors Cost Estimators Claims / Dispute Resolution Specialists Resources / Productivity Evaluation / Future EstimatingTakeaway: The most common thread of failed
projects and slipped schedules is inadequate
collaborative planning
SCHEDULE DEVELOPMENT:
P
ART
I ‐ T
HE
P
LANNING
P
ROCESS
or:
All Prior Planning Should Be
Done in Advance
SCHEDULE DEVELOPMENT: Planning
• What Can Go Wrong During the Planning Process?
– Stakeholder interests vary: • Some Use Schedules To Plan • Some Use Schedules To Control • Some Use Schedules To Monitor • Some Use Schedules To Generate Progress Payments • Some Use Schedules To Prepare Delay Claims (Is the schedule badly flawed or deliberately deceptive … you decide!) • Some Use Schedules To Defend Against Claims One Schedule Cannot Achieve All Ends With Equal Effectiveness! Some Stakeholder Goals and Interests Will Compete or Conflict!The Scheduler Must Control Schedule Development
– Anything that detracts from the primary purpose, a tool to measure time, is going to distort the time aspects and invalidate the completion projectionsSCHEDULE DEVELOPMENT: Planning
• The Cost Estimate/WBS and the Planning Process
The WBS Approach to Planning can be detrimental – The Cost Estimate and WBS presuppose that every work item is a deliverable • The Coordination of work items is the key effort in planning • The Schedule is the tool that models how the elements go together A Focus on Cost Management can be detrimental – Budget, work authorizations, tracking logs, delivery tickets/receiving reports, inventory cost coding, schedule of values, earned value management, accounting system and timekeeping input/output strain the schedule• The Primary Interest of the Scheduler should be in the
Project achieving its Time Objectives
– Are you a Planner? – Are you a Scheduler? – Are you a Project Controls Professional?SCHEDULE DEVELOPMENT: Planning
• A Bad Schedule Development Scenario:
Your business card says that are a Scheduler, 28 years old with a Master’s degree in Construction Management – You are given the Cost Estimate (the winning cost estimate) and the WBS • Transfer the estimate and WBS into the scheduling software; • Create new activities floor‐by‐floor, or zone‐by‐zone and distribute the hours from the cost estimate and add logic relationships; • Establish original durations using default crew sizes (or a template from a prior project). Run the first schedule calculation pass, then use the software’s resource leveling functions to adjust the crew sizes until you get a smooth resource usage curve that completes within the contract performance period. • Add in the front end mobilization activities (a fragnet from a previous project); • Add in the back end commissioning and closeout activities; • Add procurement of long lead items and link to the initial installation activities • Add constraints to make the bars appear where they belong What is wrong with this scenario? The bar chart looks great!SCHEDULE DEVELOPMENT: Planning
• What are we missing?
Workflow! Means and Methods! What schedulers should do best! – We spent very little time on the core execution schedule elements (scope, duration, relationship) – We have not focused on the transition points from one trade to anotherDisturbing Observations:
1. The majority of large commercial and industrial projects finish between 5‐10% longer than their planned project length. 2. A study of large infrastructure projects showed an average of 17% time overruns. (Carson/Palmer Construction CPM Conference Session THU16)3. Upwards of 90% of all actual durations are within +/– 5% of the original durations.
SCHEDULE DEVELOPMENT:
P
ART
B ‐ T
HE
P
LANNING
P
ROCESS
or:
SCHEDULE DEVELOPMENT:
M
IND THEG
AP!
• Where do projects lose time?
– Process of elimination; if the activity durations are not the culprit … – What is the nature of the transition points (relationships) from one activity to another?Two activities: The Predecessor activity has a 20
day duration, and subcontractor wants it at least
25% complete before he starts his follow‐on:
Relationship link: SS/+5
There is no clear scope associated with this relationship or
the duration of the lag factor.
There is no reasonableness test we can use to check.
SCHEDULE DEVELOPMENT:
M
IND THEG
AP!
A Start‐to‐Start/+5 link from Activity A to Activity B:
Activity B cannot start until some amount of productive
work has been performed on Activity A.
This is the Productive Time Gap
Activity A [Wash Dishes] may have administrative predecessors: Access to dirty dishes Scrub pad Dish rack to drain dishes Dish soap Someone to wash the dishes Water Activity B [Dry Dishes] may have administrative predecessors: Access to wet dishes Someone to dry the dishes Dishtowel Somewhere to put clean dishesThis is the basis of the Administrative Time Gap
SCHEDULE DEVELOPMENT:
M
IND THEG
AP!
Failure to perform any of the administrative actions can
easily preclude or delay either activity from starting or
continuing to completion
The Administrative Time Gap in Construction
Construction activity administrative predecessors: – People to perform the work of the activity – Tools, equipment and materials – A place for the work to occur – Vital informationExample Administrative Time Gap / Delay
Activity A – Erect Hollow Metal Studs Activity B – Hang DrywallSCHEDULE DEVELOPMENT:
M
IND THEG
AP!
• What does this mean to a scheduler?
The daily work of the Project Manager and the Superintendents is often quite independent of the project schedule. They are frequently focusing on Administrative Gap type items.The daily priorities of the project management team do
not appear to correlate to the priorities reflected in the
schedule (indicated by the total float values).
• What value can the scheduler add?
Carson/Palmer Worst Scheduling Practice #9 –
Inconsistent Level of Detail Between the Trades
Orr Addendum: Evaluate the handoffs between the Trades
Bad Scheduling Practices
or:
What We Learned
at the
Bad Scheduling Practices: Dick Faris’ Eight Steps Backwards
Slipping Backwards – The Devolution of Scheduling:
1. Drag and Drop Gantt Charts; 2. Misuse of Constraints; 3. Lack of Logic Relationships; 4. Start‐to‐Start Ladders; 5. Bad Durations; 6. Improper Use of Lags (and no, he doesn’t know what SF is used for); 7. Lack of Training;… And the worst problem?
8. L
ACK OF OWNERSHIP BY THE PROJECT PARTICIPANTS
Bad Scheduling Practices: Chris Carson/Glen Palmer
The Ten Worst Scheduling Practices Used Today:
10. Incomplete Scope & Logic – High Float Value activities 9. Inconsistent Level of Detail Between Trades 8. Misuse of Lag Factors 7. Failure to Update Periodically w/in Small Windows 6. Failure to Perform Time Impact Analysis of Delays 5. Lack of Schedule Risk Management 4. Poor Critical Path Analysis / Management 3. Lack of Resource Planning 2. Adjustments to Logic & Durations to Stay on Schedule 1. Failure to Perform Constructability ReviewsBad Scheduling Practices: Chris Carson/Glen Palmer
The Worst Schedule Development Failures:
10. Incomplete Scope & Logic – High Float Value activities 9. Inconsistent Level of Detail Between Trades 8. Misuse of Lag Factors 7. Failure to Update Periodically w/in Small Windows 6. Failure to Perform Time Impact Analysis of Delays 5. Lack of Schedule Risk Management 4. Poor Critical Path Analysis / Management 3. Lack of Resource Planning 2. Adjustments to Logic & Durations to Stay on Schedule 1. Failure to Perform Constructability ReviewsCONCLUSIONS
FOR
S
CHEDULE
D
EVELOPMENT
OR
:
W
HAT
D
OES THE
Y
OUNG
S
CHEDULER
T
AKE
H
OME FROM THE
C
ONSTRUCTION
CPM C
ONFERENCE
?
Conclusions and Guidance for Schedule Development
• But First, a Warning: The Fallacy of Greater Detail
– The law of diminishing returns – One day duration activities are not good scheduling practice• The Best Advice to a young Lieutenant
– Connect with your Sergeants (and Chiefs) – Goal: Prepare schedules that the Superintendents will use – Plan the Work, Work the Plan, Monitor and Revise the Plan – If the PM and Superintendent aren’t using it, Fix it!• The Schedule is a Model of a Plan
– Make sure you understand the plan• Don’t blame government specifications
– Make sure the schedule is the working scheduleConclusions and Guidance for Schedule Development
• Fight for Prior Planning, Done in Advance
– Constructability Reviews – Schedule Risk Workshops – If you can’t obtain them formally, prepare as if you were: • Add Risk Drivers/impact points to your schedule • Anything that can stop the project should be included• Understand the Role of the Scheduler as Generalist
– Modeling the Plan means modeling the workflow, the transitions between trades, collaboration of suppliers, trades, commissioning agents – Workflow is the heart of the schedule – The schedule models the entire project scope, including third party impact points and potential drivers that were notConclusions and Guidance for Schedule Development
• Avail Yourself of the Resources & Experience of Others
– Construction CPM Conference – AACE International Recommended Practices • Read them • Attend local Section meetings; discuss them • Help write and revise them• Remember that the Schedule is Irreplaceable
– The external inputs, outputs all require the establishment, monitoring and adjusting of the time element of the project – None of them work without an accurate schedule• Facilitating the collaboration and compilation of the
inputs and experience of the project team is the
Upcoming Annual Meetings
–
Come to our 2014 AACE International annual meeting
at the Sheraton New Orleans!
–
Industry focus at the next two annual meetings:
• June 15‐18, 2014 – Energy/Oil & Gas – New Orleans