MU
T
mut
master plan
environmental technology
03
editorial
Josef Pröll, Josef Plank, Markus Beyrer and Christoph Leitl ...04
01
summary
...0602
the rationale of mut
...0803
vision, objectives and strategy
Our Vision ...09Our Objectives ...10
Analysis of the Strenghts and Weaknesses of the Austrian Environmental Technology Sector ...11
Our Strategy ...14
04
key fields of action
Introduction ...15the four fields of action
Promoting Exports ...16Research and Education ...19
Financing ...23
Strengthening the Domestic Market ...25
Waste Management...25
Energy Supply and Climate Protection...26
Air Pollution Control...28
Water Supply and Water Waste Disposal...30
05
implementation
...3206
catalogue of measures
...3407
the procedure
...6608
partner companies and organisations of the master plan
...68master plan environmental technology
headline
mut for austria
Austrian environmental technology plays a crucial role in climate protection, air pollution control, the increased use of renewable energy sources, in water supply and waste water disposal, the waste management sector and in the retrofitting of infra-structure – both in Austria as well as in our export countries. In recent years, the Austrian environ-mental technology industry has enjoyed above-average growth rates and its export endeavours have met with extraordinary success – thus provi-ding the technological basis for the protection of our quality of life and that of our environment.
The Master Plan Environmental Technology – or MUT for short – will allow us to continue down this successful path. MUT is the result of a joint effort by private-sector companies, associations, univer-sities, research institutions, public administration and the government to secure and promote Aus-tria’s position as an attractive location for environ-mental technology companies. Developing and applying innovative technologies to create a heal-thy environment and promote climate protection in Austria while at the same time strengthening the Austrian export of environmental technology and selectively extending Austrian technology lea-dership is a strategy that will be of great benefit both to our economy and our environment.
I should like to thank all those who have contribu-ted to MUT for their constructive work. Their close co-operation and intense debate in the preparato-ry stages of MUT have shown us the path to joint implementation of the Master Plan.
environment and technology
–
a contradiction in terms? Indeed they are not,since the many environmental challenges we are facing today necessitate innovative technological solutions.
Clean air, energy efficiency and waste treatment require the use of optimised technologies and answers that only research can give to our – as yet unanswered – questions concerning the future. Over the past few years, environmental technolo-gy has grown into an important economic sector. Austrian companies have positioned themselves firmly in this market and are now seeing excellent growth opportunities. The Master Plan Environ-mental Technology was formulated to make sure that these opportunities do not go pass us by and to establish Austrian environmental and energy technology as an internationally recognised brand.
It is precisely in improving the way the government, public administration, the private sector and scien-tific institutions work together that the Austrian environmental and energy technology sector is sustainably strengthened. My thanks go to the more than 200 persons who contributed their ideas to the Master Plan. This Master Plan provides a solid basis and point of departure for boosting the environmental technology sector. Its success will be measured on its implementation.
I should therefore like to invite you to continue contributing your ideas in future and to help shape a strong network for environmental technology. 04
Josef Pröll
f e d e r a l m i n i s t e r o f a g r i c u lt u r e , f o r e s t r y, e n v i r o n m e n t a n d w a t e r m a n a g e m e n tJosef Plank
p r o v i n c i a l c o u n c i l l o r f o r e n v i r o n m e n t, l o w e r a u s t r i a05
the austrian industry
is theengine that drives our country’s innovation and growth. Its direct and indirect contribution to GDP growth is approximately 60 percent. The environ-mental and energy technology industry stands to benefit from the innovative strength of the indus-trial sector as a whole, which it can help to enhan-ce above and beyond the existing level. Our com-mon goal should be to export more environmen-tally-friendly technologies than we have exported to date, thereby generating highly qualified jobs in Austria while at the same time helping to solve some of today’s environmental problems in and outside our country’s borders.
The federation of austrian industry welcomes every initiative that supports the diverse activities currently underway and the forces at work in Austria, thereby improving the conditions for successful environmental technology companies. The Master Plan offers numerous ideas and impulses – the next step will be for business and the competent Federal Ministries to implement them. The federation of austrian industry will do its utmost to further this goal.
the eminently
dynamic Austrianenviron-mental and energy technology industry is a valua-ble asset for our strategic location policy: it has exhibited strong growth over the past fourteen years. However, there are many signs that its true expansion is still to come.
In transition countries, as in industrial countries, impressive amounts of money will be invested in environmental and energy technology markets in the years to come. Eastern and South-Eastern Europe have signalled investment needs of 120 to 200 billion euros. In the Third World countries, the most basic waste treatment facilities are lacking in agglomerations. Developing countries are see-king ways to make the best use of their regionally available energy resources.
The austrian federal economic chamber’s foreign trade promotion organisationoffers companies in Austria direct access to global markets. The network for environmental technology and energy management, which was set up by me, provides a platform for the Austrian Federal Economic Chamber to realise the export potential of this sector. It is a "preferred partner” of the Master Plan Environmental Technology, ready to assist in all international activities to optimise the efforts of both parties.
Markus Beyrer
s e c r e t a r y g e n e r a l o f t h e f e d e r a t i o n o f a u s t r i a n i n d u s t r yChristoph Leitl
p r e s i d e n t o f t h e a u s t r i a n f e d e r a l e c o n o m i c c h a m b e rthe master plan
environmental technology
The Austrian environmental and energy technology industry is making a considerable contribution to generating sustainable growth and ameliorating the environmental situation in Austria and abroad. The Master Plan Environmental Technology has been drawn up as an orientation aid to ensure even better use of existing opportunities in busi-ness and the environment.
The underlying idea of the Master Plan Environ-mental Technology is for the government, public administration, private sector and scientific institu-tions to work together in their support of the envi-ronmental technology industry as it works to sus-tain its positive performance. The private sector played a pivotal role in the preparation of the Mas-ter Plan Environmental Technology, with more than 100 companies participating as partners.
This finds its expression particularly in our com-mon vision: "For Austria to become the leading supplier of environmental technology and envi-ronment services in the european union".
With joint effort, Austria will become the world’s leader in environmental technology as a percen-tage of GDP and will secure or attain its internatio-nal leadership status in a number of technological fields over the next ten years.
Strengthening the Austrian environmental and energy technology industry will substantially con-tribute to bringing Austria a big step closer to reaching its economic and environmental policy goals, such as doubling the number of persons employed in the environmental and energy tech-nology industry and attaining climate protection
targets while complying with other environmental protection objectives.
Over the next few years, environmental and energy technology enterprises will face major challenges and opportunities. While the environmental and energy technology markets can expect above-average global growth rates, competition from high-tech producers and new suppliers from low-wage countries is set to rise.
The strengths of the Austrian environmental and energy technology companies are their high level of competitiveness and their good technological position, as well as the fact that they are excel-lently established in the European markets. Howe-ver, there are strategic weaknesses, such as their small-scale supplier structure and a weak presen-ce in fast-growing markets, such as in Asia. In the medium run, challenges from changing issues, such as in particular in the fields of energy and climate protection, will lead to a further shift of the market share within this industry. In the course of a comprehensive discussion process, represen-tatives of domestic enterprises, research institu-tions and public administration defined four stra-tegic fields of action which will contribute consi-derably to the goals of the Master Plan:
p
Promoting exportsp
Research and educationp
Financingp
Strengthening the domestic marketDuring the preparation of the Master Plan Environ-mental Technology, a total of 30 central measures were derived from the above fields of action, focussing on creating synergies and complemen-ting current initiatives in selected areas for the benefit of Austrian environmental and energy technology.
06
o u r v i s i o n :
For Austria to
become the leading supplier
of environmental technology
and environmental services
in the e u r o p e a n u n i o n .
07 Implementing these measures is crucial for the
success of the Master Plan Environmental Techno-logy. The following priorities will be set over the coming months:
p
Initiative to promote environmental and energytechnology exports
Representatives of the government and the public administration will be asked to be more active in promoting Austrian environmental and energy technology abroad. Within the go
inter-national campaign, the Export Initiative Environ-mental Technology will be promoted jointly by
the federal ministry of agriculture, fores-try, environment and water management and the federal ministry of economics and labour, in close co-operation with the foreign trade promotion organisation (awo), a divi-sion of the austrian federal economic cham-ber (wko), and its 106 foreign trade offices located throughout the world. In addition, the office of the network for environmental technology and energy management (nui), a subdivision of the foreign trade promotion organisation set up in January 2007, will be used as the central information and communi-cation platform to facilitate the targeted and co-ordinated conduct of market entry and development activities abroad to further enhance the export potential of Austrian com-panies operating in this industrial sector. Our objective is to position Austria as the centre of innovative environmental and energy technolo-gies in the international arena.
p
Launching an innovation drive forenviron-mental and energy technology
The establishment of the energy and climate protection fundis to help shorten the time it takes to introduce new products and services in the market and to enhance the competitive-ness of Austrian suppliers.
The medium-term objective is to establish a good knowledge base as a fundament for international technology leadership in key technology sectors: this will be achieved by preparing or reformulating mission-based
rese-arch and diffusion programmes and by setting up centres of excellence.
p
Stepping up the efficiency drive for buildingsThe increasing application of klima:aktiv or equivalent criteria for the sustainable housing and the passive house standard in the housing subsidisation scheme of the Federal Provinces are contributing considerably to a significant reduction of energy demand for room heating in Austria. The medium-term goal for klima:aktiv and equivalent standards is to reach a 50 % share in the construction of new buildings. In addition to strengthening the energy compo-nent of housing subsidisation, another impor-tant aspect is that these ambitious efficiency standards for the energy demand of buildings should be written into the relevant legislation. The measures of the Master Plan Environmen-tal Technology concerning the renovation of old buildings are aimed at raising the renova-tion rate and increasing the thermal quality of renovated buildings.
The Federal Agency for Environmental and Energy Technology will play a crucial part in the imple-mentation of the Master Plan Environmental Tech-nology, as it will be responsible in particular for the strengthening of co-operation with the key decision-makers at the federal and provincial level and will lend active support as necessary. Continuous monitoring will be ensured through annual progress reports, and the Master Plan Environmental Tech-nology will be adjusted in line with the feedback collected from the key partners in implementation.
The Austrian environmental technology industry has made good use of the favourable economic conditions of recent years, achieving sales and employment figures that are well above the avera-ge, as well as reaching a very high technological standard, and thus contributing significantly to Austria’s economic prosperity.
To reinforce this positive trend for the long term the ministry of life and the federal province of lower austrialaunched the initiative for the development of the Master Plan Environmental Technology. The initiators wish to strengthen the Austrian environmental technology sector through concerted action by the government, public admi-nistration, private sector and scientific institutions, which will facilitate the achievement of economic and environmental targets. The Master Plan is intended as an orientation aid that will support the environmental technology sector for the next ten years: therefore it was important to bring together representatives of all stakeholders, and to get them directly involved in the preparatory stage of the Master Plan Environmental Technology.
From October 2006 to February 2007, more than 200 representatives of domestic enterprises, renowned research institutions, associations, sub-sidising bodies and the government participated
in the preparation of this large-scale plan to strengthen the Austrian environmental technology sector. Representatives of the public sector invol-ved in the preparation of the Master Plan came from the initiators – the ministry of life and the federal province of lower austria– as well as
from the competent Federal Ministries (especially from the federal ministry for transport, innovation and technologyand the federal ministry of economics and labour), from the Federal Provinces and associated organisations, the federation of austrian industry, as well as the austrian federal economic chamber.
After five months of work, the results of this successful collaboration include a package of 30 priority measures in four strategic fields of action, as well as detailed recommendations on the implementation of the Master Plan Environ-mental Technology.
08
t h e r e s u lt :
30 priority measures in
09 Both at home and abroad, the Austrian
environ-mental technology industry is making a significant contribution to sustained growth and an ameliora-tion of the environmental situaameliora-tion. Austria’s com-petitive position can and should be further expan-ded by close and targeted co-operation between the government, the private sector, scientific institutions and public administration.
Our Vision: For Austria to become the leading supplier of environmental technology and environmental services in the european union.
Austria is to become the worldwide leader in environmental technology and is to extend its international technology leadership in individual technological fields.
The Master Plan Environmental Technology is an agreement among all parties involved to pool and strategically deploy their resources and efforts for the benefit of the Austrian environmental techno-logy industry for a period of ten years. Our core concern is to improve the co-ordination of the activities carried out by the public administration, Austrian companies and research institutions and to bring them in line with each other. Furthermore, existing gaps are to be closed and priorities set for the various Fields of Action.
03
vision, objectives and strategy
our vision
mut
government and
i
public administration
i
i
scientific
i
institutions
i
companies
i
our objectives
10
Becoming Europe’s top supplier of environmental technology will contribute significantly to ensuring Austria's economic prosperity and to maintaining the high quality of life and the environment. The Master Plan Environmental Technology will be instrumental in helping to achieve the following objectives:
environmental technology
generates jobs
p
Doubling the GDP share and the number ofpersons working in the environmental techno-logy industry to 8 % and 40.000 respectively.
p
Achieving a 2.5 % share in global tradep
Increasing the export share to 80 % andbuil-ding up direct investments
p
Expanding or attaining international technologyleadership
p
Raising the share of environmental technologyin the manufacturing sector to 5 %
environmental technology
creates quality of life
p
20 % reduction in energy consumption by theyear 2020
p
Achieving the Austrian climate protectiontar-gets in compliance with other environmental policy goals such as the reduction of particula-te matparticula-ter air pollution
p
Raising the share of renewable energy sourcesto 25 % (2010) and 45 % (2020) overall; in the energy sector to 80 % (2010) and 85 % (2020)
p
Reduction of air pollutants NOx(by 103 ktaccording to NEC Directive 2010) and VOCs.
p
Achieving a good ecological status in allEuro-pean bodies of water by 2015 and preventing deterioration of the water status
A common strategy and a joint effort from the government, the private sector, scientific institu-tions and public administration in Austria is needed to reach these targets, which are excep-tionally ambitious compared to other European countries’ strategies – especially in the energy sector. Building on this joint vision and an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the Austrian environmental and energy industry, the Master Plan Environmental Technology outlines a promi-sing strategy that identifies the main fields of action and stipulates priority measures.
t h e s e a m b i t i o u s ta r g e t s
require a common strategy and
a joint effort from the
govern-ment, public administration,
the private sector and scientific
institutions.
Environmental technology
generates
j o b s
and
11
strenghts and weaknesses
of austrian environmental
technology
The high quality of Austria's environment is based on increased development and application of innovative environmental technology resulting from Austria’s environmental protection laws and financial incentives offered by the public sector over the past few decades. Another contributing factor is the high level of environmental aware-ness in the Austrian population.
The Austrian environmental technology sector pro-vides jobs to 17,200 persons1, and with total sales
at 3.8 billion euros, generates 3.7 % of the output of the manufacturing industry in Austria. From 1997 to 2003, the environmental technology sector’s average sales growth was at 7.3 %, with exports growing at 9.1 % per annum – thus significantly outpacing the manufacturing sector as a whole (with corresponding indicators at 3.5 % and 6.9 % respectively). As a result of this robust economic dynamics, the number of persons employed in the
environmental technology industry grew by an average of 2.3 % per annum in the same period, while the manufacturing industry as a whole sho-wed a 0.3% net loss of jobs. What's more, within the environmental technology sector, there was a clear shift towards preventive environmental pro-tection in the 1997 to 2003 period, as well as an increase in the sales share of energy technology from 21 % to almost 48 %.
ANALYSIS OF THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
OF THE AUSTRIAN ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY SECTOR
Strenghts
Weaknesses
m
Strong economic dynamics and firmly positioned.
SME-type structure of providers often preventsm
SME structure among providers results joint tenders for large-scale projectsin high degree of flexibility
.
Little presence, in particular of SMEs, in rapidly growingm
High propensity to innovate markets (e.g. Central and Southern Europe, Russia,m
Technology leaders in certain areas Ukraine, China and India)m
Firmly established in the EU market (EU of 15).
Lacking co-ordination across issues and regionsm
High environmental standards in Austria.
Little communication among existing networksm
Existing subsidies in the environmental and energy sectorsOpportunities
Risks
m
Implementation of EU environmental standards.
Increased competition from low-wage countries in the new Member States go hand-in-hand with and high-technology countriesstrong effects on the environment and job market
.
Know-how drainm
High growth rates in the medium run.
Little inclusion of new technologies, such asm
Domestic market exhibits high level of innovation nanotechnology and biotechnologym
More co-operation between scientific institutions.
Weaknesses in certain high-tech areasand companies
.
Low level of funding for high-risk/long-term researchm
Dynamic climate in the research and finance area and demonstration projects1 Source: Angela Köppl “Österreichische Umwelttechnikindustrie – Branchenanalyse”, WIFo monograph, Vienna 2005
(figures refer to 2003)
relative significance of
environ-mental technology 1993 - 2003
Share (in %) 2.1 1.0 2.9 1.4 3.7 1.7 2.0 2.8 3.3 5.0 % 4.5 % 4.0 % 3.5 % 3.0 % 2.5 % 2.0 % 1.5 % 1.0 % 0.5 % 1993 1997 2003j
Environmental technology share of total manufacturing industry salesj
Environmental technology share of nominal GDPj
Environmental technology share of manufacturing industry workforceour objectives
This structural change within the environmental technology industry reflects the new challenges for environmental policy, especially in the energy sector, while in other areas such as water and waste management the Austrian market tends to have been satiated.
At international level, the environmental technolo-gy market is regarded as a growth market. This translates into high competitive pressure and a great deal of interest from new suppliers in low-wage countries as well as high-technology coun-tries and industrialized councoun-tries to increase their presence in this market. The main export markets exhibit increased competitive pressure and place high demands on the environmental technology
industry, requiring companies to offer highly advanced technology while remaining competitive in price, to have well-founded knowledge of local markets and acquire the ability to offer suitable
financing models – particularly where demand comes from public authorities.
This requires companies in the environmen-tal sector to transform themselves from pure manufacturers of environmental tech-nology to providers of integrated services, who in addition to innovations can offer a suita-ble operator know-how and financing models tailored to each customer's needs.
European environmental technology markets are highly dependent on government regulations and incentives. Each country's domestic market plays a crucial role – particularly in consideration of the high proportion of small and medium-sized enter-prises. An innovative and dynamic domestic mar-ket allows for the development of technologies that can be used as a basis for increased exports in the future. It is for this reason that the public sector in Austria has a high level of responsibility to produce forward-looking legislation that both provides incentives for first movers and ensures that companies can adapt easily to conditions prevailing in export markets.
The expansion of the european union and the latest initiatives for the promotion of environmen-tal technology at the European level have brought about a large number of business opportunities for Austrian companies.
The “Environmental Technology Action Plan (ETAP)”, which was ratified in 2004 as part of the european union’sLisbon Strategy, supports Aus-tria in its efforts to further improve the market conditions for environmental technology and to increase the innovative power and investments in environmental and energy technology. Ultimately, the increased use of environmental technologies constitutes one of the key pre-requisites for the european union’sability to reach its sustainability targets. Owing to the geographic location of Austria and the close economic ties with the new EU Member States and the countries of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, excellent business 12
global environmental
market growth
(figures in billion euros)
2500 2250 2000 1750 1500 125 0 1000 750 500 250 2005 2010 2020 average growth 2005 - 2020
5.4%
Source: Market studies, Roland Berger, 2006
t h e m a r k e t c o n d i t i o n s
are such that manufacturers
of environmental technology
must become suppliers
13 opportunities have opened up for the Austrian
environmental technology industry.
As a result of the obligatory harmonisation of EU environmental legislation in the immediate neigh-bouring countries on the basis of national environ-mental plans and programmes, the investment requirement2of the waste water treatment
seg-ment alone is in the vicinity of 456 million euros (Slovenia) and 3.2 billion euros (Czech Republic). Bulgaria, Romania and Croatia alone have a joint investment requirement of a total of 35 billion euros over the next ten years.
Despite the proven successes of the domestic environmental technology industry – such as the reduction in the emission of classical pollutants – there continues to be an enormous demand for (Austrian) environmental technology in the world markets. The economically vibrant regions of Asia are seen as good markets for environmental tech-nology. A high level of environmental pollution and increasing prosperity coupled with stricter
environ-mental protection laws (such as in China) form the basis for the growth market that is environmental technology. Unfortunately, Austrian companies are still not sufficiently active in markets outside Euro-pe.
Climate protection and ensuring a sustainable energy supply are key issues for the future of Europe. The european union has made a commit-ment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 8% below the 1990 figure (target period: 2008-2012). The EU’s greenhouse gas emission reduction tar-get for 2020 is at least 20%. Ensuring energy sup-ply and climate protection gives rise to a certain investment requirement in energy efficiency (par-ticularly for the building stock and modern power plants) and the use of renewable energy sources.
Source: ÖGUT, Umwelttechnikmärkte in Südosteuropa. Data from national ISPA strategies (Bulgaria, Romania), NEAP and PAP (Croatia) 2 Source: ÖGUT, Umweltmärkte in ausgewählten Ländern, 2004/2006
investment requirement
in selected countries and sectors
Necessary investments
for compliance with the EU environmental aquis (billion euros) Country/period Waste management Water/Waste water Air pollution controlBulgaria 2002-2015 1.0 3.3 2.3 Rumänia 2002-2018 5.0 10.0 6.0 Croatia 2002-2015 2.2 5.0 0.6 TOTAL 8.2 18.3 8.9
d e s p i t e t h e s u c e s s e s
of environmental technology
in recent decades, there is still
an enormous requirement to
catch up in the world markets.
our strategy
The ambitious targets of the Master Plan Environ-mental Technology require a medium to long-term strategy to guide carefully planned-out actions and measures. Care must be taken to consider the structural conditions of, and pre-requisites for, entering the various major markets for environ-mental technology. Building on the analysis of strengths and weaknesses of the Austrian envi-ronmental technology industry and the relevant European market conditions, four strategic fields of action have been identified, which will be instrumental in attaining the MUT targets:
1. Promoting exports
Targeted treatment of the key export markets and improvement of the existing export infra-structure for Austrian companies
2. Research and education
Strengthening the technological competitive position and education of the workforce and of research institution staff
3. Financing
Complementing technological solutions and services with customer-specific financing methods
4. Strengthening the domestic market
Ensuring an innovative climate in the domestic market for high-tech products and services
Using an optimised and coordinated approach, the public sector will put in place the structural conditions required by the Austrian environmental technology industry in the above-mentioned fields of action to ensure success in the market in accordance with the objectives of the Master Plan.
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t h e ta r g e t s
are to be reached
by promoting the implementation
of four strategic fields of action.
Targets
Fields of Action
Measures
Vision
04
key fields of action
introduction
15 The above-mentioned strategic fields of action are
central to the Master Plan Environmental Techno-logy. One key consideration during the preparation phase of the Master Plan Environmental Techno-logy was therefore the identification, prioritisation and detailed description of the main measures to be carried out by representatives of Austrian companies and research institutions (both in and outside universities) to ensure that the objectives of the Master Plan could be met.
It was important to identify measures and areas of activity that appeared to have priority from the point of view of business and research institutions. The individual measures should be understood primarily as an orientation aid for the implemen-tation of the Master Plan.
It will be the task of the Federal Agency for Environmental and Energy Technology – which is yet to be created – to further define and realise the individual measures together with all relevant decision-makers in order to facilitate the attain-ment of each objective.
t h e i n d i v i d u a l m e a s u r e s
should be understood primarily
as an orientation aid
for the implementation of
the Master Plan.
PRO M O T I N G E X P O R T S
FIN A N C I N G
RES E A R C H A N D E D U C A T I O N
STR E N G T H E N I N G
T H E
Austria’s companies are strongly orientated on foreign markets, with exports totalling 65 % of output. The clean technologies segment (export ratio of 70 %) and the measurement, controlling and regulating technologies as well as environ-mental monitoring technologies (export ratio of 85 %) are the export leaders. The primary objec-tive of the Master Plan Environmental Technology is to raise the export ratio in the environmental and energy technology segment to 80 %.
Structurally, large companies are responsible for the lion's share of exports. A narrow 70 % of exports are generated by companies with more than 250 employees, while one fifth of export sales are rea-lised by companies with 50-249 employees. The market is made up to 40 % by companies with fewer than 50 employees; however, they account for only 4 % of export sales. One important objecti-ve of the Master Plan is therefore to stimulate the export of environmental technologies through small and medium enterprises. To ensure this export infrastructure needs to be improved in the main export destinations of Austrian environmental technology companies. 40 % of overall sales of the Austrian environmental technology industry is gene-rated in the EU of 15. The German market alone accounts for 22 % of the total sales earned by Austrian environmental and energy technology companies. Central and South-Eastern Europe have a sales share of approximately 10 % – however, this market is seeing very rapid development.
Promotion of
environmental and
energy technology
In 2003, the ministry of economics and labour and the foreign trade promotion organisation jointly launched the go international campaign to internationalise the Austrian economy while put-ting the focus on environmental technology, which was further intensified by the Export Initiative
Environmental Technology launched in 2005 by
the ministry of life.
In a joint effort by the government, the private sector, scientific institutions and public
adminis-tration, numerous presentations of Austrian envi-ronmental technologies were held by business delegations under the auspices of the govern-ment, boosting the presence of Austrian com-panies in the international markets. Within the go international campaign, the Export Initiative Environmental Technologywill be promoted jointly by the federal ministry of agriculture, forestry, environment and water managementand the federal ministry of eco-nomics and labour, in close co-operation with the foreign trade promotion organisation (awo), a division of the austrian federal econo-mic chamber (wko), and its 106 foreign trade offi-ces located throughout the world.
In addition, the office of network for environ-mental technology and energy management (nui), a subdivision of the Foreign Trade Promotion Organisation set up in January 2007, will be used as the central information and communication platform – this will facilitate the targeted and co-ordinated conduct of market entry and deve-lopment activities abroad to further enhance the export potential of Austrian companies operating in this industrial sector.
The centrepiece of the Export Initiative
Environmen-tal Technology is the active promotion of Austrian
environmental and energy technology by repre-sentatives of the government, private sector busi-nesses and public administration abroad (cue:
EU of 15 40.0 %
01 promoting exports
16
markets for environmental
technolgies
2003 Austria 35.2 % Remaining Western Europe 1.7 % USA/Canada 4.7 % South-East Asia 1.6 % Other countries 5.2 % China 1.5 % Russia 0.6 % Central/South-Eastern Europe 9.5 %mea-sure
01
»
“government and administration as a door ope-ner”). The required infrastructure investments (also in the energy sector) in the new EU Member States and other South-East European countries suggest that a regional focus on this region in the next ten years will be expedient. In Bulgaria, Romania and the South-East European region in particular, the foreign trade offices need to be staffed by more product managers with expertise in environmental and energy technology. awo maintains foreign trade offices for the environ-mental and energy technology sector in the follo-wing countries: Czech Republic, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Ukraine, Japan and China. In addition to intensifying services in the future growth markets of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, service provision should be scaled up in markets with above-proportional growth potential (especially in the Arab and Asian regions as well as Russia), as these carry strategic significance due to their medium-term growth prospects. The activities under the Export Initiative Environmental
Technologies are planned and implemented in
close co-operation with the foreign trade pro-motion organisation (awo).
The development of a comprehensive mar-keting strategyfor the promotion of the
Austrian environmental and energy tech-nology industry is planned for completion by the end of 2007. The strategy will promote Austria’s image as a model country for environ-mental protection and provide information about suitable environmental technology products and services. The marketing strategy, which builds on previous work of the awo, will comprise:
p
the creation of a common umbrella brand forAustrian environmental and energy technologies ("Environmental Technology Made in Austria");
p
the definition of priority export destinations bycountry or region;
p
the bundling of all information regardingout-going and incoming delegations of federal and provincial-level politicians to do with energy and environmental technology
p
a comprehensive catalogue of products andservices of the Austrian environmental and energy technology industry published in the form of brochures as well as online (e.g.
www.umwelttechnik.at, www.exportinitiative.at, www.austriantrade.org).
In order to pool and jointly deploy the existing resources, the marketing strategy will be developed in conjunction with the existing structures of the federal ministry of agriculture, forestry, en-vironment and water management, the federal ministry of economics and labourand wko/awo, with the inclusion of network for environmental technology and energy managementand the main Austrian technology clusters. Co-operation among Austrian public bodies to make use of exis-ting synergies is very important for website pre-sentations. The focus here is on placing online and keeping up to date existing databases with details on companies and technologies as well as refe-rence materials. In terms of implementation, it is recommended that the individual activities be aligned in a regular "Environmental technology
export meeting".
Building on the sound technological position and the favourable image enjoyed by Austria in terms of environmental protection, the aim of the international marketing campaign is to position Austria as a centre for innovative environmental and energy technologies. In addition to this, the organisation of exhibitions and other events to do with environmental and energy technology will be a further key aspect.
an example for best practice:
energiesparmesse wels
a trade fair for energy saving construction and renovation, has recently grown into Europe's main event for energy technology in the renew-able energy and energy efficiency sector, thus contributing significantly to the international awareness of Austrian energy technology.mea-sure
03
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1701 promoting exports
The public sector is particularly concerned with promoting the export activity of small- and
medium-sized enterprises. As a first step, the
actual needs for environmental technology can be determinedby pooling existing infor-mation gathered by the relevant institutions (especially by awo/nui, ökb, aws, ögut, clusters and uba).
This encompasses in particular the individualisa-tion of existing informaindividualisa-tion activities related to international tenders in the environmental techno-logy sector, as well as the creation of a detailed address database (see also measure 02). A further step is to commission detailed market studies – based on the definition of priority regions – in order to facilitate market evaluation and the development of specific market develop-ment steps while taking into account existing industry reports and market studies.
Existing evaluations of market potentials (e.g. for the waste management sector) can be elaborated in more detail by focusing on individual technology sectors (e.g. potential for waste-to-energy incine-rator of defined sizes). The implementation of sub-sequent steps for market development includes in particular the extension of the above-mentioned marketing concept for individual regions, the use of a range of Austrian subsidy instruments (cf. demonstration plants abroad) and the develop-ment of customer-specific financing models.
The new EU Member States will face tough challen-ges in the next few years concerning the effective
incorporation of EU law into national legislation (especially in Bulgaria and Romania). In their en-deavour to surmount these challenges, the public bodies responsible for environmental protection and energy in the new EU Member Stateswill receive assistance from Austrian institutions in the form of technical co-operation. While good progress as been made, notably in the legal implementation of european union3
projects such as the so-called twinning projects, some shortcomings in the areas of legal compli-ance monitoring and enforcement remain. The implementation and monitoring of EU environmen-tal legislation, however, constitutes a necessary pre-requisite for the creation of environmental technology markets in the new Member States, and thus for an improvement in the export poten-tial among Austrian companies.
The "Twinning Projects" must continue to be implemented for the sake of monitoring and enfor-cement in order to strengthen the structure of this export market, which is of great importance to the Austrian environmental technology industry. In order to facilitate the identification of environmen-tal technology needs, an active information policy informing Austrian companies of current develop-ments should be implemented. More intensive co-operation with the public bodies responsible for environmental legislation in the export countries will, above all, improve the structural conditions for Austrian companies.
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3 In Austria, the Federal Environment Agency in particular was involved in the implementation of the Twinning Projects
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the four fields of action
02 research and education
19 Austrian environmental technology companies are
among the international market and technology leaders in several fields of technology. Besides the strong fields of waste-to-energy incineration, reco-very of metals from waste and scrap as well as ashes and slag, used tyre recycling, renewable energy sources (hydropower, biomass incineration, heat pumps and thermal solar energy) as well as energy efficiency (especially passive house con-struction) and energy services (energy contrac-ting), Austrian service providers are particularly successful in the field of exhaust gas purification systems and water treatment. The high quality of Austrian products and services requires continued development, however, in order to ensure that the favourable technological positioning leads to cor-responding success in the market.
Austria has a good infrastructure, not least thanks to the significant increase in funding in the area of company-related research and technology development in recent years. Moreover, Austrian companies and research institutions are well inte-grated in the European research and technology programmes. In recent years, the old tools and sub-sidy channels (basic programme of the austrian research promotion agency, austrian science fund) have been supplemented by centres of competence or excellence as well as thematic programmes in the environmental technology sector (especially “Technologies for Sustainable
Development”, federal ministry for transport,
innovation and technology). Shortcoming are found in the promotion of projects with high tech-nical and economic risks, the development of prototypes, transnational research cooperation away from the framework programme of the european union, and especially the financial support of projects following up on successful demonstration projects (annexes 2-10).
It is precisely by accelerating the innovation process in the phase of carrying over successful demonstration projects to the market that compe-titive advantages for Austrian companies may be achieved. Successful examples, such as the
deve-lopment of passive house technology in Austria, have shown that subsidising the initial demonstra-tion alone does not suffice to ensure appropriate further development and market diffusion of inno-vative technologies.
Innovation initiative:
Launching environmental
and energy technology
Companies and research institutions welcome the creation of the Energy and Climate Protection Fund. It is essential that such funds be set up and endowed to supplement the existing funds and subsidies. Against the backdrop of existing means of promotion, it is recommended to orient the fund towards market-related areas. This means that besides subsidising pilot and demonstration plants at home and abroad, intensified implementation subsidies for technolo-gically mature products are needed. Technologies that have already been successfully applied often still require a lot of development once they need to be integrated into the existing structures (e.g., passive house technology). This is not the least of the reasons why demonstration projects often have only a local impact. Moreover, increased attention should be paid to the market launch phase for new products and services. for instance by subsidising innovative business models, acting as guarantors in the market entry phase and helping component manufactures to become providers of comprehen-sive systems and services.
The priority areas are considered to be: the deve-lopment of demand-oriented systems of decentra-lised energy conversion, forward-compatible ener-gy grids based on decentralised power feed-in, the promotion of projects and technologies to increase energy efficiency and support of combi-ned heat and power co-generation plants (CHP plants) for waste-to-energy incineration with year-round heat recovery and substitution of non-rene-wable energy sources in industry. The Energy and Climate Protection Fund is market-oriented, which accelerates the innovation process and thus crea-tes competitive advantages for Austrian energy
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02 research and education
technology as well as helping Austria to achieve its objective of protecting the climate.
In recent years, mission-oriented research and diffusion programmeswith a clear focus have
been set up, such as klima:aktiv4 of the
federal ministry of agriculture and forestry, environment and water mana-gementand Technologies for Sustainable
Deve-lopment5of the federal ministry for transport,
innovation and technology. These programmes have led to significant successes in energy tech-nology. Based on these positive examples, it is recommended to apply the concept to other envi-ronment technologies. Mission-oriented program-mes are found to be particularly important in all areas of technology where isolated technologies are combined into integrative solutions and the legal and financial conditions play an important role in the diffusion of technology.
Know-how transfer and information activities often play a particularly important role in ensuring acce-lerated and successful market diffusion. Apart from developing goods and services in line with the programme objective, it is worthwhile to consi-der extending the range of subsidies to include production technologies (e.g., assembly lines). In order to achieve the objective of becoming the technology leader in Europe according to the Master Plan Environmental Technology, it is parti-cularly important to create an Austrian environ-mental and technology cluster of international sta-ture (based on the model of Silicon Valley). Using synergies between the federal agency for envi-ronmental and energy technology, the energy and climate protection fundas well as universi-ty and extra-universiuniversi-ty research institutions (e.g., aresenal research) an international research and innovation centre for environmental and ener-gy technoloener-gy is to be set up in the medium term. Centres of excellence, within the meaning of the
comet6programme, could serve as a tool to
imple-ment this. Such centres, which are intended to operate for several years, are jointly funded by businesses and the public purse of the (Federal State and Federal Provinces). At present, sufficient university and corporate research capacity has not yet been attained for this project, except in a few fields of technology such as the use of bio-mass for energy production or energy efficiency in buildings. Focused efforts to achieve the objecti-ves of the Master Plan Environmental Technology need to be made by business, research and the public sector in order to set up three to five cen-tres of excellence with a focus on environmental and energy technology.
A high degree of significance is generally attribu-ted to the intensified research cooperation bet-ween companies, university and non-university
research institutions. In order to ensure long-term cooperation and mutual strengthening, such coo-peration should not be limited to the implementa-tion phase but should begin as early as the plan-ning phase and include the phase of ongoing ope-ration of facilities. In this way, scientific institutions are able to gain knowledge that can be applied to subsequent projects.
The public sector plays an important role as a purchaser of goods and services in the field of environmental technology, be it for motor vehicle fleets, the construction of new buildings or for municipal waste collection and treatment. The Federation, Federal Provinces and municipalities and the enterprises that they own have a direct influence on the procurement policy in the domes-tic market and a decisive impact on the degree of 20
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an example for best practice: house
of the future and klima:aktiv house
Thanks to the Building of Tomorrow programme, Austria has significantly strengthened the performance and quality of its research and achieved a leading position in the techno-logy of passive house building and ecological construction.klima:aktiv house intends to launch ecological and
energy-efficient construction in the market on a broad basis.
4 The diffusion programme klima:aktiv, which partly builds on the results of Sustainable Management has the objective of market dif-fusion. klima:aktiv currently has 23 programmes in the fields of renewable energy, energy efficiency, communities, and mobility. 5 The Sustainable Management research programme includes the
line of programmes House of the Future (1999-2007), Factory of the
Future (since 2000), and Energy Systems of the Future (since 2000).
21 innovation in individual areas of technology. By
virtue of an innovation-oriented procurement policy in the field of environmental and
energy technology, model plants will be built in Austria to provide a basis for suc-cessful export activities. It is difficult to achieve this objective at present, however, due to the restrictive regulations governing public pro-curement.
In the first step, the public sector's procurement regulations must therefore be amended by means of a functional invitation to tender favouring an increased orientation towards innovation. It would be advisable to focus the tender on the desired result (securing the necessary mobility, sustaina-ble recycling of municipal waste) rather than on the preferred technical solution (number of vehicles, least expensive waste disposal). In the second step, the procurement regulations will be prepared and communicated with sufficient clarity and the necessary assistance will be offered for complex tender procedures in order to ensure widespread application, especially at municipal. It would also be advisable to document successful examples and ensure knowledge transfer among the contract-awarding authorities.
The high qualifications of the employees consti-tute a basic competitive advantage of Austrian companies over their competitors, particularly vis-à-vis countries with low costs of labour. These qualifications are based on the Austrian educatio-nal system, from compulsory schooling on to university or apprenticeship. The business world is becoming more dynamic at an ever greater pace, requiring continual updating of learned knowledge (cue: “lifelong learning”).
Austrian universities and educational institutions are therefore called on to convey the current state of the art in knowledge and technology to students and to pass this along to the Austrian economy through special courses. In order to train the necessary number of qualified employees for Austrian environmental and energy technology enterprises, it is advisable to set up a master’s programme in this subject matter at the universities.
Apart from the education at general Austrian uni-versities and uniuni-versities of applied sciences, on-the-job training courses are particularly important. In Austria, there is a complete range of training and educational services, particularly for small-and medium-sized businesses, but the quality of the individual services is difficult to assess. More-over, there are insufficient incentives for continu-ing education at the level of the employees and at the level of the companies. In the course of the Education Initiative Environmental and Energy Technology, the existing services will be identified and evaluated, as a first step. Building on this analysis, education providers and industry representatives will work together to develop new career paths and provide correspon-ding programmes. Launching a quality label for training services to rate the course content, scope, and materials will make it possible to provi-de incentives to increase the quality of continuing education services. What's more, highly quality services could be identified with the label. This will make it easier to choose from among potential training and schooling services, especially in light of the fine structure of the environmental techno-logy industry.
The essential element in this enhancement of quality is the intensification of the educational requirements for trainers (“train the trainer”). As part of a environmental and energy technology quality initiative, incentives should also be deve-loped for companies sending their employees to training courses and for the employees themsel-ves. Such incentives could range from special awards to financial grants for educational pro-grammes.
The target group of the educational initiative would be the employees of Austrian companies and potential customers for innovative environmental technologies and services.
A high-quality transfer of know-how to the providers and clients considerably accelerates the imple-mentation of innovation solutions. Moreover, it faci-litates the development of common solutions, so that essential competitive advantages are created.
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02 research and education
The basis of all activities at the level of the public sector and the Federal Provinces, however, is ulti-mately the acceptance by the Austrian people. Many measures taken to strengthen the domestic market need the support of the people. The high degree of environmental awareness among the people has proven to be a basic pillar of the suc-cess of Austrian environmental sucsuc-cess in recent years. The acceptance of progressive environmen-tal legislation in Austria has persuaded Austrian companies to develop innovative solutions that are now being exported to other countries. The strong willingness to make a personal commit-ment – e.g., in sorting household waste and
pur-chasing ecological products such as recycling paper or modern technologies such as solar heating systems and biomass heating systems, has created a receptive purchasing market for Austrian companies.
A priority task for all players in environmental technology is to further raise the awareness of the
Austrian population for the value and success of Austrian environmental technology and for the need for further action with personal commitment. The government, the economy, educational institu-tions and, above all, the media in Austria, play a key role in achieving this task. An information campaign, “Austria as a Model Environmental
Coun-try”, an open discussion of the opportunities but
also of the needs relating to the long-term sustai-nability of Austria’s future, aim to ensure the necessary acceptance for political and economic measures.
The development and implementation of a “State Prize for Environmental and Energy Technology” (see measure 03) will be of crucial importance in strengthen the environmental awareness of the Austrian population and marketing Austrian envi-ronmental technology. The most important exis-ting environmental prizes for the different thema-tic aspects of environmental technology will be integrated into an overall plan (marketing, endow-ment, selection criteria, etc.) and supplemented with a new prize in “environmental technology”. The State Prize will be awarded to distinguish Austrian technologies and showpiece examples, presenting them internationally. Particular atten-tion will be paid to the accompanying public relations work.
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an example of best practice:
klima:aktiv training
As part of the klima:aktiv programme, contracts are signed with training providers to ensure the quality of the training courses, on the one hand, and the courses in the programme are advertised, on the other.
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the four fields of action
03 financing
23 Particularly for the export of products to the
coun-tries of Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe, the issue of financing is particularly important.
Austrian service providers are therefore called up to develop financing solutions
tailored to the customer's needs(e.g., contracting solutions, public-private part-nership models) consisting of public subsi-dies, in the framework of EUR programmes and bank loans for instance, as a supplement to deli-vering Austrian products and providing high-quali-ty services. Because of the importance of finan-cing for the implementation of environmental pro-tection projects, the development of a permanent platform between financing institutions and com-panies is recommended.
With respect to the promotion of environmental investments, environmental subsidy tools are used in Austria, such as kommunalkredit public con-sulting (kpc), on the one hand, as well as busi-ness promotion programmes, above all austria wirtschaftsservice gesmbh (aws). aws, in parti-cular, supports companies in its own specialisa-tion of environmental and energy technology, where an intensified demand for clean energy solutions is opening up new market and growth opportunities.
Both institutions have various tools in order to spe-cifically support Austrian environmental technology companies in the context of the EU aid system. For private-sector financing, Austrian banks have a special task to perform. In developing coordina-ting financing systems and using their knowledge of the market, especially in the new EU Member States, these banks can make an essential contri-bution to the export success of Austrian compa-nies. The new or improved communication of exis-ting corporate financing models, especially in sus-tainable funds and private investment capital, can be expected to facilitate the expansion of environ-mental technology companies into the new mar-kets that are opening up and ensure more intensi-ve market deintensi-velopment.
The Austrian system of environmental and busi-ness promotion is viewed as positive and it has
made an essential contribution to the favourable market positioning of Austrian environmental tech-nology. A number of subsidies are available from the european union, Federal, Provincial and muni-cipal governments in environmental technology which promote the environment, business and innovation.
As small- and medium-sized enterprises, in par-ticular, are unable to keep an overview of the wealth of subsidies that are available, the public subsidy institutions and technology clusters play a special role in providing advisory services to the companies. It is also recommended to develop concise online subsidy manualsto allow companies to obtain up-to-date infor-mation on the subsidy programmes. For this purpose, the experiences of the federal ministry for transport, innovation and technology (bmvit)(www.foerderkompass.at), the austrian federal economic chamber (wko)
(wko.at/foer-derungen) and the european recovery
program-me/federal ministry of economics and labour (www.foerderportal.at) can serve as a starting point.
There is a significant gap in the financing of con-sulting studies for the development of markets for Austrian companies. The Fund for Market Exploitation Studies of oesterreichische kontrollbankand the Study Fundof aws are insufficiently funded to close that gap. Consulting projects (e.g., development of
regional waste management plans) are usually the starting point for further environmental technology business, since they determine the feasibility of certain projects and the underlying technologies for potential clients.
In the context of consulting projects, basic data is generally collected and specific options for solu-tions are worked out that subsequently lead to invitations to tender. Small- and medium-sized enterprises are not in a position to finance such services, however, since they do not benefit the companies directly but rather the entire industry (including foreign industry). This shortcoming could be eliminated through the needs-oriented endowment of the Fund for Market Exploitation
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03 financing
Studies of the oesterreichische kontrollbank and the Study Fund of aws or the creation of a new fund for consulting services in the field of environ-mental technology abroad.
To ensure the fund's high level of efficiency, it is essential to closely engage the specific interest of Austrian companies in the consulting fund. This could be achieved through (direct or indirect) financial participation.
Financing demonstration projects in Austria is a special challenge insofar as the economic risks are compounded by technical risks. Subsidies are available in the framework of research promotion and the national support scheme
“Umweltförde-rung Inland” of kpc. The cooperation between
research promotion and “Umweltförderung Inland” in the “Factory of Tomorrow” programme is viewed as particularly positive. Similarly, the interaction of research promotion with the business promotion tools of aws for the implementation of
demonstra-tion facilities, ensuring a continuous process of innovation throughout the world of subsidies, is seen in a positive light.
Exemplary environmental projects often stand out on account of their innovative system solutions tailored to meet the actual market needs and less due to their (exclusive) use of innovative technolo-gy. For this reason, Austrian best practice projects for specific foreign markets sometimes have a limited impact as role model.
The targeted promotion of relevant demon-stration facilitiesabroad therefore constitu-tes an efficient but also very far-reaching means of strengthening the export of environ-mental technology and services. The possibility of promoting demonstration projects abroad should therefore be integrated into specialised expert and institutional cooperation with the target country (see field of action 1).
In this respect, particular attention should go to the innovative nature of investments in technology development. Demonstration facilities abroad exhibit greater proximity to the customers and therefore have a stronger impact as references facilities, facilitating the development of more customised solutions. However, new models must be developed for the promotion of demonstration projects abroad.
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an example for best practice:
”energy partnership“
Close contacts with Austria’s neighbouring countries have successfully been established in the context of energy partnerships. They in turn have prompted a number of projects related to renewable energy sources and the boosting of energy efficiency.
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the four fields of action
04 strengthening the domestic market
25 The Austrian home market is of crucial importance
for the further development of Austrian environ-mental technology. Besides the importance of the home market in the innovation process, the aim of positioning Austria as the European technology leader in the field of environmental technology can only be achieved if committed environmental protection objectives are successfully coupled with economic growth.
Overall, Austrian can boast of very high levels of awareness among its population and a favourable environment in terms of legislation and subsidy policy. To become the European technology leader, however, it is necessary to provide special sup-port by creating an innovative and receptive home market, taking into account the current and fore-seeable developments in European environmental law.
Given of the heterogeneity of the individual mar-ket segments, the measures differ depending on the field of technology. This gives rise to a number of synergies and potential conflicts.
In particular, the synergies result from the use of waste as a source of energy in (industrial) combi-ned heat and power generation plants and from the development of integral solutions for water supply and energy generation. Potential conflicts exist, on the other hand, in the emission of traditio-nal pollutants associated with biomass incinera-tion and the objective of increasing the share of renewable energy sources. Environmental techno-logy can make an important contribution towards resolving those conflicts.
waste management
In an international comparison, Austria enjoys a very high standard and excellent know-how in waste management. The basis for this is provided by the high awareness of the problem issues and the environment among the Austrian people (e.g., willingness to avoid waste and sort waste), a high-ly developed legislation and the use of financing tools (e.g., the landfill tax, environmental subsidies in Austria).
Analogously to the environmental priorities in the waste sector, Austrian environmental technology
has strong expertise in waste avoidance and recycling, treatment technologies and landfilling. Austria has strict legal requirements in the waste sector. However, the end of exceptions to the landfill ban as of 1 Jan. 2009, in particular, the improvements and efficiency boosts required in waste recycling, and measures for the direct or indirect reduction of greenhouse gas emissions will require additional efforts. With respect to the strengthening the domestic market in the waste sector, the central focus is on the development and market launch of new technologies and system solutions.
Especially for the following fields of technology, new solutions need to be developed and imple-mented in order to meet the Austrian require-ments and improve the export opportunities:
p
Developing new methods of thermaltreat-ment and recycling of low-calorific waste
(especially municipal waste), sewage sludge and residue from scrap recycling. In the field of scrap recycling, solutions and technologies need to be developed that cover material-flow-specific management including maximum recovery of all the metals. These would allow metals to be recovered from the slag and ash of waste incineration or ensure that metals are excluded from the incineration process through upstream removal.
p
Planning and building large waste-to-energyincineration plants with combined power and heat generationtogether with year-round heat recovery in industrial sites. This would provide the necessary capacity for waste-to-energy incineration and ensure long-term savings on (imported) fossil fuels, thereby achieving a considerable reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
p
Further development and use of methodsensuring efficient treatment of hazardous resi-dues from thermal and metallurgical plants (usually individual elevated eluation values) through a specific treatment using mineral additives. In this respect, financial incentives with a long-term effect should be taken into
